South Asian archaeology and the myth of Indo-Aryan invasions

The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 75-104

  Shaffer, Jim G ^a   Lichtenstein, Diane A ^a  

^a CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84909321587     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203641880     Document Type: Chapter

References (144)

1. Adams , W. Y. , D. P. Van Gerven , and R. S. Levy , 1978. "The Retreat from Migrationism," Annual Review of Anthropology, 7: 483-532.
2. Agrawal , D. P. , 1982. The Archaeology of India. London: Curzon Press.
3. Allchin , B. and F. R. Allchin , 1982. The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan. London: Cambridge University Press.
4. Allchin , F. R. , 1984. "The Northern Limits of the Harappan Culture Zone." In Frontiers of the Indus Civilization, edited by B. B. Lal and S. P. Gupta . New Delhi: Books and Books, pp. 51-54.
5. Allchin , F. R. 1995. The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6. Anderson , B. , 1991. Imagined Communities. New York: Verso.
7. Armstrong , D. , 1990. "Comments on Speaking of Forked Tongues: The Feasibility of Reconciling Human Phylogeny and the History of Language," Current Anthropology, 31(1): 13-14.
8. Bateman , R. , I. Goddard , R. O'Grady , V A. Funk , R. Mooi , W. J. Kress , and P. Cannell , 1990. "Speaking of Forked Tongues: The Feasibility of Reconciling Human Phylogeny and the History of Language," Current Anthropology, 31(1): 1-24.
9. Bernal , M. , 1987. Black Athena, Vol I. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
10. Bhan , S. , 1975. Excavations at Mitathal (1968) and Other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide. Kurukshetra: Kurukshetra University Press.
11. Bhan , S. and Jim G. Shaffer , 1978. "New Discoveries in Northern Haryana," Man and Environment, 2: 59-68.
12. Bhatia , S. B. and N. Singh , 1988. "Middle Holocene Palaeoclimatic and Palaeo-Environmental Events in Southern Harayana." In Palaeoclimatic and Oalaeoenvironmental Changes in Asia: During the Last 4 Million Years, edited by D. P. Agrawal , P. Sharma , and S. K. Gupta . New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy, pp. 236-246.
13. Boas , F. , 1899, 1940 [1966]. Race, Language and Culture. New York: The Free Press
14. Boas , F. , 1911 [1965]. The Mind of Primitive Man, revised edition. New York: The Free Press.
15. Bowler , P. , 1989. The Invention of Progress: The Victorians and the Past. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
16. Bradley , D. G. , D. E. MacHugh , P. Cunningham , and R. T. Loftus , 1996. "Mitochondrial Diversity and the Origins of African European Cattle," Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA), 93: 5131-5135.
17. Brown , K. and M. Pluciennik , 2001. "Archaeology and Human Genetics: Lessons for Both," Antiquity, 75: 101-106.
18. Bryant , E. , 2001. The Quest for Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. New York: Oxford University Press.
19. Bryson , R. A. and A. M. Swain , 1981. "Holocene Variations of Monsoon Rainfall in Rajasthan," Quarterly Research, 16: 135-145.
20. Cavalli-Sforza , L. , P. Menozzi , and A. Piazza , 1994. The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
21. Chakrabarti , D. K. , 1982. "The Development of Archaeology in the Indian Subcontinent," World Archaeology, 13: 326-344.
22. Chakrabarti , D. K. , 1990. The External Trade of the Indus Civilization. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.
23. Childe , V G. , 1934. New Light on the Most Ancient East: The Oriental Prelude to European History. London: Kegan Paul.
24. Childe , V. G. , 1953. New Light on the Most Ancient East. New York: W. W. Norton.
25. Clark , G. , 1966. "The Invasion Hypothesis in British Archaeology," Antiquity, 40: 172-189.
26. Clark , G. , 1979. Sir Mortimer and Indian Archaeology. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.
27. Clark , G. , 1998. "Multivariate Pattern Searches, the Logic of Inference, and European Prehistory: A Comment on Cavalli-Sforza," Journal of Anthropological Research, 54: 406-411.
28. Cohn , B. S. , 1996. Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
29. Deotare , B. C. and M. D. Kajale , 1996. "Quaternary Pollen Analysis and Palaeoenvironmental Studies of the Salt Basins at Panchpadra and Thob, Western Rajasthan, India: Preliminary Observations," Man and Environment, 21: 24-31.
30. de Waal , A. , 1994. "Genocide in Rwanda," Anthropology Today, 10(3): 1-2.
