Estimation of electromagnetic dosimetric values from non-ionizing radiofrequency fields in an indoor commercial airplane environment

Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine

Volumn 33, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 252-263

  Aguirre, Erik ^a   Arpón, Javier ^a   Azpilicueta, Leire ^a   López, Peio ^a   De Miguel, Silvia ^b   Ramos, Victoria ^b   Falcone, Francisco ^a  

^a PUBLIC UNIVERSITY OF NAVARRE   (Spain)

^b INSTITUTO DE SALUD CARLOS III   (Spain)

Author keywords

3D ray launching; Electromagnetic dosimetry; RF exposure

Indexed keywords

DOSIMETRY; ELECTRIC FIELD EFFECTS; ELECTRIC FIELDS; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS;

3D RAY LAUNCHINGS; DETERMINISTIC TECHNIQUE; ELECTRIC-FIELD AMPLITUDE; ELECTROMAGNETIC DOSIMETRY; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE; MULTI-PATH COMPONENTS; RADIO-FREQUENCY FIELDS; RF EXPOSURES;

TRACKING (POSITION);

AIRCRAFT; DEVICES; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD; PROCEDURES; RADIATION PROTECTION; RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION; RADIOMETRY; WIRELESS COMMUNICATION;

AIRCRAFT; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS; RADIATION PROTECTION; RADIO WAVES; RADIOMETRY; WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY;

