Does episiotomy protect against injury of the levator ani muscle in normal vaginal delivery?

Neurourology and Urodynamics

Volumn 33, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 1212-1216

  Cassadó Garriga, Jordi ^a   Pessarrodona, Antoni ^a   Rodriguez Carballeira, Monica ^a   Hinojosa, Lourdes ^a   Manrique, Gemma ^a   Márquez, Adriana ^a   Macias, Marina ^a  

^a HOSPITAL MÚTUA DE TERRASSA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Avulsion; Delivery; Episiotomy; Levator ani; Pelvic floor; Ultrasound

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; AVULSION INJURY; BIRTH WEIGHT; BODY MASS; CLINICAL STUDY; EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA; EPISIOTOMY; FEMALE; GESTATIONAL AGE; HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE; HUMAN; LEVATOR ANI MUSCLE INJURY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MATERNAL AGE; MUSCLE INJURY; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PREVALENCE; TRANSLABIAL ULTRASOUND; VAGINAL DELIVERY; DELIVERY; ECHOGRAPHY; EVALUATION STUDY; INJURIES; OBSTETRIC LABOR COMPLICATIONS; PELVIS FLOOR; PREGNANCY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; DELIVERY, OBSTETRIC; EPISIOTOMY; FEMALE; HUMANS; OBSTETRIC LABOR COMPLICATIONS; PELVIC FLOOR; PREGNANCY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84908473538     PISSN: 07332467     EISSN: 15206777     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/nau.22488     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Svabik K, Shek KL, Dietz HP. How much does the levator hiatus have to stretch during childbirth? BJOG 2009;116:1657-62.
2. Krofta L, Otcenásek M, Kasikova E, et al. Pubococcygeus - puborectalis trauma after forceps delivery: Evaluation of the levator ani muscle with 3D/4D ultrasound. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2009;20:1175-81.
3. Cassadó Garriga J, Pessarrodona Isern A, Espuña Pons E, et al. Four-dimensional sonographic evaluation of avulsion of the levator ani according to delivery mode. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2011;38:701-6.
4. DeLancey J, Morgan D, Fenner D, et al. Comparison of levator ani muscle defects and function in women with and without pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet Gynecol 2007;109:295-302.
5. Dietz HP, Simpson JM. Levator trauma is associated with pelvic organ prolapse. BJOG 2008;115:979-84.
6. DeLancey J. The hidden epidemic of pelvic floor dysfunction: Achievable goals for improved prevention and treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;192: 1488-95.
7. Dietz HP, Steensma AB. The prevalence of major abnormalities of the levator ani in urogynaecological patients. BJOG 2006;113:225-30.
8. DeLancey J, Kearney R, Chou Q, et al. The appearance of levator ani muscle abnormalities in magnetic resonance images after vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:46-53.
9. Stoker J, Halligan S, Bartram C. Pelvic floor imaging. Radiology 2001;218: 621-41.
10. Shek KL, Dietz HP. Intrapartum risk factors of levator trauma. BJOG 2010; 117:1485-92.
11. Zhuang RR, Song YF, Chen ZQ, et al. Levator avulsion using a tomographic ultrasound and magnetic resonance-based model. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;205:232. .e1-e8.
12. Notten K, Weemhoff M, Schweitzer K, et al. Diagnosing levator defects on 3D transperineal ultrasound compared to MR imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;40:19-20.
13. Vergeldt T, Weemhoff M, Notten KJ, et al. Comparison of two scoring systems for diagnosing levator ani muscle damage. Int Urogynecol J 2013;24:1501-6.
14. Dietz H. Quantification of major morphological abnormalities of the levator ani. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007;29:329-34.
15. Carroli G, Belizan J, Episiotomy for vaginal birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; CD000081.
16. Kearney R, Miller JM, Ashton-Miller JA, et al. Obstetric factors associated with levator ani muscle injury after vaginal birth. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:144-9.
17. Lammers K, Fütterer JJ, Inthout J, et al. Correlating signs and symptoms with pubovisceral muscle avulsions on magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013;208:148.e1-7.
18. Valsky DV, Lipschuetz M, Bord A, et al. Fetal head circumference and length of second stage labor are risk factors for levator ani muscle injury, diagnosed by 3-dimensional transperineal ultrasound in primiparous women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;201:91. e1-e7.
19. Schwertner-Tiepelmann N, Thakar R, Sultan AH. Obstetric levator ani muscle injuries: Current status. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;39:372-83.
20. Dietz H, Bernardo M, Kirby A, et al. Minimal criteria for the diagnosis of avulsion of the puborectalis muscle by tomographic ultrasound. Int Urogynecol J 2011;22:699-704.
21. Espuña-Pons M, Solans-Domènech M, Sánchez E. On Behalf of the Pelvic Floor Research Group (GRESP). Double incontinence in a cohort of nulliparous pregnant women. Neurourol Urodyn 2012;31:1236-41.
22. Dietz HP, Shek KL, Chantarasorn V, et al. Do women notice the effect of childbirth-related pelvic floor trauma? Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 52:277-81.
23. Handa VL, Blomquist JL, McDermott KC, et al. Pelvic floor disorders after vaginal birth: Effect of episiotomy, peineal laceration, and operative birth. Obstet Gynecol 2012;119:233-9.
24. Cam C, Asoglu MR, Selcuk S, et al. Does mediolateral episiotomy decrease central defects of the anterior vaginal wall? Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 285:411-5.
25. Bertozzi S, Londero AP, Fruscalzo A, et al. Impact of episiotomy on pelvic floor disorders and their influence on womwn's wellness after the sixth month postpartum: A retrospective study. BMC Womens Health 2011;18:11-2.
26. Sultan AH, Thakar R. Lower gwnital tract and anal sphincter trauma. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2002;16:99-115.
27. Bharucha AE, Fletcher JG, Melton LJ III, et al. Obstetric trauma, pelvic floor injury and fecal incontinence: A population-based case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107:902-11.
28. Shek KL, Dietz HP. Can levator avulsion be predicted antenatally? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;202:586. e1-e6.
29. Stedenfeldt M, Pirhonen J, Blix E, et al. Episiotomy characteristics and risks for obstetric anal sphincter injuries: A case - control study. BJOG 2012;119: 724-30.