Fighting the good fight: The story of the Dexter Avenue King Memorial Baptist Church, 1865-1977

Fighting the Good Fight: The Story of the Dexter Avenue King Memorial Baptist Church, 1865-1977

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 1-248

  Roberson, Houston Bryan ^a  

^a University of the South   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84909078291     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781315024394     Document Type: Book

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254. Rogers et al., Alabama, 524–66.
255. Hamilton A, Alabama: A Bicentennial History, 97.
256. Eric Lincoln and Lawrence Mamiya, The Black Church in the African-American Experience (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1990), 164–96.
257. Donna Irvin, The Unsung Heart of Black America (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992).
258. H. Richard Niebuhr, The Social Sources of Denominationalism (New York: World, 1957).
259. Edwin Gausted, Dissent in American Religion (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), 34–35, 100–111.
260. Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988), 1–64.
261. Adolph Reed, The Jesse Jackson Phenomenon: The Crisis in Purpose in Afro-American Politics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986).
262. Milton Sernett, ed., Afro-American Religious History: A Documentary Witness (Durham: Duke University Press, 1985), 229–489.
263. Nicolas Lehman, The Promised Land (New York: Vintage Books, 1991).
264. Joe William Trotter, Jr., The Great Migration in Historical Perspective: New Dimensions of Race, Class and Gender (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991) 90–92.
265. Lincoln and Mamiya, The Black Church in the African American Experience, 164–196.
266. Gayraud Wilmore, Black Religion and Black Radicalism: An Interpretation of the Religious History of Afro-American People, 2d rev. ed. (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 1983), 134.
267. E. Franklin Frazier, The Negro Church in America (New York: Shocken, 1974).
268. C. Eric Lincoln, The Church since Frazier (New York: Schocken, 1974);
269. Rogers et al., Alabama, 445–52.
270. Martin Luther King Sr., Daddy King: An Autobiography (New York: William Morrow, 1980).
271. Samuel Lucius Gandy ed., Human Possibilities: A Vernon Johns Reader (Washington, D.C.: Hoffman, 1977).
272. Charles Boddie, ed., God’s Bad Boys (Valley Forge, Pa: Judson Press, 1972).
273. E. Franklin Frazier, The Black Bourgeoisie (New York: Macmillan, 1957).
274. Branch, Parting the Waters, 7–27.
275. Charles Hamilton, The Black Preacher in America (New York: William Morrow, 1972), 148–87.
276. Joseph A. Johnson Jr., The Soul of the Black Preacher (Philadelphia: Pilgrim, 1971) 13–31.
277. Boddie, God’s Bad Boy, 62.
278. Branch, Parting the Waters, 4-15.
279. Vernon Johns, “The Jew Discovers the Ground the Negro Should,” in Gandy, ed., Human Possibilities.
280. Altona Trent Johns, “As I Remember,” in Gandy, ed., Human Possibilities.
281. Lester F. Russell, Black Baptist Secondary Schools in Virginia: 1887–1957 (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 1981), 49–57.
282. Robert Fletcher, A History of Oberlin College from its Founding through the Civil War (Oberlin, Ohio: Oberlin College, 1948).
283. John Barnard, From Evangelicalism to Progressivism at Oberlin College, 1866-1917 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1969).
284. Boddie, God’s Bad Boys, 62.
285. Sydney Alstrom, A Religious History of the American People (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1972).
286. Robert T. Handy, “The Protest Quest for a Christian America, 1830–1930,” Church History 22, no. 1 (1953): 8–20.
287. Sidney Mead, “Denominationalism: The Shape of Protestantism in America,” Church History 23, no. 4 (1954): 291–320.
288. A. Kathryn Rogers, The Social Gospel and the Idea of Progress (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1937).
289. Robert White and C. Howard Hopkins, The Social Gospel: Religion and Reform in Changing America (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1976).
290. Ralph Luker, The Social Gospel in Black and White: American Racial Reform, 1885–1912 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991).