31. Dhavalikar , M. K. , 1988. The First Farmers of the Deccan. Pune: Ravish Publishers.
32. Dikotter , F. , 1992. The Discourse of Race in Modern China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
33. Dixon , R. M. W , 1997. The Rise and Fall of Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
34. Ehret , C. , 1988. "Language Change and the Material Correlates of Language and Ethnic Shift," Antiquity, 62: 564-574.
35. Erdosy , G. , 1988. Urbanization in Early Historic India. Bar International Series No. 430. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
36. Erdosy , G. , 1989. "Ethnicity in the Rigveda and its bearing on the Question of Indo-European Origins," South Asian Studies, 5: 35-47.
37. Erdosy , G. , 1995a. "Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity: Theoretical Perspectives." In The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, edited by G. Erdosy . Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 1-31.
38. Erdosy , G. , 1995b. "The Prelude to Urbanization: Ethnicity and the Rise of Late VedicChiefdoms." The Archaeology of Early South Asia, edited by F. R. Allchin . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 75-98.
39. Evison , M. , 1996. "Genetics, Ethics and Archaeology," Antiquity, 70: 512-514.
40. Fairservis , W A. , 1975. The Roots of Ancient India, 2nd edition. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
41. Fix , A. G. , 1996. "Gene Frequency Clines in Europe: Demic Diffusion or Natural Selection," Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (n.s.), 2: 625-643.
42. Flam , L. , 1981. "The Palaeogeography and Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in Sind, Pakistan (ca. 4000-2000 B.C.)," PhD dissertation, South Asia Regional Studies. University of Pennsylvania, PA.
43. Flam , L. , 1993. "Fluvial Geomorphology of the Lower Indus Basin (Sindh, Pakistan) and the Indus Civilization." In Himalaya to the Sea, edited by J. F Schroder . New York: Routledge, pp. 265-326.
44. Flam , L. , 1999. "Ecology and Population Mobility in the Prehistoric Settlement of the Lower Indus Valley, Sindh, Pakistan." In The Indus River: Biodiversity-Resources-Humankind, edited by A. Meadows and P. Meadows . Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 313-323.
45. Franklin , M. J. (ed.), 1995. Sir William Jones: Selected Poetical and Prose Works. Cardiff University of Wales Press.
46. Gamkrelidze , T. and V. V. Ivanov , 1985a. "The Ancient Near East and the Indo-European Question: Temporal and Territorial Characteristics of Proto-Indo-European Based On Linguistic and Historical-Cultural Data," Journal of Indo-European Studies, 13: 3-48.
47. Gamkrelidze , T. and V. V. Ivanov , 1985b. "The Migrations of Tribes Speaking the Indo-European Dialects from their Original Homeland in the Near East to their Historical Habitations in Eurasia," Journal of Indo-European Studies, 13: 49-91.
48. Gaur , R. C. , ed., 1994. Painted Grey Ware. Jaipur: Publication Scheme.
49. Gimbutas , M. , 1985. "Primary and Secondary Homeland of the Indo-Europeans," Journal of Indo-European Studies, 13: 185-202.
50. Harrell , S. , 1995. Cultural Encounters on China's Ethnic Frontiers. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
51. Inden , R. , 1986. "Orientalist Construction of India," Modern Asian Studies, 20: 401-446.
52. Inden , R. , 1990. Imagining India. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
53. Jansen , M. , L. Maire , and G. Urban , eds, 1991. Forgotten Cities on the Indus: Early Civilization in Pakistan from the 8th to 2nd Millennium BC. Mainz: Verlag Phillip Von Zabern.
54. Jarrige , C. , J. F. Jarrige , R. Meadow , and G. Quivron , eds, 1995. Mehrgarh: Field Reports 1974-1985 - From Neolithic Times to the Indus Civilization. Karachi: Department of Culture and Tourism, Government of Sindh, Pakistan.
55. Jones , S. , 1997. The Archaeology of Ethnicity: Constructing Identities in the Past and Present. London: Routledge.
56. Joshi , J. P. , 1993. Excavations at Bhagwanpura 1975-1976 and Other Explorations and Excavations 1975-81 in Haryana, Jammu and Kasmir, and Punjab. Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India No. 89. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.
57. Joshi , J. P. , M. Bala , and J. Ram , 1984. "The Indus Civilization: Reconsidering on the Basis of Distribution Maps." In Frontiers of the Indus Civilization, edited by B. B. Lal and S. P. Gupta . New Delhi: Books and Books, pp. 511-531.
58. Kennedy , K. A. R. , 2000. God-Apes and Fossil Men: Paleoanthropology in South Asia.Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
59. Kenoyer , J. M. , 1991. "The Indus Valley Tradition of Pakistan and Western India," Journal of World Prehistory, 5: 1-64.
