Time space and the unknown: Maasai configurations of power and providence

Time Space and the Unknown: Maasai Configurations of Power and Providence

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-287

  Spencer, Paul ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84909103870     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203583524     Document Type: Book

References (163)

1. Aguilar, M.I. (ed.), 1998, The Politics of Age and Gerontocracy in Africa: Ethnographies of the Past and Memories of the Present, Asmara: Africa World Press, Inc.
2. Arhem, K., 1985, The Symbolic World of the Maasai Homestead, African Studies Programme, Uppsala: University of Uppsala.
3. Bagge, S., 1904, 'The circumcision ceremony among Naivasha Masai', Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 34: 167-9.
4. Bailey, F.G., 1957, Caste and the Economic Frontier, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
5. Barth, F., 1959, 'Segmentary opposition and the theory of games', Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 89: 5-21.
6. Baumann, O., 1894, Durch Massailand zur Nilquelle, Reimer: Berlin.
7. Baxter, P.T.W. and Almagor, U. (eds), 1978, Age, Generation and Time: Some Features of East African Age Organisations, London: Hurst.
8. Beattie, J.H.M., 1980, 'On understanding sacrifice', in Bourdillon, M.F.C. and Fortes, M. (eds), Sacrifice, London: Academic Press (pp. 29-44).
9. Beckwith, C. and Saitoti,T. Ole, 1980, Maasai, London: Elm Tree Books.
10. Beidelman,T.O., 1960, 'The Baraguyu', Tanganyka Notes and Records, 55: 245-78.
11. Beidelman,T.O., 1962, 'A demographic map of the Baraguyu', Tanganyka Notes and Records, 58-9: 8-10.
12. Berntsen, J.L., 1977, 'Maasai and Loikop: ritual experts and their followers', African Studies program, Occasional paper No. 9, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
13. Berntsen, J.L., 1979, 'Maasai age-sets and Prophetic leadership: 1850-1910', Africa, 49: 134-46.
14. Berntsen, J.L., 1980, 'The enemy is us: eponymy in the historiography of the Maasai', History in Africa, 8: 1-21.
15. Bloch, M., 1977, 'The past and the present in the present', Man (NS), 12: 278-92.
16. Buchler, I.R. and Nutini, H.G. (eds), 1969, Games Theory in the Behavioral Sciences, Pittsburgh:Pittsburgh University Press.
17. Burghard, R., 1978, 'Hierarchical models of the Hindu social system', Man (NS), 13:519-36.
18. Caine,N.G., 1986, 'Behavior during puberty and adolescence', in Mitchell,G. and Erwin, J. (eds), Behavior, Conservation and Ecology (Comparative Primate Biology, vol. 2), New York: Liss.
19. Chieni,T. and Spencer, P., 1993, 'The world of Telelia: reflections of a Maasai woman in Matapato', in Spear and Waller (pp. 157-73).
20. Davenport, W., 1960, 'Jamaican fishing: a game theory analysis', in Papers on Caribbean Anthropology,Yale University Publications in Anthropology, 57-64: 3-11.
21. Demos, J. and V., 1969, 'Adolescence in historical perspective', Journal of Marriage and the Family, 31: 623-39.
22. Dohinow, P., 1984, 'The primates: age, behaviour, and evolution', in Kertzer, D.I. and Keith, J. (eds), Age and Anthropological Theory, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
23. Dumont, L., 1966 (1972 edition), Homo Hierarchicus: the Caste System and its Implications, (trans. Sainsbury), London: Paladin.
24. Durkheim, E., 1912 (1915 edition), The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (trans. J.W. Swain), London: Allen and Unwin.
25. Dyson-Hudson, N., 1966, Karimojong Politics, Oxford: Clarendon.
26. Eliot, C., 1905a, 'Introduction' to Hollis. (pp. xi-xxviii).
27. Eliot, C., 1905b, The East African Protectorate, London: Edward Arnold.
28. Ehret, C., 1973, 'Cushites and the Highland and Plains Nilotes to A.D. 1800', in Ogot. B.A. (ed.), Zamani: a Survey of East African History, Nairobi: East African Publishing House.
29. Erhardt, J., 1857, Vocabulary of the Enguduk Iloigob, as Spoken by the Maasai Tribes in East Africa, Wurtemberg: F. Riehm.
30. Evans-Pritchard, E.E., 1937, Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande, Oxford:Clarendon.
31. Farler, J.P., 1882, 'Native routes in East Africa from Pangani to the Masai Country and Victoria Nyanza', Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, 4: 730-42.
