The microanalysis of political communication: Claptrap and ambiguity

The Microanalysis of Political Communication: Claptrap and Ambiguity

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-220

  Bull, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84909294549     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203417843     Document Type: Book

References (138)

1. Anderson, B. (1991) John Major: The Making of the Prime Minister. London: Fourth Estate Limited.
2. Anderson, K.J. and Leaper, C. (1998) Meta-analyses of gender effects on conversational interruption: who, what, when, where, and how. Sex Roles, 39, 225-252.
3. Argyle, M. (1969) Social Interaction. London: Methuen.
4. Argyle, M. (1978) The Psychology of Interpersonal Behaviour. Harmondsworth: Penguin (3rd edn). Argyle, M. and Kendon A. (1967) The experimental analysis of social performance. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 3, 55-97.
5. Argyle, M. and Kendon A. (1967) The experimental analysis of social performance. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 3, 55-97.
6. Aries, E. (1996) Men and Women in Interaction: Reconsidering the Differences. New York: Oxford University Press.
7. Atkinson, J.M. (1983) Two devices for generating audience approval: a comparative study of public discourse and text. In K. Ehlich and H. van Riemsdijk (eds), Connectedness in Sentence, Text and Discourse. Tilburg, the Netherlands: Tilburg papers in Linguistics, pp. 199-236.
8. Atkinson, J.M. (1984a) Our Masters' Voices. London and New York: Methuen.
9. Atkinson, J.M. (1984b) Public speaking and audience responses: some techniques for inviting applause. In J.M. Atkinson and J.C. Heritage (eds), Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 370-409.
10. Atkinson, J.M. (1985) Refusing invited applause: preliminary observations from a case study of charismatic oratory. In T. van Dijk (ed.), Handbook of Discourse Analysis, vol. 3. London: Academic Press, pp. 161-181.
11. Austin, J. (1962) How To Do Things With Words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
12. Bavelas, J.B., Black, A., Chovil, N. and Mullett, J. (1990) Equivocal Communication. Newbury Park: Sage.
13. Bavelas, J.B. and Chovil, N. (2000) Visible acts of meaning: an integrated message model of language in face-to-face dialogue. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 19, 163-194.
14. Beattie, G.W. (1982) Turn-taking and interruption in political interviews - Margaret Thatcher and Jim Callaghan compared and contrasted. Semiotica, 39, 93-114.
15. Beattie, G.W. (1989a) Interruptions in political interviews: a reply to Bull and Mayer. Journal of Language of Social Psychology, 8, 327-339.
16. Beattie, G.W. (1989b) Interruptions in political interviews: the debate ends? Journal of Language of Social Psychology, 8, 345-348.
17. Beattie, G.W., Cutler, A. and Pearson, M. (1982) Why is Mrs Thatcher interrupted so often? Nature, 300 (23/30 December), 744-747.
18. Birdwhistell, R.L. (1971) Kinesics and Context. London: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press. Bolinger, D. (1978) Yes-no questions are not alternative questions. In H. Hiz (ed.), Questions. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: D. Reidel, pp. 87-105.
19. Brooks, R. (1987) BBC clamp on 'rude' interviewers. The Observer, 12 July, 1. Brown, P. and Levinson, S.C. (1978) Universals in language usage: politeness phenomena. In E. Goody (ed.), Questions and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 56-310.
20. Brown, P. and Levinson, S.C. (1978) Universals in language usage: politeness phenomena. In E. Goody (ed.), Questions and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 56-310
21. Brown, P. and Levinson, S.C. (1987) Politeness: Some Universals in Language Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
22. Bull, P.E. (1986) The use of hand gesture in political speeches: some case studies. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 5, 103-118.
23. Bull, P.E. (1987) Posture and Gesture. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
24. Bull, P.E. (1994) On identifying questions, replies and non-replies in political interviews. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 13, 115-131.
25. Bull, P.E. (1997) Queen of Hearts or Queen of the Arts of Implication? Implicit criticisms and their implications for equivocation theory in the interview between Martin Bashir and Diana, Princess of Wales. Social Psychological Review, 1, 27-36.
26. Bull, P.E. (1998a) Equivocation theory and news interviews. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 17, 36-51.