60. Kenoyer , J. M. , 1998. Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
61. Kohl , P. L. , 2002. "'Comment on Archaeology and Language: The Indo-Iranians' by C.C. Lamberg-Karlovsky," Current Anthropology, 43: 77-78.
62. Lal , B. B. , 1997. The Earliest Civilization of South Asia. New Delhi: Aryan Books International.
63. Lamberg-Karlovsky , C. C. , 1988. "Indo-Europeans: A Near-Eastern Perspective," Quarterly Review of Archaeology, 9: 1, 8-10.
64. Lamberg-Karlovsky , C. C. , 2002. "Archaeology and Language: The Indo-Iranians," Current Anthropology, 43: 63-88.
65. Leach , E. , 1990. "Aryan Invasions Over Four Millennia." In Culture Through Time: Anthropological Approaches, edited by E. Ohnuki-Tierney . Stanford, CA: Stanford: University Press.
66. Loftus , Ronan , T. , David E. MacHugh , Daniel G. Bradley , and Paul M. Sharp , 1994. "Evidence for Two Independent Domestications of Cattle," Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA), 91: 2757-2761.
67. MacEachern , S. , 2000. "Genes, Tribes, and African History," Current Anthropology, 41(3):357-384.
68. Mackay , E. J. H. , 1938. Further Excavations at Mohenjo-daro, Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations Carried out by the Government of India between the Years of 1927-1931. Vol. 1. New Delhi: Government Press.
69. Majumdar , N. G. , 1934. "Explorations in Sind," Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, No. 48. Delhi.
70. Mallory , J. P. , 1989. In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth. London: Thames and Hudson.
71. Mallory , J. P. and Victor H. Mair , 2000. "The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples From the West." London: Thames and Hudson.
72. Marks , J. , 2000a. "Heredity and Genetics After the Holocaust." In Humanity at the Limit: The Impact of the Holocaust on Jews and Christians, edited by M. A. Singer Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, pp. 241-249.
73. Marks , J. , 2000b. "Can a Holistic Anthropology Inform a Reductive Genetics?" Paper presented at the 99th meeting of the Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, 16 November 2000, San Francisco, CA.
74. Marks , J. , 2001. "'We're Going to Tell These People Who They Really Are': Science and Relatedness." In Relative Values: Reconfiguring Kinship Studies, edited by S. Franklin and S. McKinnon . Chapel Hill, NC: Duke University Press, pp. 355-383.
75. Marks , J. , 2002a. "Contemporary Bio-Anthropology: Where the Trailing Edge of Anthropology Meets the Leading Edge of Bioethics," Anthropology Today, 18(4): 3-7.
76. Marks , J. , 2002b. "What is Molecular Anthropology? What can it be?," Evolutionary Anthropology, 11: 131-135.
77. Marshall , J. , 1931. Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-daro Carried out by the Government of India between the Years 1922 and 1927. 3 Vols. London: Arthur Probsthain.
78. Maybury-Lewis , D. , 1997. Indigenous Peoples, Ethnic Groups and the State. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
79. Mirza , M. N. and D. B. Dungworth , 1995. "The Potential Misuse of Genetic Analyses and the Social Construction of 'Race' and 'Ethnicity'," Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 14(3): 345-354.
80. Misra , V N. , 1984. "Climate, a Factor in the Rise and Fall of the Indus Civilization." In Frontiers of the Indus Civilization, edited by B. B. Lal and S. P. Gupta . Delhi: Books and Books, pp. 461-469.
81. Mughal , R. M. , 1970. "The Early Harappan Period in the Greater Indus Valley and Northern Baluchistan (c.3000-2400 B.C.)," PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, PA.
82. Mughal , R. M. , 1973. Present State of Research on the Indus River Valley Civilization. Department of Archaeology and Museums. Karachi: Government of Pakistan.
83. Mughal , R. M. , 1990. "Harappan Settlement Systems and Patterns in the Greater Indus Valley," Pakistan Archaeology, 25: 1-72.
84. Mughal , R. M. , 1997. Ancient Cholistan: Archaeology and Architecture. Karachi: Ferozsons (Pvt.) Ltd.
85. Mukherjee , S. N. , 1987. Sir William Jones: A Study in Eighteenth-Century British Attitudes to India, 2nd edition. Hyderabad: Orient Longman Ltd.
86. Olender , M. , 1992. The Languages of Paradise: Race, Religion and Philology in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
87. Olender , M. , 1997. "From the Language of Adam to the Pluralism of Babel," Mediterranean Historical Review, 12(2): 51-59.
