Colonising Central Sulawesi: The ‘Ethical Policy’ and Imperialist Expansion 1890–1910

Itinerario

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 87-107

  Coté, Joost ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84909137259     PISSN: 01651153     EISSN: 20412827     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0165115300003983     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. R. Cribb, ‘Development Policy in the Early Twentieth Century’ in: J. Dirkse et al. eds, Indonesia's Experiences Under the New Order (Leiden 1989).
2. M. Kuitenbrouwer, The Netherlands and the Rise of Modem Imperialism: Colonies and Foreign Policy, 1870–1902 (New York and Oxford 1991)
3. A. Stoler, Capitalism and Confrontation in Sumatra's Plantation Belt, 1870–1979 (New Haven 1985).
4. ‘Rethinking Colonial Categories: European Communities and the Boundaries of Rule’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 13 (1989)
5. J. Breman, Koelies, Planters en Koloniak Politick (Leiden 1987)
6. ‘Het Beest aan Banden? De Koloniale Geest aan het Begin van de Twintigste Eeuw’, Bijdragen tot de Tool-, Land- en Volkenkunde 144 (1989).
7. E.B. Locher-Scholten, Ethiek in Eragmenten: Vijf Studies over Koloniaal Denken en Doen van Nederlanders in de Indonesische Archipel, 1977–1942 (Utrecht 1981).
8. A similar paradigm is used by Ricklefs. M. Ricklefs, A History of Modem Indonesia Since 1300 (London 1993).
9. A more recent volume edited by Cribb, The Late Colonial State in Indonesia: Political and Economic Foundations of the. Netherlands Indies 1880–1942 (Leiden 1994)
10. W. Otterspeer, ‘The Ethical Imperative’ in: W. Otterspeer ed., Leiden Oriental Connections (Leiden 1991).
11. See in particular the research of J.Th. Lindblad, Between Dayak and the Dutch: The Economic History of Southeast Kalimantan, 1880–1942 (Dordrecht 1988) and
12. J.Th. Lindblad ed., New Challenges in the Modern Economic History of Indonesia (Leiden 1993) and
13. Lindblad and Clemens eds, Het Belang van de Buitengewesten (Amsterdam 1989).
14. Apart from the exemplary on-going work of Professor Sarlono in this regard, this is indicated in the proceedings of the first conference on Indonesia's economic history held in Jakarta in 1991 as reflected in: J.T. Lindblad ed., New Challenges in the Modern Economic History of Indonesia (Leiden 1993).
15. See the broader discussion in Otterspeer, ‘Ethical Imperative’.
16. For a detailed discussion of this connection see Kuitenbrouwer, Modern Imperialism, chapter 3.
17. J. Legge, Indonesia (Sydney 1977) 102–103.
18. For instance this is the justification provided by Snouck Hurgronje. See W. Otterspeer, ‘Ethical Imperative’.
19. Reference to the A.R.P. policy cited in B.J. Brouwer, De Houding van Idenburg en Colijn tegenover de Indonesische Beweging (Amsterdam 1958) 2.
20. J. Cote, ‘The Colonisation and Schooling of the To Pamona of Central Sulawesi, 1895–1925’ (Unpublished Master's thesis, Monash 1980).
21. Koloniaal Verslag [Colonial Report], 1894–1895 (Batavia) 27.
22. Assistant resident of Gorontalo to resident of Menado, Toelichting van het Al of Niet Wenschelijke van het Verlenen van Mijnconcessies in de Tomini Bocht, 22 March 1891.
23. Editor's note to an article by A.J.M. Engelenberg, ‘Ons Bestuursbeleid in Nederlandsch Indie' [Our Government Policy in the Netherlands Indies], Het Vaderland (5 August 1904).
24. Snouck Hurgronje to Kruyt, 1 May 1903, Kruyt Archive.
25. Engelenberg, ‘Ons Bestuursbeleid in Nederlandsche Indië’.
26. Engelenberg went to see these ‘experts’ privately on arrival in the Netherlands. Van Deventer's views were reported in De Indische Gids in a report of his speech to the Indische Genoolschap in 1904. The journal's editor shared Van Deventer's views. In a parallel article, ‘De Tomini Bocht’, the resident of Menado, Engelenberg's superior voiced the same scepticism, De Indische Gids (1904) 1666.
27. J.W.T. Cohen-Stuart, ‘Oprichting van Inlandsche Rechtscholen' [The Establishment of Native Law Schools], De Indische Gids (1907) 1332–1333.
28. This attitude was expressed by missionary and amateur ethnologist Albert Kruyt in an influential article entitled ‘The Influence of Western Civilisation on the Inhabitants of Poso’ in: B.J. Schrieke ed., The Effect of Western Influence on Native Civilisation in the Malay Archipelago (Batavia 1929). Kruyt was an adviser and participant in the process of subjugation and later colonisation although with the change in policy direction after 1915 he was severely critical of government policy towards the Christian mission. He was given an.honorary degree for his ethnographical work in recognition of his voluminous writing on the people and culture of this region.
29. For a complete bibliography see J. Coté, ‘The Colonisation and Schooling of the To Pamona’.
30. Kruyt's views were reproduced in detail in ‘Gegevens voor het Bevolkingsvraagstuk ran een Cedeelte van Midden Celebes' [Evidence Relating to the Population Question in a Part of Central Celebes], Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap 20 (1903) 190–205. It is fairly evident that this publication in a leading academic journal was designed to influence government policy in the area.
31. According to W. Kaudern, a Swedish ethnologist who visited the area a decade later. W. Kaudern, Ethnological Studies in Celebes: Results of the Author's Expedition to Celebes, 191719201 (Gotenborg 1925) 31–53.
32. Ph.H.C. Hofman, ‘De Zending in Poso Gedurende 1906' [Mission Work in Poso for the Year 1906], Mededelingen vanwege het Nederlandsch Zendelingengenootschap 51 (1907) 345.
33. This discussion of the consequences of the introduction of sawah cultivation is based on a critical reading of Kruyt's article ‘De Betekenis ran de Natte Rijstbouw voor de Posso-ers' [The Significance of Wet Rice Cultivation for the People of Poso], Koloniale Studiën 8 (1924) 31–53.
34. Colijn's comment is in his ‘Nota van de Regeerings Commissaris voor Decentralisatie’, 12 September 1907 [Memorandum by the Commissioner for Decentralisation]. The local administrator expressed his remarks direcdy to missionary Kruyt in an undated note of 1908.
35. H. Colijn, De Organisatie van het Bestuur enz. in de Afdeeling Midden Celebes, 23 April 1906, Kruyt Archive.
36. P. Chatterjee, Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse (1986). Chatterjee here is concerned to show the derivative nature of Indian nationalist discourse and his argument can to an extent be applied to the Indonesian nationalist movement.