27. Bull, P.E. (1998b) Political interviews: television interviews in Great Britain. In O. Feldman and C. De Landtsheer (eds), Politically Speaking: A Worldwide Examination of Language Used in the Public Sphere. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, pp. 149-160.
28. Bull, P.E. (2000a) Do audiences only applaud 'claptrap' in political speeches? An analysis of invited and uninvited applause. Social Psychological Review, 2, 32-41.
29. Bull, P.E. (2000b) Equivocation and the rhetoric of modernisation: an analysis of televised interviews with Tony Blair in the 1997 British General Election. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 19, 222-247.
30. Bull, P.E. (2000c) New Labour, New Rhetoric? An analysis of the rhetoric of Tony Blair. In C. De Landtsheer and O. Feldman (eds), Public Speech and Symbols: Exploration in the Rhetoric of Politicians and the Media. Westport, CT: Praeger, pp. 3-16.
31. Bull, P.E. (2001) Massaging the message: political discourse used in the recent election campaigns. The Psychologist, 14(7), 142-143.
32. Bull, P.E. (2002) Communication under the Microscope: The Theory and Practice of Microanalysis. London: Psychology Press.
33. Bull, P.E. and Connelly, G. (1985) Body movement and emphasis in speech. Journal of Nonverbal Behaviour, 9, 169-187.
34. Bull, P.E. and Elliott, J. (1995) Is John Major a major face-saver? An assessment of televised interviews with the party leaders during the 1992 British General Election. Proceedings of the British Psychological Society, 3, 65. Bull, P.E. and Elliott, J. (1998) Level of threat: means of assessing interviewer toughness and neutrality. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 17, 220-244.
35. Bull, P.E. and Elliott, J. (1998) Level of threat: means of assessing interviewer toughness and neutrality. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 17, 220-244
36. Bull, P.E., Elliott, J., Palmer, D. and Walker, L. (1996) Why politicians are three-faced: the face model of political interviews. British Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 267-284.
37. Bull, P.E. and Mayer, K. (1988) Interruptions in political interviews: a study of Margaret Thatcher and Neil Kinnock. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 7, 35-45.
38. Bull, P.E. and Mayer, K. (1989) Interruptions in political interviews: a reply to Beattie. Journal of Language of Social Psychology, 8, 341-344.
39. Bull, P.E. and Mayer, K. (1991) 'Is John Major as unremarkable as he seems? A comparison of three political leaders.' Paper presented at the London Conference of the British Psychological Society, December.
40. Bull, P.E. and Mayer, K. (1993) How not to answer questions in political interviews. Political Psychology, 14, 651-666.
41. Bull, P.E. and Noordhuizen, M. (2000) The mistiming of applause in political speeches. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 19, 275-294.
42. Bull, P.E. and Roger, D.B. (1989) The social psychological approach to interpersonal communication. In D.B. Roger and P.E. Bull (eds), Conversation: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, pp. 9-20.
43. Bull, P.E. and Wells, P. (2002a) By invitation only? An analysis of invited and uninvited applause. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 21, 230-244.
44. Bull, P.E. and Wells, P. (2002b). 'Audience participation in televised political interviews from the 2001 General Election.' Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Social Psychology Section of the British Psychological Society, September.
45. Burns, T. (1992) Erving Goffman. London: Routledge. Chance, M.R.A. (1967) Attention structure as the basis of primate rank orders. Man (New Series), 2, 503-518.
46. Chance, M.R.A. (1967) Attention structure as the basis of primate rank orders. Man (New Series), 2, 503-518.
47. Clayman, S.E. (1988) Displaying neutrality in television news interviews. Social Problems, 35, 474-492.
48. Clayman, S.E. (1989) The production of punctuality: social interaction, temporal organization and social structure. American Journal of Sociology, 95, 659-691.
49. Clayman, S.E. (1991) News interview openings: aspects of sequential organization. In P. Scannell (ed.), Broadcast Talk. London: Sage, pp. 48-75.
50. Clayman, S.E. (1992) Footing in the achievement of neutrality: the case of news interview discourse. In P. Drew and J. Heritage (eds), Talk at Work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 163-198.