88. Olson , S. , 2002. Mapping Human History: Discovering the Past Through Our Genes. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
89. Piggott , S. , 1950. Prehistoric India. Middlesex: Penguin Books.
90. Pluciennik , M. , 1995. "Genetics, Archaeology and the Wider World," Antiquity, 70: 13-14.
91. Poliakov , L. , 1974. The Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalist Ideas in Europe. New York: Basic Books.
92. Polosmak , N. V. and V. I. Molohdin , 2000. "Grave Sites of the Pazyryk Culture on the Ukok Plateau," Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, 4: 66-87.
93. Possehl , G. L. , 1984. "A Note on Harappan Settlement Patterns in the Punjab." In Studies in the Archaeology and Palaeoanthropology of South Asia, edited by K. A. R. Kennedy and G. L. Possehl . New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, pp. 83-87.
94. Possehl , G. L. , 1990. "Revolution in the Urban Revolution: the Emergence of Indus Urbanization," Annual Review of Anthropology, 19: 261-281.
95. Possehl , G. L. , 1996. Indus Age: The Writing System. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Company.
96. Possehl , G. L. , 1997a. "Climate and the Eclipse of the Ancient Cities of the Indus." In Third Millennium BC Climatic Change and Old World Civilizations, edited by H. N. Dalfes , G. Kukla , and H. Weiss . NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Global Environmental Changes, Vol. 49. Berlin: Springer, pp. 193-243.
97. Possehl , G. L. , 1997b. "The Transformation of the Indus Civilization," Journal of World Prehistory, 11: 425-472.
98. Possehl , G. L. , 1999a. Indus Age: The Beginning. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Company.
99. Possehl , G. L. , 1999b. "Prehistoric Population and Settlement in Sindh." In The Indus River: Biodiversity-Resources-Humankind, edited by A. Meadows and P. Meadows . Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 393-405.
100. Possehl , G. L. , 2002. The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, a division of Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
101. Possehl , G. L. and P. C. Rissman , 1992. "The Chronology of Prehistoric India: From Earliest Times to the Iron Age." In Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, edited by R. W. Ehrich . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, Vol. I, pp. 465-490, Vol. II, pp. 447-474.
102. Ratnagar , S. , 1991. Enquiries Into the Political Organization of Harappan Society. Pune: Ravish Publishers.
103. Renfrew , C. , 1987. Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins.New York: Cambridge University Press.
104. Rissman , P. C. and Y. M. Chitalwala , 1990. Harappan Civilization and Oriyo Timbo. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.
105. Robb , P. , 2002. A History of India. New York: Palgrave, St. Martin's Press.
106. Robbins , R. H. , 2002. Global Problems and the Culture of Capitalism. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
107. Robertshaw , P. , 1999. "Sibling Rivalry? The Intersection of Archaeology and History," H-Africa, H-Net, Humanities and Social Sciences OnLine.
108. Rouse , I. , 1986. Migrations in Prehistory: Inferring Population Movement from Cultural Remains. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
109. Roy , T. N. , 1983. The Ganges Civilization. New Delhi: Ramanand Vidya Bhawan.
110. Schwab , R. , 1984. The Oriental Renaissance: Europe's Rediscovery of India and the East,1680-1880. New York: Columbia University Press.
111. Shaffer , J. G. , 1981. "The Protohistoric Period in the Eastern Punjab: A Preliminary Assessment." In Indus Civilization: New Perspectives, edited by A. H. Dani . Islamabad: Quaid-I-Azam University, pp. 65-101.
112. Shaffer , J. G. , 1982. "Harappan Culture: a Reconsideration." In Harappan Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective, edited by G. L. Possehl . New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, pp. 41-50.
113. Shaffer , J. G. , 1984. "The Indo-Aryan Invasions: Cultural Myth and Archaeological Reality." In The Peoples of South Asia, edited by J. R. Lukacs . New York: Plenum Press, pp. 74-90.
114. Shaffer , J. G. , 1986. "Cultural Development in the Eastern Punjab." In Studies in the Archaeology of India and Pakistan, edited by J. Jacobson . New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, pp. 74-90.
115. Shaffer , J. G. , 1990. "Review of Language and Archaeology: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins by Colin Renfrew," Ethnohistory, 37: 354-356.
116. Shaffer , J. G. , 1992. "Indus Valley, Baluchistan and the Helmand Traditions: Neolithic Through Bronze Age." In Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, edited by R. W. Ehrich . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, Vol. I, pp. 441-464, Vol. II, pp. 425-446.