EID: 84908889343     PISSN: 15368378     EISSN: 15368386     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2013.810155     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Azpilicueta, L., Falcone, F., Astráin, J. J., et al. (2012). Measurement and modeling of a UHF-RFID system in a metallic closed vehicle. Microw. Opt. Techn. Lett. 54:2126-2130.
2. Banik, S., Bandyopadhyay, S., Ganguly, S. (2003). Bioeffects of microwave - a brief review. Bioresour. Technol. 87:155-159.
3. Bhalla, R., Ling, H. (2000). Near-field signature prediction using far-field scattering centers extracted from the shooting and bouncing ray technique. IEEE T. Antenn. Propag. 48:337-338.
4. Bhalla, R., Ling, H., Houshmand, B. (2000). IFSAR simulation using the shooting and bouncing ray technique. Report from Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, USA. pp. 1-2.
5. Bhalla, R., Moore, J., Ryan, P., et al. (2005). Modeling target variability using the SBR technique. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium 1A. pp. 14-17.
6. Bioinitiative. (2012). The Bioinitiative Report. Available from: http://www.bioinitiative.org/ [Last accessed 18 June 2013].
7. Blas Prieto, J., Lorenzo Toledo, R. M., Fernández Reguero, P., et al. (2009). A new metric to analyze propagation models. Prog. Electromagn. Res. 91:101-121.
8. Dama, Y. A. S., Abd-Alhameed, R. A., Salazar-Quiñonez, F., et al. (2011). MIMO indoor propagation prediction using 3D shoot-and-bounce ray (SBR) tracing technique for 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. Fifth European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), pp. 1655-1658.
9. De Raffaele, C., Debono, C. J., Muscat, A. (2010). Modeling electromagnetic interference generated by a WLAN system onboard commercial aircraft. Fifteenth IEEE Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference (MELECON), pp. 609-704.
10. Dimitriou, A. G., Sergiadis, G. D. (2006). Architectural features and urban propagation. IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 54:774-784.
11. European Council. (1999). Council Recommendation of 12 July 1999 on the limitation of exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz). EU Directives, Official Journal of the European Communities.
12. European Council. (2004). Directive 2004/40/EC of the European Parliament and Council, the 29 April 2004, on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields). EU Directives, Official Journal of the European Communities.
13. European Council. (2008). Directive 2008/46/EC of the European Parliament and Council, the 23 April 2008, and amending Directive 2004/40/EC on minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to risks arising from physical agents. EU Directives, Official Journal of the European Communities.
14. European Council. (2012). Directive 2012/11/EU of the European Parliament and Council of 19 April 2012 amending Directive 2004/ 40/EC on minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields). EU Directives, Official Journal of the European Communities.
15. Felbecker, R., Keusgen, W., Peter, M. (2008a). Incabin millimeter wave propagation simulation in a wide-bodied aircraft using ray-tracing. IEEE 68th Vehicular Technology Conference, pp. 1-5.
16. Felbecker, R., Keusgen, W., Peter, M. (2008b). Ray-tracing simulations of the 60 GHz incabin radio channel. International Union of Radio Science (URSI): XXIX General Assembly of the International Union of Radio Science, Chicago, USA.
17. Franceschetti, M., Bruck, J., Schulman, L. J. (2004). A random walk model of wave propagation. IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 52: 1304-1317.
18. Gajsek, P., Pakhomov, A.G., Klauenberg, B.J. (2002). Electromagnetic field standards in central and eastern european countries: Current state and stipulations for international harmonization. Health Phys. 82: 473-483.
19. Gennarelli, G., Riccio, G. (2009). A uapo-based model for propagation prediction in microcellular environments. Prog. Electromagn. Res. B 17:101-116.
20. Genuis, S. J. (2007). Fielding a current idea: Exploring the public health impact of electromagnetic radiation. Public Health 122:113-124.
21. Grandolfo M. (2009). Worldwide standards on exposure to electromagnetic fields: An overview. Environmentalist 29:109-117.
22. Hata, M. (1980). Empirical formula for propagation loss in land mobile radio services. IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 29:317-325.
23. Himeno, S. L., Tanaka, T., Seki, M. (2000). Measurements of electromagnetic noise and cosmic radiation doses in an aircraft. Radioisotopes 49:479-486.
24. Hirata, A. (2009). Computational electromagnetic dosimetry of a human body in a vehicle for plane-wave exposure. IEEJ Trans. Fund. Mater. 129:725-726.
25. Hondou, T., Ueeda, T., Sakata, Y., et al. (2006). Passive exposure to mobile phones: Enhancement of intensity by reflection. J. Phys. Soc. Japan 75. Article ID: 084801.
26. Hristov, H. D. (2000). Fresnel Zones in Wireless Links, Zone Plate Lenses and Antennas. London: Artech House.
27. Ikegami, F., Yoshida, S., Takeuchi, T., Umehira, M. (1984). Propagation factors controlling mean field strength on urban streets. IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 32:822-829.
28. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. (1999). IEEE Standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz. IEEE Governing Document, New York.
29. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. (1998) Guidelines for limiting exposure to protection time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation. Health Phys. 74:494-522.
30. International Telecommunication Union. (2009). Propagation by diffraction: Recommendation P.526-11 (10/09).
31. Iskander, M. F., Yun, Z. (2002). Propagation prediction models for wireless communications systems. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 50:662-673.
32. Jin, J. M., Ni, S. S., Lee, S. W. (1995). Hybridization of SBR and FEM for scattering by large bodies with cracks and cavities. IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 43:1130-1139.
33. Kanatas, A. G., Kountouris, I. D., Kostaras, G. B., Constantinou, P. (1997). A UTD propagation model in urban microcellular environments. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 46:185-193.
34. Kouyoumjian, R. G., Pathak, P. H. (1974). A uniform theory of diffraction for an edge in a perfectly conducting surface. Proc. IEEE 62:1448-1462.
35. Lee, S. H. (2009). A photon modeling method for the characterization of indoor optical wireless communication. Prog. Electromagn. Res. 92: 121-136.