51. Clayman, S.E. (1993) Booing: the anatomy of a disaffiliative response. American Sociological Review, 58, 110-130.
52. Cohen, J. (1960) A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 37-46.
53. Cohen, J. (1969) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences. New York: Academic Press.
54. Condon, W.S. and Ogston, W.D. (1966) Sound film analysis of normal and pathological behaviour patterns. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 143, 338-347.
55. Cowley, S.J. (1998) Of timing, turn-taking and conversations. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 27, 541-571.
56. Day, Sir R. (1989) Grand Inquisitor. London: George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd.
57. Duncan, S. (1969) Nonverbal communication. Psychological Bulletin, 72, 118-137.
58. Duncan, S. (1972) Some signals and rules for taking speaking turns in conversations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 23, 283-292.
59. Duncan, S. and Fiske, D.W. (1977) Face-to-face Interaction: Research, Methods and Theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
60. Edwards, D. and Potter, J. (1992) Discursive Psychology. London: Sage. Edwards, D. and Potter, J. (1993) Language and causation: a discursive action model of description and attribution. Psychological Review, 100, 23-41.
61. Edwards, D. and Potter, J. (1993) Language and causation: a discursive action model of description and attribution. Psychological Review, 100, 23-41.
62. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1972) Similarities and differences between cultures in expressive movements. In R.A. Hinde (ed.), Nonverbal Communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 297-314.
63. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1973) The expressive behaviour of the deaf-and-blind born. In M. von Cranach and I. Vine (eds), Social Communication and Movement. London: Academic Press, pp. 163-194.
64. Ekman, P. and Friesen, W.V. (1974) Nonverbal behaviour and psychopathology. In R.J. Friedman and M.M. Katz (eds), The Psychology of Depression: Contemporary Theory and Research. New York: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, pp. 203-232.
65. Ekman, P. and Friesen, W.V. (1978) Measuring facial movement. Environmental Psychology and Nonverbal Behaviour, 1, 56-75.
66. Ekman, P. and Rosenberg, E.L. (eds) (1997) What the Face Reveals: Basic and Applied Studies of Spontaneous Expression Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). New York: Oxford University Press.
67. Elliott, J. and Bull, P.E. (1996) A question of threat: face threats in questions posed during televised political interviews. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 6, 49-72.
68. Ferguson, N. (1977) Simultaneous speech, interruptions and dominance. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 16, 295-302.
69. Freedman, N. and Hoffman, S.P. (1967) Kinetic behaviour in altered clinical states: approach to objective analysis of motor behaviour during clinical interviews. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 244, 527-539.
70. Fridlund, A.J. (1994) Human Facial Expression: An Evolutionary View. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
71. Goffman, E. (1955) On face-work: an analysis of ritual elements in social interaction. Psychiatry, 18, 213-231. Reprinted in E. Goffman (1967) Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face to Face Behaviour. Garden City, New York: Anchor, pp. 5-45.
72. Goffman, E. (1959) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
73. Goffman, E. (1961) Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.
74. Goffman, E. (1971) Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order. London: Penguin Press.
75. Goffman, E. (1981) Footing. In E. Goffman, Forms of Talk. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
76. Graham, J.A. and Argyle, M. (1975) A cross-cultural study of the communication of extra-verbal meaning by gestures. International Journal of Psychology, 10, 57-69.
77. Greatbatch, D. (1988) A turn-taking system for British news interviews. Language in Society, 17, 401-430.
78. Hague, W. (2002) What I learned about Tony - the hard way. The Guardian, G2, 26 April, 2-5.
79. Halliday, M.A.K. (1970) A Course in Spoken English: Intonation. London: Oxford University Press.
80. Hargie, O.D.W. (1997) Interpersonal communication: a theoretical framework. In O.D.W. Hargie (ed.) (2nd edn), The Handbook of Communication Skills. London: Routledge, pp. 29-63.
81. Hargie, O.D.W. and Marshall, P. (1986) Interpersonal communication: a theoretical framework. In O.D.W. Hargie (ed.), The Handbook of Communication Skills. London: Croom Helm, pp. 22-56.
82. Harris, S. (1986) Interviewers' questions in broadcast interviews. Belfast Working Papers in Language and Linguistics, 8, 50-85.
83. Harris, S. (1991) Evasive action: how politicians respond to questions in political interviews. In P. Scannell (ed.), Broadcast Talk. London: Sage, pp. 76-99.
84. Heath, C. (1986) Body Movement and Speech in Medical Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
85. Heritage, J.C. (1989) Current developments in conversation analysis. In D. Roger and P. Bull (eds), Conversation: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 21-47.
86. Heritage, J.C., Clayman, S.E. and Zimmerman, D. (1988) Discourse and message analysis: the micro-structure of mass media messages. In R. Hawkins, S. Pingree and J. Weimann (eds), Advancing Communication Science: Merging Mass and Interpersonal Processes. Newbury Park: Sage, pp. 77-109.
87. Heritage, J.C. and Greatbatch, D.L. (1986) Generating applause: a study of rhetoric and response at party political conferences. American Journal of Sociology, 92, 110-157.
88. Heritage, J.C. and Greatbatch, D.L. (1991) On the institutional character of institutional talk: the case of news interviews. In D. Boden and D. Zimmerman (eds), Talk and Social Structure. Cambridge: Polity Press, pp. 93-137.
89. Holmes, J. (1995) Women, Men and Politeness. New York: Longman.
90. Huxley, J.S. (1914) The courtship habits of the great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus); with an addition to the theory of natural selection. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 35, 491-562.
91. Huxley, J.S. (1963) Evolution: The Modern Synthesis (2nd edn). Northampton: John Dickens & Co.
92. James, D. and Clarke, S. (1993) Women, men and interruptions: a critical review. In D. Tannen (ed.), Gender and Conversational Interaction. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 231-280.
93. Jefferson, G. (1984) On the organisation of laughter in talk about troubles. In J.M. Atkinson and J.C. Heritage (eds), Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 347-369.
94. Jefferson, G. (1990) List-construction as a task and resource. In G. Psathas (ed.), Interaction Competence. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, Inc., pp. 63-92.
95. Jucker, J. (1986) News Interviews: a Pragmalinguistic Analysis. Amsterdam: Gieben.
96. Kelly, S.D., Barr, D.J., Church, R.B. and Lynch, K. (1999) Offering a hand to pragmatic understanding: the role of speech and gesture in comprehension and memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 40, 577-592.
97. Kendon, A. (1982) Organization of behaviour in face-to-face interaction. In K.R. Scherer and P. Ekman (eds), Handbook of Methods in Nonverbal Behaviour Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 440-505.
98. Kendon, A. (1985) Some uses of gesture. In O. Tannen and M. Saville-Troike (eds), Perspectives on Silence. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, pp. 215-234.
99. Kendon, A. (1988) Goffman's approach to face-to-face interaction. In P. Drew and A. Wootton (eds), Erving Goffman: Exploring the Interaction Order. Cambridge: Polity Press, pp. 14-40.
100. Kendon, A. and Ferber, A. (1973) A description of some human greetings. In R.P. Michael and J.H. Crook (eds), Comparative Ecology and Behaviour of Primates. London and New York: Academic Press, pp. 591-668.
101. King, A. (1992) Britain at the Polls 1992. New York: Chatham House. Kiritz, S.A. (1971) 'Hand movements and clinical ratings at admission and discharge for hospitalised psychiatric patients.' Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, San Francisco, CA.
102. Kiritz, S.A. (1971) 'Hand movements and clinical ratings at admission and discharge for hospitalised psychiatric patients.' Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, San Francisco, CA
103. Lalljee, M. and Widdicombe, S. (1989) Discourse analysis. In A.M. Colman and G. Beaumont (eds), Psychology Survey 7. Leicester: The British Psychological Society, pp. 76-97.
104. Lindenfeld, J. (1971) Verbal and nonverbal elements in discourse. Semiotica, 33, 223-233.
105. McClave, E.Z. (2000) Linguistic functions of head movements in the context of speech. Journal of Pragmatics, 32, 855-878.
106. McNeill, D. (1985) So you think gestures are nonverbal? Psychological Review, 92, 350-371.
107. Mandela, N. (1995) Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. London: Abacus.
108. Marey, É.J. (1895) Movement. New York: D. Appleton. Mehrabian, A. and Williams, N. (1969) Nonverbal concomitants of perceived and intended persuasiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 37-58.