32. Fischer, G.A., 1885, Das Massai-land, Hamburg: L.Friederichsen.
33. Fosbrooke, H.A., 1948, 'An administrative survey of the Masai social system' Tanganyika Notes and Records, 26: 1-50.
34. Fosbrooke, H.A., 1955-56, 'The life of Justin: an African autobiography translated and annotated', Tanganyika Notes and Records, 41: 37-57, 42: 19-30.
35. Fosbrooke, H.A., 1956, 'The Masai age-group system as a guide to tribal chronology', African Studies, 15:188-206.
36. Fox, D.S., 1930, 'Further notes on the Masai of Kenya colony', Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 60: 447-65.
37. Fox, D.S., 1931, 'Notes on marriage customs among the Masai', Journal of the East African and Uganda Natural History Society, 42-3: 183-92.
38. Galaty, J.G., 1979, 'Pollution and antipraxis: the issue of Maasai inequality', American Ethnologist, 6: 803-16.
39. Galaty, J.G., 1983, 'Ceremony and society: the poetics of Maasai ritual', Man (NS), 18: 361-82.
40. Galaty, J.G., 1998, 'Streams of contestation: age and politics in Maasai land claims and conflicts', in Aguilar (pp. 211-23).
41. Geertz, C., 1973, The Interpretation of Culture, New York: Basic Books.
42. Gluckman, M., 1965, 'Reasonableness and responsibility in the law of segmentary societies', in L. and H. Kuper (eds), African Law:Adaptation and Development. Berkeley: University of California Press.
43. Gulliver, P.H., 1958, 'Counting with the fingers by two East African Tribes',Tanganyika Notes and Records, 51: 259-62.
44. Gulliver, P.H., 1961, 'Structural dichotomy and jural processes among the Arusha of northern Tanganyika', Africa, 31: 19-35.
45. Gulliver, P.H., 1963, Social Control in an African Society: A Study of the Arusha, Agricultural Masai of Northern Tanganyika, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
46. Gulliver, P.H., 1964, 'The Arusha family', in Gray, R.F. and Gulliver, P.H. (eds), The Family Estate in Africa, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (pp. 197-229).
47. Gulliver, P.H., 1968, 'Age differentiation', in International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, vol. 1, New York: Macmillan Free Press (pp. 157-62).
48. Harris, M., 1969, The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture, London:Routledge and Kegan Paul.
49. Heine,B., 1980, Language and Dialect Atlas of Kenya, vol.II: The Non-Bantu Languages of Kenya, Berlin: Reimer.
50. Heusch, L. de, 1985, Sacrifice in Africa: A Structuralist Approach (trans. O'Brien and Morton), Manchester: Manchester University Press.
51. Hinde, H. and S.L., 1901, The Last of the Maasai, London: Heinemann.
52. Hobley, C.W., 1910, Ethnology of A-Kamba and Other East African Tribes, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
53. Hodgson,D.L., 2001, Once Intrepid Warrior: Gender, Ethnicity and the Cultural Politics of Maasai Development, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
54. Hohnel, L. von, 1894, Discovery by Count Teleki of Lakes Rudolf and Stephanie, London:Longmans.
55. Holland, K., 1996, The Maasai on the Horns of a Dilemma: Development and Education, Nairobi:Gideon S.Were Press.
56. Hollis,A.C., 1905, The Masai, their Language and Folklore, Oxford: Clarendon.
57. Hubert, H., and Mauss, M., 1964 (orig. 1898), Sacrifice: Its Nature and Function (trans. Halls), London: Cohen and West.
58. Hurskainen, A., 1984, Cattle and Culture: The Stucture of a Pastoral Parakuyu Society, Studia Orientalia 56, Helsinki:The Finnish Oriental Society.
59. Hurskainen, A., 1989, 'The epidemiological aspect of spirit possession among the Maasai of Tanzania', in Jacobson-Widding,A. and Westerlund, D. (eds), Culture, Experience and Pluralism: Essays on African Ideas of Illness and Healing, Uppsala: Uppsala Studies in Cultural Anthropology (p. 13).
60. Hurskainen, A., (n.d.), Invasion of Spirits: Epidemiological Spirit Possession among the Maasai of Tanzania. unpublished.
61. Isnard, C.A. and Zeeman, E.C., 1976, 'Some models from catastrophe theory in the social sciences', in Collins, L. (ed.), The Use of Models in the Social Sciences, London:Tavistock.
