The sources of 'new thinking' in Soviet politics

The Last Decade of the Cold War: From Conflict Escalation to Conflict Transformation

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 113-132

  Odom, William E ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84909143612     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203646205     Document Type: Chapter

References (51)

1. For a few examples of the scores of works in English, see Z.K.Brzezinski, The Grand Failure: The Birth and Death of Communism in the 20th Century (New York: Scribners, 1989);
2. John B.Dunlop, The Rise of Russia and the Fall of the Soviet Union (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993);
3. Philip Roeder, Red Sunset: The Failure of Soviet Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993);
4. Archie Brown, The Gorbachev Factor (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996);
5. Steven L.Solnick, Stealing of the State: Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998);
6. William E.Odom, The Collapse of the Soviet Military (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998);
7. Stephen G.Brooks and William C.Wohlforth, 'Power, Globalization, and the End of the Cold War: Reevaluating a Landmark Case for Ideas', International Security, vol. 25, no. 3 (2000/01):5-53.
8. For a few examples in Russian, see Georgii Shakhnazarov, Tsena svobody: reformatsiia Gobacheva glazami ego pomoshchnika [The Price of Freedom: Gorbachev's Reformation through the Eyes of his Aide] (Moscow: Rossika-Zevs, 1993);
9. Anatoly S.Chernyaev, Shest' let s Gorbachevym [My Six Years with Gorbachev] (Moscow: Izdatel'skaya gruppa Progress-Kultura, 1993);
10. I.V.Bystrova, Voenno-promyshlennyi komplekhs SSSR v gody kholodnoi voiny. (Vtoraya polovina 40-kh-nachalo 60-kh godov) [The Military-Industrial Complex of the USSR in the Cold War (Second Half of the 1940s-Beginning of the 1960s] (Moscow: Institut rossiyskoi istorii RAN, 2000);
11. Aleksandr Yakovlev, Omut pamyati [Whirlpool of Memories] (Moscow: Vagrius, 2000).
12. See Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), for this so-called 'constructivist thinking' in international relations theory.
13. For example, Brooks and Wohlforth, 'Power, Globalization, and the End of the Cold War.
14. David R.Stone, Hammer and Rifle: The Militarization of the Soviet Union, 1926-1933 (Lawrence, KS: Kansas University Press, 2000), for a revisionist view.
15. See Janos Kornai, The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Communism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992)
16. Mancur Olson, Power and Prosperity: Outgrowing Communist and Capitalist Dictatorships (New York: Basic Books, 2000), for general theories of why this was true.
17. See Margaret Levi, Of Rule and Revenue (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1988), especially Ch. 6, on why the costs of tax collection vary in this way.
18. Olson, Power and Prosperity, pp. 111-35.
19. See William E.Odom, 'The Riddle of Soviet Military Spending', Russia, vol. 2 (1981):53-7.
20. William T.Lee, The Estimation of Soviet Defense Expenditures, 1955-75: An Unconventional Approach (New York: Praeger, 1977), a former employee of the CIA and DIA, insisted that 18 per cent was the most accurate estimate.
21. For subsequent rethinking of the size of Soviet military outlays, see Henry S.Rowen and Charles Wolf, Jr (eds), The Impoverished Superpower (San Francisco, CA: ICS Press, 1990).
22. Clifford G.Gaddy, The Price of the Past: Russia's Struggle with the Legacy of Militarized Economy (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1996), is an excellent post-mortem on the larger issues of the Soviet military burden.
23. Robert K.Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure (New York: The Free Press, 1968), p. 253, explains goal displacement;
24. Philip Selznick, TVA and the Grass Roots (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1953), pp. 21-4, declares it to be the central paradox of bureaucracy.
25. For an elaboration on the purge phenomenon, see Z.K.Brzezinski, The Permanent Purge- Politics in Soviet Totalitarianism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956).
26. See C.J.Friedrich and Z.K.Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (New York, Praeger, 1961), for the classic definition of this regime-type. Yakovlev, Omut pamyati, pp. 357-80
27. I.V.Bystrova, Voenno-promyshlennyi komplekhs SSSR and Sergei Khrushchev, Nikita Krushchev and the Creation of a Superpower (State Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), offer several examples of this practice.
28. Paul Pierson, 'Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics', American Political Science Review, vol. 94, no. 2 (2000):251-67.
29. North, Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance, p. 99.
30. Eduard Shevardnadze, The Future Belongs to Freedom, trans. Catherine A.Fitzpatrick (New York: The Free Press, 1991);
31. Yakovlev, Omut pamyati.
32. Paul David, 'Clio and the Economics of QWERTY', American Economic Review, vol. 75, no. 3 (1985):332-7.
33. For a sample of such analysis, see H.Gordon Skilling and Franklyn Griffiths (eds), Interest Groups in Soviet Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971).
34. For a critique, see W.E.Odom. 'Dissenting View on the Group Approach to Soviet Politics', World Politics, vol. 28, no. 4 (1976):542-67.
35. Yakovlev, Omut pamyati.
36. Khrushchev, Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower, Ch. 7.
37. Bystrova, Voenno-promyshlennyi komplekhs SSSR.
38. Shakhnazarov, Tsena svobody, pp. 80-95.
39. Odom, Collapse of the Soviet Military, pp. 88-94.
40. See John Lewis Gaddis, 'International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War', International Security, vol. 17, no. 3 (Winter 1992/93)
41. Brown, Gorbachev Factor, and especially Stephen F.Cohen, The Failed Crusade (New York: W.W.Norton, 2000), fall into this category.
42. Thane Gustafson and Dawn Mann, 'Gorbachev's First Year', Problems of Communism vol. 35 (No. 5, 1986):1-18.
43. Mikhail S.Gorbachev, Perestroika I novoe myshlenie dlya nashei strany is dlya vsego mira (Moscow: Politizdat, 1987), pp. 149-51.
44. Exact quote on p. 150. Also in English translation: M.S.Gorbachev, Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World (New York: Harper & Row, 1987), pp. 144-9. Exact quote on p. 146.
45. W.E.Odom, 'How Far Can Soviet Reform Go?', Problems of Communism, vol. 36, no. 6 (1987):28. At the time I wrote this, I was not yet convinced that Gorbachev was suicidal enough to continue on his course.
46. Valery Boldin, Ten Years that Shook the World (New York: Basic Books, 1994), p. 23.
47. Odom, Collapse of the Soviet Military, pp. 90, 439. These conversations occurred six months apart.
48. Shakhnazarov, Tsena svobody.
49. Peter Chaadaev, 'First Philosophical Letter', in Marc Raeff (ed.), Russian Intellectual History: An Anthology (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1966), p. 160.
50. Samuel P.Huntington, 'Reform and Stability in South Africa', International Security, vol. 6, no. 4 (1982):11. Writing before South African leaders ended apartheid, Huntington was explaining why and how they should do it.
51. Odom, 'How Far Can Soviet Reform Go?'