291. Curtis Robert Grant, “The Social Gospel and Race” (Ph.D. diss., Stanford University, 1968).
292. Barnard, From Evangelicalism to Progressivism, 109–56.
293. Earl Lewis, In Their Own Interests: Race, Class and Power in Twentieth Century Norfolk (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991).
294. Charles Banner-Haley, The Fruits of Integration: Black Middle-Class Ideology and Culture, 1960–1990 (Judson: University Press of Mississippi, 1994).
295. “A Negro Agrarian Culture,” in Gandy, ed. Human Possibilities, 129–36.
296. Vernon Johns, “Religion and the Open Mind,” in Gandy, ed., Human Possibilities, 84–89.
297. Zora Neal Hurston, “Spirituals,” in Negro Life, ed. Nancy Canard (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969).
298. Vernon Johns, “What Ails the World?” in Gandy, ed., Human Possibilities, 78–83.
299. Vernon Johns, “Transfigured Moments,” in Gandy, ed., Human Possibilities, 49–59.
300. Vernon Johns, “Rock Foundation,” in Gandy, ed., Human Possibilities, 60–64.
301. Jo Ann Robinson, The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started it (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1987), 23.
302. Mary Fair Burks, “Women in the Montgomery Bus Boycott,” in Black Women in United States History, vol. 16, ed. Darlene Clark Hine (New York: Carlson, 1990), 79.
303. Lerone Bennett Jr., What Manner of Man: A Biography of Martin Luther King, Jr. (Chicago: Johnson, 1976), 50.
304. Martin Luther King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (New York: Harper and Row, 1958), 36–39.
305. “Dr. V. Johns to Speak at Fries,” Winston-Salem Journal and Sentinel, September 29, 1963.
306. “Vernon Johns Speaks Here Next Week,” Norfolk (Virginia) Journal and Guide, March 24, 1961.
307. “Vauxhall Church Hosts Dr. Johns,” Union Leader, October 1, 1959.
308. “Emancipation Speaker,” Augusta Weekly Review, January 29, 1962.
309. Vernon Johns, “The Romance of Death” in Gandy, ed., Human Possibilities, 124–25.
310. “Racial Discrimination and the Search for Equality,” in The Supreme Court and the Constitution: Readings in American Constitutional History, 3d ed., ed. Stanley Kutler (1969; reprint, New York: W. W. Norton, 1984), 548–53.
311. Derrick Bell, Race, Racism, and American Law, 3d ed. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1992).
312. Michael R. Belknap, Federal Law and Southern Order (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987).
313. Genna Rae McNeil, Groundwork: Charles Hamilton Houston and the Struggle for Civil Rights (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983).
314. William Warren Rogers, Robert David Ward, Leah Rawls Atkins, and Wayne Flynt, Alabama: The History of a Deep South State (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1994), 524–47.
315. Robert Smith, They Closed Their Schools: Prince Edward County Virginia, 1951–1954 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1965).
316. John Bartlow Martin, The Deep South Says “Never” (New York: Ballantine, 1957), 1–43.
317. Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988), 44–47.
318. Martin Luther King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (New York: Harper and Row, 1958).
319. David Levering Lewis, King, A Biography (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978).
320. Martin Luther King Sr., Daddy King: An Autobiography (New York: William Morrow, 1980).
321. Martin Luther King Sr., Daddy King, 23–28, 15, 13.
322. Willard Gatewood, Aristocrats of Color (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), 182–210.
323. Martin Luther King Sr., Daddy King, 62, 80.
324. Carson, ed., King Papers, 1:32-35.
325. Greg Moses, Revolution of Conscience: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Philosophy of Nonviolence (New York: Guilford, 1997).
326. Benjamin Mays, Born to Rebel: An Autobiography of Benjamin Mays (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1971), 172.
