Below-knee cast immobilization and the risk of venous thrombosis: Results from a large population-based case-control study

Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis

Volumn 12, Issue 9, 2014, Pages 1461-1469

  Van Adrichem, R A ^a   Debeij, J ^a   Nelissen, R G H H ^a   Schipper, I B ^a   Rosendaal, F R ^a   Cannegieter, Suzanne C ^a  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Orthopedic surgery; Plaster cast; Risk factors; Traumatology; Venous thrombosis

Indexed keywords

BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 5 LEIDEN; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PROTHROMBIN; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 5;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BLOOD GROUP O; CAST APPLICATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC RISK; HEREDITY; HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION; HUMAN; IMMOBILIZATION; KNEE; LEG; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OBESITY; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE USE; PLASTER CAST; RISK FACTOR; SPINE; TREATMENT INDICATION; VEIN THROMBOSIS; ADOLESCENT; ADVERSE EFFECTS; BODY MASS; CASE CONTROL STUDY; EXERCISE; GENETICS; MIDDLE AGED; NETHERLANDS; ORTHOPEDICS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RISK; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VENOUS THROMBOSIS; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; BODY MASS INDEX; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CASTS, SURGICAL; CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL; EXERCISE; FACTOR V; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMMOBILIZATION; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NETHERLANDS; ODDS RATIO; ORTHOPEDICS; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VENOUS THROMBOSIS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84908488264     PISSN: 15387933     EISSN: 15387836     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jth.12655     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Naess IA, Christiansen SC, Romundstad P, Cannegieter SC, Rosendaal FR, Hammerstrom J. Incidence and mortality of venous thrombosis: a population-based study. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5: 692-9.
2. Nordstrom M, Lindblad B, Bergqvist D, Kjellstrom T. A prospective study of the incidence of deep vein thrombosis within a defined urban population. J Intern Med 1992; 232: 155-60.
3. Oger E. Incidence of venous thromboembolism: a communitybased study in Western France. EPI-GETBP Study Group. Groupe d'Etude de la Thrombose de Bretagne Occidentale. Thromb Haemost 2000; 83: 657-60.
4. Silverstein MD, Heit JA, Mohr DN, Petterson TM, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ III. Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a 25-year population-based study. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 585-93.
5. Spencer FA, Emery C, Joffe SW, Pacifico L, Lessard D, Reed G, Gore JM, Goldberg RJ. Incidence rates, clinical profile, and outcomes of patients with venous thromboembolism. The Worcester VTE study. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2009; 28: 401-9.
6. Ashrani AA, Heit JA. Incidence and cost burden of post-thrombotic syndrome. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2009; 28: 465-76.
7. Jaff MR, McMurtry MS, Archer SL, Cushman M, Goldenberg N, Goldhaber SZ, Jenkins JS, Kline JA, Michaels AD, Thistlethwaite P, Vedantham S, White RJ, Zierler BK. Management of massive and submassive pulmonary embolism, iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension:a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011; 123: 1788-830.
8. Bates SM, Ginsberg JS. Clinical practice. Treatment of deep vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 268-77.
9. Rosendaal FR. Venous thrombosis: a multicausal disease. Lancet 1999; 353: 1167-73.
10. Ettema HB, Kollen BJ, Verheyen CC, Buller HR. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with immobilization of the lower extremities: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6; 1093-8.
11. Testroote M, Stigter W, de Visser DC, Janzing H. Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with lower-leg immobilization. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008: CD006681.
12. Jorgensen PS, Warming T, Hansen K, Paltved C, Vibeke BH, Jensen R, Kirchhoff-Jensen R, Kjaer L, Kerbouche N, Leth-Espensen P, Narvestad E, Rasmussen SW, Sloth C, Torholm C, Wille-Jorgensen P. Low molecular weight heparin (Innohep) as thromboprophylaxis in outpatients with a plaster cast: a venografic controlled study. Thromb Res 2002; 105: 477-80.
13. Kock HJ, Schmit-Neuerburg KP, Hanke J, Rudofsky G, Hirche H. Thromboprophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparin in outpatients with plaster-cast immobilisation of the leg. Lancet 1995; 346: 459-61.
14. Kujath P, Spannagel U, Habscheid W. Incidence and prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis in outpatients with injury of the lower limb. Haemostasis 1993; 23(Suppl. 1): 20-6.
15. Lapidus LJ, Ponzer S, Elvin A, Levander C, Larfars G, Rosfors S, de Bri E. Prolonged thromboprophylaxis with Dalteparin during immobilization after ankle fracture surgery: a randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Acta Orthop 2007; 78:528-35.