36. Lee, D. J. Y., Lee, W. C. Y. (2000). Propagation prediction in and through buildings. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 49:1529-1533.
37. Li, Z., Cui, T. J., Zhong, X.J., et al. (2009). Electromagnetic scattering characteristics of PEC targets in the terahertz regime. IEEE Antenn. Propag. M 51:39-50.
38. Ling, H., Chou, R., Lee, S. (1989). Shooting and bouncing rays: Calculating the RCS of an arbitrarily shaped cavity. IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 37:194-205.
39. Lobonova, E. A. (1974). Biologic Effects and Health Hazards of Microwave Radiation. Warsaw, Poland: Polish Medical Publishers.
40. Luebbers, R. J. (1988). Comparison of lossy wedge diffraction coefficients with application to mixed path propagation loss prediction. IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 36:1031-1034.
41. Luebbers, R. J. (1989). A heuristic UTD slope diffraction coefficent for rough lossy wedges. IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 37:206-211.
42. Marzougui, A. M., Frankee, S. J. (1990). Scattering from rough surfaces using the "shooting and bouncing rays" (SBR) technique and comparison with the method of moments solutions. Merging Technologies for the 90's. Digest. Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (AP-S) 4:1540-1543.
43. Mauriello, A. J., Clarke, J. M. (1983). Measurement and analysis of radiated electromagnetic emissions from rail-transit vehicles. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compatibility 4:405-411.
44. Nagaoka, T., Watanabe, S. (2011). GPU-based 3D-FDTD computation for electromagnetic field dosimetry. IEEE Africon: Conference Publication, pp. 1-6.
45. Nan, W., Song-gao, H., Ding-e, W., Chun, W. (2008). The error cause analysis in EM simulation of ship. Eighth International Symposium on Antennas, Propagation and EM Theory, pp. 953-955.
46. Nazábal, J. A., Iturri López P., Azpilicueta L., et al. (2012). Performance analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 compliant wireless devices for heterogeneous indoor home automation environments. Int. J Antennas Propag. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. Article ID: 176383.
47. Peter, M., Keusgen, W., Kortke, A., Schirrmacher, M. (2007). Measurement and analysis of the 60 GHz in-vehicular broadband radio channel. IEEE 66th Vehicular Technology Conference, pp. 834-838.
48. Phaiboon, S., Phokharatkul, P. (2009). Path loss prediction for low-rise buildings with image classification on 2-D aerial photographs. Prog. Electromagn. Res. 95:135-152.
49. Robinson, M. P., Flintoft, I. D., Melia, G. C. R. (2011). People and planes: Development of broadband EMC models of biological materials in aircraft. XXXth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium, pp. 1-4.
50. Sai Ananthanarayanan, P. R., Richards, A. M., Furse, C. (2011). Measurement and modeling of multi-user multi-antenna system in aircraft in the presence of electromagnetic noise and interference. Microw. Opt. Tech. Lett. 53:1137-1144.
51. Sánchez-Hernández, D. A. (2009). High Frequency Electromagnetic Dosimetry. Norwood: Artech House, Inc.
52. Sato, R., Sato, H., Shirai, H. (2005). A SBR algorithm for simple indoor propagation estimation. IEEE/ACES International Conference on Wireless Communications and Applied Computational Electromagnetics, pp. 810-813.
53. Schuster, J. W., Luebbers, R. J. (1997). Comparison of GTD and FDTD predictions for UHF radio wave propagation in a simple outdoor urban environment. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium 3, pp. 2022-2025.
54. Seidel, S. Y., Rappaport, T. S. (1994). Site-specific propagation prediction for wireless in building personal communication system design. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 43:879-891.
55. Shirai, H., Sato, R., Otoi, K. (2007). Electromagnetic wave propagation estimation by 3-D SBR method. International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, pp. 129-132.
56. Sigurdson, A. J., Ron, E. (2004). Cosmic radiation exposure and cancer risk among flight crew. Cancer Investigation 22:743-761.
57. Son, H. W., Myung, N. H. (1999). A deterministic ray tube method for microcellular wave propagation prediction model. IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 47:1344-1350.
58. Song, H. B., Wang, H. G., Hong, K. Wang, L. (2009). A novel source localization scheme based on unitary esprit and city electronic maps in urban environments. Prog. Electromagn. Res. 94:243-262.
59. Spanish Royal Decree and Regulations. (2001). Royal Decree 1066/ 2001, the 28 September, by approving the Regulation on the conditions of protection of public radio, radio emission restrictions and measures of health protection against radio emission, Non- Ionizing Radiation Legislation, Spain.
60. Sun, Z., Akyildiz, I. F. (2010). Influences of vehicles on signal propagation in road tunnels. IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pp. 1-6.
61. Tan, S. Y., Tan, H. S. (1996). A microcellular communications propagation model based on the uniform theory of diffraction and multiple image theory. IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 44: 1317-1326.
62. Tayebi, A., Gómez, J., de Adana, F. S., Gutierrez, O. (2009). The application of arrival and received signal strength in multipath indoor environments. Prog. Electromagn. Res. 91:1-15.
63. Taylor, H. C., Hand, J. W., Lau, R. W. (1995). FDTD modelling for microwave dosimetry and thermography. IEEE Colloquium on Application of Microwaves in Medicine, pp. 11/1-11/6.
64. Tinniswood, A. D., Furse, C. M. (1997). Computations of SAR distribution for two anatomically-based models of the human head using CAD files of commercial telephones and the parallelized FDTD code. IEEE Digest Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium 2, pp. 982-985.
65. Tristant, F., Gouverneur, S., Fayat, R., et al. (2008). Study of electric field radiated by WiFi sources inside an aircraft - 3D computations and real tests. Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, pp. 1-5.
66. World Health Organization. (2010). WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data. WHO Research Agenda for Radiofrequency Fields.
67. Yamaguchi, Y., Abe, T., Sekiguchi, T. (1989). Radio wave propagation loss in the VHF to microwave region due tovehicles in tunnels. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compatibility 31:87-91.
68. Zaridze, R., Razmadze, A., Kajaia, G., Mazmanov, D. (2006). Field propagation outdoors, indoors and unconfined spaces. European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2006). Nice, France, 6-10 November.