117. Shaffer , J. G. , 1993. "Reurbanization: the Eastern Punjab and Beyond." In Meaning in South Asia: The Shaping of Cities from Prehistoric to Precolonial Times, edited by H. Spodek and D. M. Srinivasan . Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, pp. 53-67.
118. Shaffer , J. G. , 1996. "South Asian Archaeology 1995: New Data/Subdued Interpretations," Antiquity, 70: 995-998.
119. Shaffer , J. G. and D. A. Lichtenstein , 1989. "Ethnicity and Change in the Indus Valley Cultural Tradition." In Old Problems and New Perspectives in the Archaeology of South Asia, edited by J. M. Kenoyer . University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI: Wisconsin Archaeological Reports No. 2, pp. 117-126.
120. Shaffer , J. G. and D. A. Lichtenstein , 1995. "The Concepts of Cultural Tradition and Paleoethnicity in South Asian Archaeology." In The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, edited by G. Erdosy . Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 126-154.
121. Shaffer , J. G. and D. A. Lichtenstein , 1999. "Migration, Philology and South Asian Archaeology." In Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia: Evidence, Interpretation and Ideology, edited by J. Bronkhurst and M. M. Deshpande . Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora Vol. 3, Cambridge, MA: Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University, pp. 239-260.
122. Shanklin , E. , 1994. Anthropology and Race. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
123. Sherratt , A. and S. Sherratt , 1988. "The Archaeology of Indo-European: An Alternative View" Antiquity, 62: 584-595.
124. Shipman , P. , 1994. The Evolution of Racism: Human Differences and the Use and Abuse of Science. New York: Simon and Schuster
125. Sims-Williams , P. , 1998. "Genetics, Linguistics, and Prehistory: Thinking Big and Thinking Straight," Antiquity, 72: 505-527.
126. Singh , G. , 1971. "The Indus Valley Culture (seen in the context of post-glacial climatic and ecological studies in north-west India)," Archaeological and Physical Anthropology in Oceania, 6: 177-189.
127. Singh , G. , R. D. Joshi , S. K. Chapra , and A. B. Singh , 1974. "Late Quaternary History of Vegetation and Climate of the Rajasthan Desert, India." In Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (Biological Sciences) 267: 467-501.
128. Singh , G. R. , R. J. Wasson , and D. P. Agrawal , 1990. "Vegetational and Seasonal Climatic Changes Since the Last Full Glacial in the Thar Desert, Northwestern India," Review of Paleobotany and Palynology, 64: 351-358.
129. Smith , A. D. , 1986. The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
130. Smith , J. , 2001. "For Reasons Out of Our Hands: A Community Identifies the Causes of Language Shift," Cultural Survival Quarterly, 25(2): 36-39.
131. Stepan , N. , 1982. The Idea of Race in Science: Great Britain 1800-1960. London: Macmillan.
132. Trautmann , T. R. , 1997. Aryans and British India. New Delhi: Vistaar Publications.
133. Trautmann , T. R. , 1999. "Constructing the Racial Theory of Indian Civilization." In Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia: Evidence, Interpretation and Ideology, edited by J. Bronkhurst and M. M. Deshpande , Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora Vol. 3, Cambridge, MA: Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University, pp. 277-293.
134. Trigger , B. G. , 1989. A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
135. Tripathi , V. , 1976. The Painted Grey Ware: An Iron Age Culture of Northern India. Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.
136. van den Berge , P. L. , 1987. The Ethnic Phenomenon. New York: Prager.
137. Van Riper , A. B. , 1993. Men Among the Mammoths: Victorian Science and the Discovery of Human Prehistory. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
138. Vansina , J. , 1995. "Historians, are Archaeologists your Siblings?" History in Africa, 22: 369-408, reprinted on H-Africa, H-Net, Humanities and Social Sciences OnLine.
139. Vats , M. S. , 1940. Excavations at Harappa. New Delhi: Government of India.
140. Wheeler , Sir M. , 1956. Still Digging. New York: E. P. Dutton.
141. Wheeler , Sir M. , 1968. The Indus Civilization, 3rd edition. London: Cambridge University Press.
142. Witzel , M. 1999. "Aryan and Non-Aryan Names in Vedic India: Data for the Linguistic Situation, c.1900-500 BC ." In Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia: Evidence, Interpretation and Ideology, edited by J. Bronkhurst and M. M. Deshpande . Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora Vol. 3, Cambridge, MA: Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University, pp. 337-404.
143. Wuethrich , B. , 1994. "Domesticated Cattle Show Their Breeding," New Scientist, 142: 16-17.
144. Yoffee , N. , 1990. "Before Babel, a Review Article," Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 56: 299-313.