62. Jackson, F., 1930, Early Days in East Africa, London: Edward Arnold.
63. Jacobs, A.H., 1963, 'The Pastoral Masai of Kenya', Report to Ministry of Overseas Development.
64. Jacobs, A.H., 1965, 'The traditional political organization of the Pastoral Masai', Unpublished D.Phil. Thesis, University of Oxford.
65. Jay, N., 1992, Throughout your Generations for Ever: Sacrifice, Religion and Paternity, Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
66. Johnsen, H., 1997, 'Maasai medicine: practising health and therapy in Ngorongoro Conservation Area,Tanzania', PhD dissertation, Institute of Anthropology, University of Copenhagen.
67. Johnston, H. H., 1886, The Kilimanjaro Expedition, London: Kegan Paul and Co.
68. Johnston, H. H., 1902, The Uganda Protectorate, London: Hutchinson.
69. Johnston, H. H., 1915, 'Masai', in Hastings, J. (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, vol. 8, Edinburgh:Clark.
70. Jolly, A., 1972, The Evolution of Primate Social Behaviour, London: Macmillan.
71. Kenya, 1934-5, 'Maasai annual report' (AR/Kaj-Nar/1934-5), Nairobi National Archive.
72. Kenya, 1946, 'Maasai annual report' (AR/Kaj-Nar/1946), Nairobi National Archive.
73. Kenya, 1965, Kenya Population Census 1962: vol. 2, Nairobi: Ministry of Economic Planning and Development.
74. Kenya, 1966, Kenya Population Census 1962: vol. 3 African Population, Nairobi: Ministry of Economic Planning and Development.
75. Kenya, 1980, Statistic Abstract, Nairobi: Central Bureau of Statistics.
76. Kipury, N., 1983, Oral Literature of the Maasai, Nairobi: Heinemann Educational Books.
77. Kipury, N., 1989, 'Maasai women in transition: class and gender in the transformation of a Pastoral society', Philadelphia PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology,Temple University.
78. Kjekshus, H., 1977, Ecology Control and Economic Development in East African History: The Case of Tanzania (1850-1950), London: Heinemann.
79. Krapf, J.L., 1854, Vocabulary of the Engutuk Eloikob; or the language of the Wakuafi-Nation in the Interior of Equatorial Africa,Tubingen: Fues.
80. Krapf, J.L., 1860, Travels, Researches and Missionary Labours during 18 Years' Residence in Eastern Africa, London:Trubner and Co.
81. Lamphear, J., 1992, The Scattering Time:Turkana Responses to Colonial Rule, Oxford: Clarendon.
82. Last, J.T., 1880, Polyglotta Africana Orientalis, London: Christian Knowledge Society.
83. Leach, E.R., 1964 (orig. 1954), Political Systems of Highland Burma: A Study of Kachin Social Structure, London: Athlone.
84. Leach, E.R., 1970, Lévi-Strauss, London: Fontana/Collins.
85. Lévi-Strauss, C., 1969 (orig. 1949), The Elementary Structures of Kinship (trans. Bell, von Sturmer and Needham), London: Eyre and Spottiswoode.
86. Lewis, O., 1958, Village Life in North India, Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
87. Leys, N., 1924 (1973 edition), Kenya, London: Cass.
88. Lienhardt, G., 1961, Divinity and Experience:The Religion of the Dinka, Oxford: Clarendon.
89. Little, P.D., 1992, The Elusive Granary; Herder, Farmer, and State in Northern Kenya, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
90. Llewelyn-Davies, M., 1978, 'Two contexts of solidarity among pastoral Maasai women', in Caplan, P. and Bujra, J.M. (eds), Women United, Women Divided, London: Tavistock (pp. 206-37).
91. Macdonald, J.R.L, 1897, Soldiering and Surveying in British East Africa 1891-1894, London:Dawsons.
92. Maine, H.S., 1861, Ancient Law, London: Murray.
93. Matapato (see Spencer 1988)
94. Mead, M., 1928, Coming of Age in Samoa, New York: Morrow.
95. Merker, M., 1904, Die Masai: Ethnographische Monographie eines Ostafrikanischen Semitenvolkes, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer; also 1910 (revised edition), and 1950 (ms. trans. Buxton).
96. Mitzlaff, U. von, 1988, Maasai Women: Life in a Patriarchal Society, Field Research among the Parakuyo,Tanzania (trans. Groethuysen and Dibdin), Munich:Trickster Verlag.
97. Mol, F., 1978, Maa,A Dictionary of the Maasai Language and Folklore, Nairobi: Marketing and Publishing Ltd.
98. Mol, F., 1996, Maasai Language and Culture Dictionary, Lemek (Kenya): Maasai Centre Lemek.
99. Muriuki, G., 1974, A History of the Kikuyu 1500-1900, London: Oxford University Press.
100. Ndagala, D.K., 1992, Territory, Pastoralists, and Livestock: Resource Control among the Kisongo Maasai, Uppsala: University of Uppsala, Department of Cultural Anthropology.
101. New, C., 1873, Life,Wanderings and Labour in Eastern Africa, London: Cass.
102. Nomads (see Spencer 1973)
103. Novelli, B., 1999, Karimojong Traditional Religion: A Contribution, Kampala: Comboni Missionaries.
104. Olsson,T., 1975-82, Religious Documents of the Maasai, Part I: Prayers (1975), Part II: Myth (1982), Part III:The Oral Expression of Religion (1982), Lund: MS.
105. Pareto,V., 1916 (trans. 1936), The Mind and Society (ed. A. Livingston), New York: Dover Publications.
106. Pastoral Continuum (see Spencer 1998)
107. Peters, C., 1891, New Light on Dark Africa, London:Ward, Lock and Co.
108. Peterson, D., 1971, 'Demon possession among the Masai', edited by Hurskainen (2000, University of Helsinki).
109. Priest,D. Jr, 1990, Doing Theology with the Maasai, Pasadina, California:Wiliam Carey Library.
110. Quiatt, D. and Reynolds,V., 1993, Primate Behaviour: Information, Social Knowledge, and the Evolution of Culture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
111. Rapoport, A., 1960, Fights, Games and Debates, Ann Arbor: Michigan University Press.
112. Rapoport, A., 1969, 'Games as tools of psychological research', in Buchler and Nutini (pp. 127-50).
113. Rapoport, A. and Chammah, A.M., 1965, Prisoner's Dilemma: A Study in Conflict and Cooperation,Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
114. Rapoport, A. and Chammah, A.M., 1969, 'The game of chicken', in Buchler and Nutini (pp. 151-77).
115. Rigby, P., 1985, Persistent Pastoralists: Nomadic Societies in Transition, London: Zed Books.
116. Rigby, P., 1996, African Images: Racism and the End of Anthropology, Oxford: Berg
117. Saitoti,T. Ole, 1986, The Worlds of a Maasai Warrior:An Autobiography, London:André Deutsch.
118. Salvadori, C. and Fedders, A., 1973, Maasai, London: Collins.
119. Samburu (see Spencer 1965)
120. Sandford, G.R., 1919, An Administrative and Political History of the Masai Reserve, London:Waterlow.
121. Sankan, S.S. Ole, 1971, The Maasai, Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau.
122. Shelford, F., 1910, 'Notes on the Masai', Journal of the African Society, 9: 267-9.
123. Simmel G., 1950, The Sociology of Georg Simmel (ed. K.H.Wolff ), Glencoe Illinois:The Free Press.
124. Simpson, G.L., 1998, 'Gerontocrats and colonial alliances', in Aguilar (pp. 65-96).
125. Smith,W.R., 1907, (1997 edition), Lectures on the Religion of the Semites, Burnett Lectures (1888-9), Edinburgh: Black
126. Sommer,G. and Vossen, R., 1993, 'Dialects, sectiolects, or simply lects? The Maa language in time perspective', in Spear and Waller (pp. 25-37).
127. Spear,T., 1993, 'Being "Maasai", but not "People of Cattle"', in Spear and Waller (pp. 120-36).
128. Spear,T., 1997, Mountain Farmers: Moral Economies of Land and Agricultural Development in Arusha and Meru, Oxford: Currey.
129. Spear,T., and Waller, R. (eds), 1993, Being Maasai, London: Currey.
130. Spencer, P., 1959a, 'Dynamics of Samburu religion' (Conference paper presented at the East African Institute of Social Research, Makerere).
131. Spencer, P., 1959b, 'Samburu notions of health and disease and their relationship to inner cleanliness', Paper presented to a symposium on African Conceptions of Health and Disease (East African Institute of Social Research, Makerere).
132. Spencer, P., 1965, The Samburu:A Study of Gerontocracy in a Nomadic Tribe, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
133. Spencer, P., 1973, Nomads in Alliance: Symbiosis and Growth among the Rendille and Samburu of Kenya, London: Oxford University Press.
134. Spencer, P., 1976, 'Opposing streams and the gerontocratic ladder: two models of age organisation in East Africa', Man (NS), 11: 153-75.