327. Edward Jones, A Candle in the Dark: A History of Morehouse College (Valley Forge, Pa: Judson Press, 1967).
328. Benjamin Brawley, A History of Morehouse College (Atlanta: Morehouse College, 1917).
329. Addie Louise Joyner Butler, The Distinctive Black College: Talladega, Tuskegee, and Morehouse (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1977), 100–43.
330. Martin Luther King Jr., “An Autobiography of Religious Development,” in Carson, ed., King Papers, 1:361–63.
331. Branch, Parting the Waters, 68.
332. Stephen B. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound: The Life of Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Harper and Row, 1982), 23–24.
333. David Levering Lewis, King, A Biography (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), 25–26.
334. Martin Luther King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom, 96.
335. Branch, Parting the Waters, 75–79.
336. Carson, ed., King Papers, 2:322–24.
337. Coretta Scott King, My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr., 50–90.
338. Branch, Parting the Waters, 94–99.
339. Martin Luther King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom, 15–25.
340. Branch, Parting the Waters, 25–26.
341. David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York: William Morrow, 1986), 48–49.
342. Martin Luther King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom, 15–19.
343. Branch, Parting the Waters, 104, 111.
344. Ralph David Abernathy, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down: An Autobiography (New York: Harper and Row, 1989), 124.
345. Abernathy, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down, 116–30.
346. Branch, Parting the Waters, 108.
347. Martin Luther King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom, 17.
348. Abernathy, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down, 126.
349. Coretta Scott King, My Life with Martin, 100.
350. Coretta Scott King, My Life with Martin, 94–95.
351. Martin Luther King, Jr. Stride Toward Freedom, 21.
352. Coretta Scott King, My Life with Martin, 88–89.
353. Stephen B. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound, 50.
354. Branch, Parting the Waters, 112.
355. Coretta Scott King, My Life with Martin, 102.
356. Coretta Scott King, My Life with Martin, 99–100.
357. Martin Luther King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom, 25–26.
358. “King in Third Annual Pulpit Exchange,” Dexter Echo, January 8, 1958, DAKMBCP.
359. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound, 55–56.
360. Coretta Scott King, My Life with Martin, 60.
361. Branch, Parting the Waters, 118-119.
362. Zelia Evans and J. T. Alexander, The Dexter Avenue Baptist Church (Montgomery, Ala.: Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, 1978), 82.
363. David Garrow, ed., The Walking City: The Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955–1956 (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Carlson 1989).
364. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York: William Morrow, 1986), 11–83.
365. Jo Ann Robinson, The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started it (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1987), 53–167.
366. Howell Raines, My Soul is Rested: Movement Days in the Deep South (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1977), 1–71.
367. Coretta Scott King, My Life with Martin, 108–48.
368. Branch, Parting the Waters, 143–206.
369. Aldon Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change (New York: Free Press, 1984).
370. Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins, From Civil War to Civil Rights: Alabama, 1860–1960 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1987) 463–520.
371. Andrew Michael Manis, Southern Civil Religions in Conflict (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987) 60–67.
372. Fred Gray, Bus Ride to Justice: Changing the System; The Life and Work of Fred Gray, Lawyer for Rosa Parks (Montgomery, Ala.: Black Belt, 1994).
373. Robert Graetz, Montgomery: A White Preacher’s Memoir (Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1991).
374. J. Mills Thornton III, Dividing Lines, 53–118.
375. Robinson, The Montgomery Bus Boycott, 23.
376. Robinson, The Montgomery Bus Boycott, 15–17.
377. David Garrow, “The Origins of the Montgomery Bus Boycott,” Southern Changes, no. 7 (1985): 21–27.
378. J. Mills Thornton, “Challenge and Response in the Montgomery Bus Boycott,” Alabama Review, July 1980, 163–235.
379. “Letter from Jo Ann Gibson Robinson to the Honorable Mayor W. A. Gayle, May 21, 1954,” in Robinson, The Montgomery Bus Boycott, viii.
380. Martin Luther King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom, 47.
381. “Negroes Urging Bus Boycott,” Alabama Journal, December 3, 1955.
382. Carson, ed., King Papers, 3:35.
383. Martin Luther King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom, 54.
384. Bunny Honicker, “Bus Officials Agree to Meet With Negroes,” Alabama Journal, December 6, 1955, ASHA.
385. Martin Luther King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom, 50–59.
386. Joe Azbell, “Negro Groups Ready Boycott of City Lines,” Montgomery Advertiser, December 5, 1955, ASHA.
387. David Garrow, introduction to Garrow, ed., The Walking City, xiii–xiv.
388. Stephen F. Lawson, “Freedom Then, Freedom Now: The Historiography of the Civil Rights Movement,” American Historical Review, no. 96 (1991): 456–71.
389. James F. Findley, “Religion and Politics in the Sixties: The Churches and the Civil Rights Act of 1964,” Journal of American History, no. 77 (1990): 66–92.
390. Martin Luther King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom, 63.
391. Coretta Scott King, My Life with Martin, 117.
392. Coretta Scott King, My Life with Martin, 127.
393. Martin Luther King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom, 132.
394. Joe Azbell, “Blasts Rocks Residence of Bus Boycott Leader,” Montgomery Advertiser, January 31, 1956, ASHA.
395. Coretta Scott King, My Life with Martin, 126–27.
396. “The Montgomery Protest as a Social Movement,” in Garrow, ed., The Walking City, 83–98.
397. James M. Washington, ed., The Essential Writings of Martin Luther King, Jr. (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1986), ix–xxiv.
398. Keith Miller, Voice of Deliverance: The Language of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Its Sources (New York: Free Press, 1992).
399. Carson, ed., King Papers, 2:322–3.
400. Carson, ed., King Papers, 3:44.
401. Clarence Jordan, The Substance of Faith and other Cotton Patch Sermons, ed. Dallas Lee (New York: Association Press, 1972), 8.
402. Tracey Elaine K. Meyer, Interracialism and Christian Community in the Postwar South: The Story of Koinonia Farm (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1997).
403. Coretta Scott King, My Life with Martin, 154.
404. Coretta Scott King, My Life with Martin, 181.
405. Carl M. Brauer, John F. Kennedy and the Second Reconstruction (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977).
406. Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954–1980 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1981).
407. Robert Weisbrot, Freedom Bound: A History of America’s Civil Rights Movement (New York: W. W. Norton, 1990).
408. William O’Neill, Coming Apart: An Informal History of America in the 1960s (New York: New York Times, 1971).
409. David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest (New York: Random House, 1972).
410. Todd Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (New York: Bantam, 1987).
411. J. T. Patterson, America’s Struggle against Poverty, 1900–1980 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981).
412. Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: W. W. Norton, 1963).
413. G. G. Yates, What Women Want: The Ideas of the Movement (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975).
414. Doris Kearns Goodwin, Lyndon B. Johnson and the American Dream (New York: St. Martin’s, 1991).
415. G. C. Herring, America’s Longest War: The U. S. and Vietnam, 1950–1975, 3d ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996).
416. Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: The SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981).
417. Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality (New York: Hill and Wang, 1981).
418. Jacquelyne Clark, These Rights They Seek: A Comparison of the Goals and Techniques of Local Civil Rights Organizations (Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs, 1962).
419. Virginia Van Deer Ver Hamilton, Alabama: A Bicentennial History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977), 101.
420. William Warren Rogers, Robert David Ward, Leah Rawls Atkins, and Wayne Flynt, Alabama: The History of a Deep South State (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1994), 565–66.
421. C. Eric Lincoln and Lawrence Mamiya, The Black Church in the African-American Experience (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1990), 164–96.
422. Aldon Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change (New York: Free Press, 1984), 4.
423. Malcolm X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York: Ballantine, 1992).
424. Peter J. Paris, Black Religious Leaders: Conflict in Unity (Louisville, Ky.: John Knox, 1991), 183–220.
425. Martin Luther King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (New York: Harper and Row, 1958), 189–224.
426. Jo Ann Robinson, The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started it (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1987), 168–70.
427. Zelia Evans and J. T. Alexander, The Dexter Avenue Baptist Church (Montgomery, Ala.: Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, 1978), 146.
428. Evans and Alexander, Dexter Avenue, 146–49.
429. Evans and Alexander, Dexter Avenue, 153.
430. Evans and Alexander, Dexter Avenue, 264.
431. Evans and Alexander, Dexter Avenue, 162.
432. “Dexter Church Names Pastor,” Montgomery Advertiser, August 15, 1973.
433. “Dexter Baptist Church Named National Historic Landmark,” Alabama Journal, July 3, 1974.
434. “Representative Young to Speak at Program,” Montgomery Advertiser, December 15, 1975, ASHA.
435. “Dexter Avenue Baptist Church Pastor Leaving,” Alabama Journal, June 10, 1977, ASHA.
436. “Dexter Church Landmark,” Alabama Journal, December 5, 1977, ASHA.
437. “Dexter Baptist Church Honored,” Montgomery Advertiser, December 13, 1977, ASHA.
438. Sara Evans and Harry Boyte, “The People Shall Rule,” in Free Spaces: The Sources of Democratic Change (New York: Harper and Row, 1985), 17.
439. “Council OKs Funds for Black Churches,” Montgomery Advertiser, November 23, 1977, ASHA.
440. “Coretta King Speaks at Dedication,” Montgomery Advertiser, October 23, 1978, ASHA.
441. “Dexter Church Renamed,” Alabama Journal, October 23, 1978, ASHA.
442. Reginald Hildebrand, The Times Were Strange and Stirring: Methodist Preaching and the Crisis of Emancipation (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1996), xiii–xx, 119–24.
443. Wyatt Tee Walker, The Soul of Black Worship: Praying, Preaching, Singing (New York: Martin Luther King Fellows Press, 1984), 1–5.
444. William Montgomery, Under Their Own Vine and Fig Tree: The African American Church in the South, 1865–1900 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press), 160–259.
445. Carter G. Woodson, The History of the Negro Church, 3d ed. (1921; reprint, Washington, D.C.: Associated Press, 1985), 270–71.
446. Cheryl Townsend Gilkes, “Together and in Harness: Women’s Traditions in the Sanctified Church,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, no. 10 (1985): 680.
447. Teresa Hoover, “Black Women and the Churches: Triple Jeopardy” in Black Theology: A Documentary History, ed. Gayraud Wilmore and James Cone (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 1979).
448. Zelia Evans and J. T. Alexander, The Dexter Avenue Baptist Church (Montgomery, Ala.: Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, 1978), 55.
449. Leroy Fitts, A History of Black Baptists (Nashville, Tenn.: Broadman, 1985), 309.
450. Jualyne E. Dodson and Cheryl Townsend Gilkes, “Something Within: Social Change and Collective Endurance in the Sacred World of Black Christian Women” in Women and Religion in America, ed. Rosemary Raford Ruether and Rosemary Skinner Keller (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1986), 81.
451. Ralph Luker, The Social Gospel in Black and White: American Racial Reform, 1885–1912 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 4–6, 312–24.
452. Gayraud Wilmore, Black Religion and Black Radicalism: An Interpretation of the Religious History of Afro-American People, 2d rev. ed. (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 1983).
453. James H. Cone, Black Theology and Black Power (New York: Seabury, 1969).
454. Washington, ed., A Testament of Hope.
455. Sydney Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1972), 670.
456. Kathy Hyde, “Dexter Church Renamed,” Alabama Journal, October 23, 1978
457. Charles Rutheiser, Imagineering Atlanta: The Politics of Place in the City of Dreams (New York: Verso, 1996).
458. Ismael Ahmad, “Montgomery to Honor King, Lee,” Montgomery Advertiser, January 16, 1989.
459. Ismael Ahmad, “Dexter Avenue Minister Offers Bittersweet Goodbye,” Montgomery Advertiser, April 7, 1989.