The evolution of destinations: towards an evolutionary and relational economic geography approach

Tourism Geographies

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 563-579

  Sanz Ibáñez, Cinta ^a   Anton Clavé, Salvador ^a  

^a UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI   (Spain)

Author keywords

clusters; contextuality; evolutionary economic geography; human agency; industrial districts; local tourism destinations; path dependence; relational economic geography; tourism area life cycle; tourism geography

Indexed keywords

COMPETITIVENESS; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY; ECONOMIC THEORY; SUSTAINABILITY; THEORETICAL STUDY; TOURISM DEVELOPMENT; TOURISM ECONOMICS; TOURIST DESTINATION;

EID: 84908258239     PISSN: 14616688     EISSN: 14701340     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2014.925965     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Agarwal, S. (1994). The resort cycle revisited: Implications for resorts. In C. P. Cooper & A. Lockwood (Eds.), Progress in tourism, recreation and hospitality management (pp. 194–208). Chichester: Wiley.
2. Agarwal, S. (2002). Restructuring seaside tourism. The resort life-cycle. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 25–55. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00002-0
3. Agarwal, S. (2005). Global-local interactions in English coastal resorts: Theoretical perspectives. Tourism Geographies: An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment, 7(4), 351–372. doi:10.1080/14616680500291147
4. Agarwal, S. (2012). Relational spatiality and resort restructuring. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 134–154. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2011.05.007
5. Agarwal, S., Ball, R., Shaw, G., & Williams, A. M. (2000). The geography of tourism production: Uneven disciplinary development. Tourism Geographies: An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment, 2(3), 241–263. doi:10.1080/14616680050082517
6. Amin, A., & Thrift, N. (2000). What kind of economic theory for what kind of economic geography? Antipode, 32, 4–9. doi:10.1111/1467-8330.00117
7. Anton Clavé, S. (2012a). Rethinking mass tourism, space and place. In J. Wilson (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of tourism geographies (pp. 217–224). London: Routledge.
8. Anton Clavé, S. (2012b). The key points in the reinvention of coastal tourist destinations. In S. Anton Clavé (Ed.), 10 Lessons in tourism. The challenge of reinventing destinations (pp. 447–450). Barcelona: Planeta.
9. Anton Clavé, S., & Wilson, J. (2013, April). An evolutionary approach to coastal resort transformation. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of American Geographers, Los Angeles, CA.
10. Arthur, W. B. (1988). Competing technologies, increasing returns, and lock-in by historical events. The Economic Journal, 99(394), 116–131.
11. Aydalot, P. (1986). Milieux innovateurs en Europe. [Regional innovation systems in Europe] Paris: GREMI.
12. Baggio, R. (2008). Network analysis of a tourism destination (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). School of Tourism, The University of Queensland, Brisbane.
13. Baggio, R., & Sainaghi, R. (2011). Complex and chaotic tourism systems: Towards a quantitative approach. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 23(6), 840–861. doi:10.1108/09596111111153501
14. Bathelt, H., & Glückler, J. (2003). Toward a relational economic geography. Journal of Economic Geography, 3(2), 117–144. doi:10.1093/jeg/3.2.117
15. Bathelt, H., & Glückler, J. (2011). The Relational economy. Geographies of knowing and learning. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16. Bathelt, H., & Glückler, J. (2014). Institutional change in economic geography. Progress in Human Geography, 38(3), 340–363. doi:10.1177/0309132513507823
17. Baum, T. (1998). Taking the exit route: Extending the tourism area life cycle model. Current Issues in Tourism, 1(2), 167–175. doi:10.1080/13683509808667837
18. Becattini, G. (1979). Dal ‘settore’ industriale al ‘distretto’ industriale. Alcune considerazioni sull'unità d'indagine dell'economia industriale. [From the industrial ‘sector’ to the industrial ‘district’. Some considerations on the unit of investigation of the industrial economy] Rivista de Economia e Politica Industriale, 1, 7–21.
19. Becattini, G. (2003). From the industrial district to the districtualisation of production activity: Some considerations. In F. Belussi, G. Gottardi, & E. Rullani (Eds.), The technological evolution of industrial districts (pp. 3–17). Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic.
20. Beinhocker, E. D. (2006). The origin of wealth: Evolution, complexity and the radical remaking of economics. London: Random House.
21. Benner, C., Berndt, C., Coe, N., Engelen, E., Essletzbichler, J., Glassman, J., … