Regional organizations and the resolution of internal conflict: The ecowas intervention in liberia

International Peacekeeping

Volumn 1, Issue 3, 1994, Pages 261-302

  Ofuatey Kodjoe, W ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84909202770     PISSN: 13533312     EISSN: 1743906X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13533319408413509     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Rodolfo Stavenhagen, ‘Ethnic conflicts and their impact on international society’, ISSJ, Feb. 1991, p.117.
2. Linda B. Miller, ‘Regional Organization and the Resolution of Internal Conflict’, World Politics, Vol.19, No.4, July 1967, p.177;
3. Myron Weiner, ‘Peoples and States in a New Ethnic Order?’, Third World Quarterly, Vol.13, No.2, 1992, pp.317–32.
4. Lori Damrosch and David Scheffer, Law and Force in the New International Order, Boulder: Westview Press, 1991, pp. 185–223.
5. Stanley Hoffman, ‘The Problem of Intervention in International Law’, in Hedley Bull (ed.),Intervention in International Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.
6. Lori Damrosch and David Scheffer, n.2 (above); Anthony Clark Arend and Robet J. Beck, International Law and the Use of Force: Beyond the UN Charter Paradigm, New York: Routledge, 1993,esp. pp.80–92.
7. Kelly Kate Pease and David Forsythe, ‘Humanitarian Intervention and International Law’,Austrian Journal of International Law, forthcoming.
8. Thomas Weiss and Jarat Chopra, ‘Sovereignty is no longer Sacrosanct: Codifying Humanitarian Intervention’,Ethics and International Affairs. Vol.6, 1992.
9. Inis Claude, Swords into Plowshares, New York: Random House, 1984, p.115
10. Linda B.Miller, ‘Regional Organization and the Regulation of Internal Conflict’, World Politics, Vol.19, No.4, July 1967, p.78.
11. Elwood Dunn and S. Byron Tarr, Liberia: A National Polity in Transition, Metuchen, NJ:The Scarecrow Press, 1988, p.112.
12. Abiodun B.Jones, ‘The Republic of Liberia’, in J.F.A. Ajayi and M. Crowder, History of West Africa, Vol.1, New York: Columbia University Press, 1973, pp.308
13. C.H. Huberich, The Political and Legislative History of Liberia, Vol. 1, New York: Central Book Co., 1947
14. Christian A. Cassell, Liberia: History of the First African Republic, New York:Fountainhead, 1979.
15. Monday Akpan, ‘Black Imperialism: Americo-Liberian Rule over the African Peoples of Liberia, 1841–1964’, Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol.7, No.2, 1973, pp.217–36.
16. Nyema Guannu The Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of Liberia, New York: Exposition Press, 1980, pp.190–91.
17. Merran Fraenkel, Tribe and Class in Monrovia, London: Oxford University Press, 1964.
18. Yekutiel Gershoni, Black Colonialism: The Americo-Liberian Scramble for the Hinterland, Boulder: Westview Press, 1985;
19. Stephen Hlophe, Class, Ethnicity and Politics in Liberia, Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1979;
20. Amadu Sesay, ‘Societal Inequality, Ethnic Heterogeneity and Political Instability: The Case of Liberia’, Plural Societies, Vol.2, No.3, Autumn 1980.
21. Saigbe Boley, Liberia: The Rise and Fall of the First Republic, London: Macmillan, 1983,p.90.
22. Larry Diamond, ‘Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol.25, No.1, 1987, p.120.
23. US Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: 1990, Washington DC: Government Printing Office, Feb. 1991, p.192.
24. W. Ofuatey-Kodjoe, ‘Conflicting Political Interests of the U.S. and Africa’, in Frederick Arkhurst (ed.), U.S. Policy Toward Africa, New York: Praeger, 1975, pp.136.
25. Jeffrey Herbst, U.S. Economic Policy Toward Africa, New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992, p.11.
26. Russell V. McLaughlin, Foreign Investment and Development in Liberia, New York:Praeger, 1966.
27. Jeffrey Herbst, n.23 (above), p.11; see also Waldemar Nielsen, The Great Powers and Africa, New York: Praeger, 1969, pp.389–91.
28. Sherill B. Wells (ed.), American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1990, Washington, DC: Department of State, 1991, p.802.
29. Herman J. Cohen ‘U.S. Diplomatic Efforts Toward Peace in Liberia' in Sherill B. Wells,n.29 (above), p.805.
30. Elvem E. Izeze, ‘How to Avert a Split in ECOWAS’, The Guardian (Lagos), Vol.7, No.4823, 9 Sept. 1990, p.A2.
31. Femi Omonwunmi, ‘Liberian: the Libyan, Ivorien and Burkinabe Connection’, The Guardian (Lagos), Vol.7, No.4847, 3 Nov. 1990, p.1.
32. Bahgat Korany and Ali E. Hillal Dessouki, The Foreign Policies of Arab States, Boulder: Westview Press, 1984, pp.175–96.
33. Mark Huband, ‘Doe's Last Stand’, Africa Report, July-August 1990, p.48;
34. Kaye Whiteman, ‘Towards Peace in Liberia’, West Africa, 26 Nov.-1 Dec. 1990, p.2894–5;
35. Kayode Komolafe, ‘ECOMOG Burdened With 7000 Stranded Nigerians’, The Guardian (Lagos), Vol.7, No.4824, 10 Sept. 1990, p.1.