109. Mehrabian, A. and Williams, N. (1969) Nonverbal concomitants of perceived and intended persuasiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 37-58.
110. Mishler, E.G. and Waxler, N.E. (1968) Interaction in Families: An Experimental Study of Family Processes and Schizophrenia. New York: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
111. Murray, S.O. and Covelli, L.H. (1988) Women and men speaking at the same time. Journal of Pragmatics, 12, 103-111.
112. Muybridge, E. (1899) Animals in Motion. Reprinted by Dover Publications, New York, 1957. Muybridge, E. (1901) The Human Figure in Motion. Reprinted by Dover Publications, New York, 1957.
113. Parker, I. (1992) Discourse Dynamics: Critical Analysis for Social and Individual Psychology. London: Routledge.
114. Parkinson, B. (1995) Ideas and Realities of Emotion. London: Routledge. Pittenger, R.E., Hockett, C.F. and Danehy, J.J. (1960) The First Five Minutes: A Sample of Microscopic Interview Analysis. Ithaca, New York: Martineau.
115. Potter, J. and Wetherell, M. (1987) Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behaviour. London: Sage.
116. Power, R.D.J. and dal Martello, M.F. (1986) Some criticisms of Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson on turn-taking. Semiotica, 58, 29-40.
117. Psathas, G. (1995) Conversation Analysis: The Study of Talk-in-Interaction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
118. Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. and Svartvik, J. (1985) A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman.
119. Roger, D.B., Bull, P.E. and Smith, S. (1988) The development of a comprehensive system for classifying interruptions. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 7, 27-34.
120. Roger, D.B. and Nesshoever, W. (1987) Individual differences in dyadic conversational strategies: a further study. British Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 247-255.
121. Roger, D.B. and Schumacher, A. (1983) Effects of individual differences on dyadic conversational strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 700-705.
122. Rosenbaum, M. (1997) From Soapbox to Soundbite: Party Political Campaigning in Britain since 1945. London: Macmillan Press.
123. Sacks, H. (1992) (ed. G. Jefferson) Lectures on Conversation. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
124. Sacks, H., Schegloff, E.A. and Jefferson, G. (1974) A simplest systematics for the organisation of turn-taking for conversation. Language, 50, 696-735.
125. Scheflen, A.E. (1964) The significance of posture in communication systems. Psychiatry, 27, 316-331.
126. Scheflen, A.E. (1966) Natural history method in psychotherapy: communicational research. In L.A. Gottschalk and A.H. Auerbach (eds), Methods of Research in Psychotherapy. New York: Appleton-Century Crofts, pp. 263-289.
127. Scheflen, A.E. (1973) Communicational Structure: Analysis of a Psychotherapy Transaction. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
128. Schegloff, E.A. (1989) Harvey Sacks - lectures 1964-1965. An introduction/memoir. Human Studies, 12, 187-209.
129. Smith, W.J. (1969) Messages of vertebrate communication. Science, 165, 145-150.
130. Smith, W.J. (1977) The Behaviour of Communicating. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
131. Thomas, A.P., Bull, P.E. and Roger, D.B. (1982) Conversational Exchange Analysis. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 1, 141-155.
132. Thorpe, W.H. (1979) The Origins and Rise of Ethology. London: Heinemann Educational Books.
133. Tinbergen, N. (1953) Social Behaviour in Animals, with Special Reference to Vertebrates. London: Methuen.
134. Tracy, K. (1990) The many faces of facework. In H. Giles and W.P. Robinson (eds), Handbook of Language and Social Psychology. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, pp. 209-222.
135. Trager, G.L. and Smith, H.L. Jr (1951) An Outline of English Structure (Studies in Linguistics: Occasional Papers, 3). Norman OK: Battenberg Press. Republished: New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1965.
136. Van Dijk, T.A. (1997) Discourse as Structure and Process. Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary Introduction, vol. 1. London: Sage.
137. Wood, L.A. and Kroger, R.O. (2000) Doing Discourse Analysis: Methods for Studying Action in Talk and Text. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
138. Zimmerman, D.H. and West, C. (1975) Sex roles, interruptions and silences in conversation. In B. Thorne and N. Henley (eds), Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance. Rowley, MA: Newbury House, pp. 105-129.