135. Spencer, P., 1978, 'Age organisation, family and property among the Maasai of East Africa, ' Final Report to Social Science Research Council, London: ref. HR 4014.
136. Spencer, P., 1985a, 'Dance as antithesis in the Samburu discourse', in Spencer, P. (ed.), Society and the Dance: The Social Anthropology of Process and Performance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (pp. 140-64).
137. Spencer, P., 1985b, 'Homo Ascendens et Homo Hierarchicus', in Abélès, M. and Collard, C. (ed.), Age, pouvoir et société en Afrique Noire, Paris: Karthala (pp. 171-95).
138. Spencer, P., 1988, The Maasai of Matapato: A Study of Rituals of Rebellion, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
139. Spencer, P., 1989, 'The Maasai double helix and the theory of dilemmas', in Maybury-Lewis, D. and Almagor,U. (eds), The Attraction of Opposites,Ann Arbor:The University of Michegan Press (pp. 297-320).
140. Spencer, P., 1990, 'The riddled course: theories of age and its transformations', in Spencer, P. (ed.), Anthropology and the Riddle of the Sphinx: Paradoxes of Change in the Life Course, London:Routledge (pp. 1-34).
141. Spencer, P., 1991, 'The Loonkidongi Prophets and the Maasai: protection racket or incipient state?', Africa, 61: 334-42.
142. Spencer, P., 1992, 'The Pacification of the Maasai and the transformation of the Prophet's tribute', Anthropozoologica, 16: 67-74.
143. Spencer, P., 1993, 'Becoming Maasai, Being in Time', in Spear and Waller (pp. 140-56).
144. Spencer, P., 1996, 'Dance and the cosmology of confidence', in Parkin, D., Caplan, L, and Fisher, H. (eds), The Politics of Cultural Performance, Oxford: Berghahm Books (pp. 181-97).
145. Spencer, P., 1998, The Pastoral Continuum: the Marginalization of Tradition in East Africa, Oxford:Clarendon.
146. Spencer, P., nd., 'A survey of variation among the Maasai, 1977', available from the author on request.
147. Srinivas, M.N., 1955, 'The social system of a Mysore village', in McKim Marriott (ed.), Village India, Chicago: University of Chicago Press (pp. 1-36).
148. Stigand,C.H., 1913, The Land of Zinj: Being an Account of British East Africa, its Recent History and Present Inhabitants, London: Constable.
149. Talle, A., 1988, Women at a Loss: Changes in Maasai Pastoralism and their Effects on Gender Relations, Stockholm: University of Stockholm.
150. Tanganyika, 1958,Tanganyika General Census 1957, Nairobi, East Africa Statistics Department.
151. Tanzania, 1969, 1967 Population Census, vol. 1, Dar-es-Salaam, Central Statistic Bureau, United Republic of Tanzania.
152. Tanzania, 1991, 1988 Population Census Arusha Regional Profile, Dar-es-Salaam,Takwimo Bureau of Statistics.
153. Thompson, F., 1945, Lark Rise to Candleford, London: Oxford University Press.
154. Thomson, J., 1885, Through Masailand, London: Cass.
155. Tignor, R.L., 1972, 'The Maasai warriors: pattern maintenance and violence in colonial Kenya', Journal of African History, 13: 271-90.
156. Tucker, A.N. and Mpaayei, J.T. Ole, 1955, A Maasai Grammar, London: Longmans, Green and Co.
157. Vossen, R., 1977, 'Notes on the territorial history of the Maa-speaking peoples, some preliminary remarks', Staff Seminar Paper No. 8 1977/78, Department of History, University of Nairobi.
158. Waller, R., 1976, 'The Maasai and the British 1895-1905: the origins of an alliance', Journal of African History, 17: 529-53.
159. Waller, R., 1984, 'Interaction and identity on the periphery: the Trans-mara Maasai', International Journal of African Historical Studies, 17: 272-83.
160. Waller, R., 1985, 'Economic and social relations in the Central Rift Valley: the Maa-speakers and their neighbours in the nineteenth century', in Ogot, B.A. (ed.), Kenya in the Nineteenth Century, Hadith 8, Nairobi: Bookwise (pp. 83-151).
161. Western, D., 1973, 'The structure, dynamics and changes of the Amboseli ecosystem', PhD thesis, University of Nairobi.
162. Whitehouse, L.E., 1933, 'Masai social customs', Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society, 47-8: 146-53.
163. Zeeman, E.C., 1974, 'On the unstable behaviour of stock exchanges', Journal of Mathematical Economics, 1: 39-49.