16. Lapidus LJ, Rosfors S, Ponzer S, Levander C, Elvin A, Larfars G, de Bri E. Prolonged thromboprophylaxis with dalteparin after surgical treatment of achilles tendon rupture: a randomized, placebo- controlled study. J Orthop Trauma 2007; 21: 52-7.
17. Lassen MR, Borris LC, Nakov RL. Use of the low-molecularweight heparin reviparin to prevent deep vein thrombosis after leg injury requiring immobilization. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:726-30.
18. Selby R, Geerts WH, Crowther MA, Kreder HJ, Bent M, Schemitsch E, Weiler P. A prospective cohort study of the epidemiology of symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) after isolated leg fractures distal to the knee without thromboprophylaxis. Blood 2005; 106: 173A.
19. Thomas S, van Kampen M. Should orthopedic outpatients with lower limb casts be given deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis? Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2011; 17: 405-7.
20. CBO. Kwaliteitsinstituut voor de Gezondheidszorg CBO: Richtlijn Diagnostiek, preventie en behandeling van veneuze tromboembolie en secundaire prevenetie van arteriele trombose. 2009. http://diliguide.nl/document/415/file/pdf/. Accessed 6 March 2014.
21. Falck-Ytter Y, Francis CW, Johanson NA, Curley C, Dahl OE, Schulman S, Ortel TL, Pauker SG, Colwell CW Jr. Prevention of VTE in orthopedic surgery patients: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012; 141: e278S-325S.
22. Hill J, Treasure T. Reducing the risk of venous thromboembolism (deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) in patients admitted to hospital: summary of the NICE guideline. Heart 2010; 96: 879-82.
23. Blom JW, Doggen CJ, Osanto S, Rosendaal FR. Malignancies, prothrombotic mutations, and the risk of venous thrombosis. JAMA 2005; 293: 715-22.
24. Vandenbroucke JP, Pearce N. Case-control studies: basic concepts. Int J Epidemiol 2012; 41: 1480-9.
25. van Stralen KJ, Le Cessie S, Rosendaal FR, Le Doggen CJ. Regular sports activities decrease the risk of venous thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5: 2186-92.
26. Waksberg J. Sampling methods for random digit dialing. J Am Stat Assoc 1978; 73: 40-6.
27. Gomez E, van der Poel SC, Jansen JH, van der Reijden BA, Lowenberg B. Rapid simultaneous screening of factor V Leiden and G20210A prothrombin variant by multiplex polymerase chain reaction on whole blood. Blood 1998; 91: 2208-9.
28. Ocak G, Vossen CY, Verduijn M, Dekker FW, Rosendaal FR, Cannegieter SC, Lijfering WM. Risk of venous thrombosis in patients with major illnesses: results from the MEGA study. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11: 627-33.
29. World Health Organization. Fact sheet 311 obesity and overweight. 2013. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/index.html. Accessed 6 March 2014.
30. van Buuren S, Boshuizen HC, Knook DL. Multiple imputation of missing blood pressure covariates in survival analysis. Stat Med 1999; 18: 681-94.
31. Riou B, Rothmann C, Lecoules N, Bouvat E, Bosson JL, Ravaud P, Samama CM, Hamadouche M. Incidence and risk factors for venous thromboembolism in patients with nonsurgical isolated lower limb injuries. Am J Emerg Med 2007; 25: 502-8.
32. Furie B, Furie BC. Mechanisms of thrombus formation. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 938-49.
33. van Langevelde K, Flinterman LE, van Hylckama Vlieg A, Rosendaal FR, Cannegieter SC. Broadening the factor V Leiden paradox: pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis as 2 sides of the spectrum. Blood 2012; 120: 933-46.
34. Sweetland S, Green J, Liu B, Berrington de González A, Canonico M, Reeves G, Beral V. Duration and magnitude of the postoperative risk of venous thromboembolism in middle aged women: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2009; 339: b4583.
35. van Stralen KJ, Rosendaal FR, Doggen CJ. Minor injuries as a risk factor for venous thrombosis. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 21-6.
36. Goel DP, Buckley R, deVries G, Abelseth G, Ni A, Gray R. Prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis in fractures below the knee:a prospective randomised controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2009; 91: 388-94.
37. Truijers M, Kranendonk SE, Nurmohamed MT. Thromboprophylaxis in general surgical practices in the year 2004: perioperative use during hospitalisation, during out-patient care and following plaster cast immobilisation. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2005; 149: 2511-16.
38. Blom JW, Doggen CJ, Osanto S, Rosendaal FR. Old and new risk factors for upper extremity deep venous thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3: 2471-8.
39. Moons KG, Kengne AP, Grobbee DE, Royston P, Vergouwe Y, Altman DG, Woodward M. Risk prediction models: II. External validation, model updating, and impact assessment. Heart 2012; 98: 691-8.
40. Moons KG, Kengne AP, Woodward M, Royston P, Vergouwe Y, Altman DG, Grobbee DE. Risk prediction models: I. Development, internal validation, and assessing the incremental value of a new (bio)marker. Heart 2012; 98: 683-90.