36. Emenike Okorie et al., ‘Celebration of Wishes’, Newswatch, Vol.14, No.3, 15 July 1991, p.20.
37. Jonas Okwara, ‘Nigeria Protests France's Role in Liberian Crisis’, The Guardian (Lagos),Vol.7, No.4823, 9 Sept. 1990, pp.Al-A2.
38. Bala D. Abu, ‘Ruins of War’, Newswatch, Vol.13, No.8, 18 Feb. 1991, pp.20–23.
39. International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance, 1991–1992, London:Brassey's Ltd., 1992, p.136;
40. James Butty, ‘What Does ULIMO Want’, West Africa, 7–13, Sept. 1992, p.1519.
41. Keesing's Record of World Events, Vol.39, No.11, Nov. 1993, p.39719.
42. Richard Akinjide, ‘The ECOWAS Intervention in the Liberian Imbroglio: Legal Issues’, West Africa, 24 Dec. 1990–6 Jan. 1991, p.3091;
43. Benjamin Rivlin, ‘Regional Arrangements and the UN System for Collective Security and Conflict Resolution; A New Road Ahead?’, The Ralph Bunche Institute Occasional Series, No.12, New York, May 1992, p.8;
44. John Inegbedion, ‘International Law, the UN, the OAU and the ECOWAS Intervention in Liberia’, Paper prepared for presentation at the American Society of International Law and the Academic Council on the United Nations System, Summer Workshop on International Organizations, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, July 1992.
45. Emmanuel A. Erskine, ‘Peacekeeping’, Africa Forum, Vol.1, No.1, 1991, p.27.
46. Anthony Clark Arend and Robert J. Beck, International Law and the Use of Force, New York: Routledge, 1993, p.55.
47. David P. Forsythe, The Politics of International Law, Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1990. pp.70–77.
48. W. Ofuatey-Kodjoe, ‘Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention’, in Albert Legault, Craig Murphy and W. Ofuatey-Kodjoe, The State of the United Nations, Providence: Academic Council on the United Nations System, 1992.
49. Laura W. Reed and Carl Kaysen (eds), Emerging Norms of Justified Intervention, Cambridge, Mass.: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1993;
50. Lori F. Damrosch and David J. Scheffer (eds), Law and Force in the New International Order, Boulder: Westview Press, 1991;
51. Lori F. Damrosch (ed.), Enforcing Restraint: Collective Intervention in Internal Conflicts, New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1993.
52. Ralph I. Onwuka, and Amadu Sesay (eds), The Future of Regionalism in Africa, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985, pp.110–24.
53. US Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices:1990, Washington DC: Government Printing Office, Feb. 1991, pp.192.
54. Alan James, Peacekeeping in International Politics, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990.
55. Paul Diehl, ‘The Conditions for Success on Peacekeeping Operations’, in Paul Diehl, The Politics of International Organizations: Patterns and Insights, Chicago: Dorsey Press, 1989, pp.173–88.
56. I. William Zartman for these ideas. See his Ripe for Resolution: Conflict and Intervention in Africa, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp.255–88.
57. Inis Claude, Swords into Plowshares, New York: Random House, 1984, p.252.
58. International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance, 1992–1993, London: Brassey's Ltd., 1992, pp.191–214.
59. Prince E. Godwin, ‘Where ECOMOG went Wrong’, New African, No.279, Dec. 1990,p.A3. See also, The Guardian (Lagos), Vol.7, No.4836, pp.1–2.
60. Femi Omowunmi, ‘Liberia: The Libyan, Ivorien and Burkinabe Connection’, The Guardian (Lagos), Vol.7, No.4878, 3 Nov. 1990, pp.1–2.
61. David Carment, ‘The International Dimension of Ethnic Conflict: Concepts, Indicators and Theory’, Journal Of Peace Research, Vol.30, No.2, 1993, p.138.
62. Donald Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985;
63. Donald Horowitz, ‘Ethnic Conflict Management for Policymakers’, in Joseph V. Montville (ed.), Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies, Lexington: D.C. Heath and Co.,1990, pp.115–33.
64. R.I. Onwuka and A. Sesay (eds). The Future of Regionalism in Africa, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985,p.119.
65. Julius E. Okolo and Stephen Wright (eds), West African Regional Cooperation and Development, Boulder: Westview, 1990, p.172.
66. Michael Reisman, ‘Sovereignty and Human Rights in Contemporary International Law’, AJIL, Vol.84, Oct. 1990, pp.866–76.
67. Louis Henkin, ‘Law and Politics in International Relations: State and Human Values’, Journal Of International Affairs, Spring/Summer 1990, pp.183–208;
68. Oscar Schachter, ‘The Role of International Law in Maintaining Peace’, in W. Scott Thompson and Kenneth M. Jensen (eds), Approaches to Peace: An Intellectual Map, Washington DC: United States Institute for Peace, 1991, p.84.
69. Ernst B. Haas, ‘Regime Decay: Conflict Management and International Organizations,1945–1981’, International Organization, Vol.37, No.2, Spring 1983, pp.189–255.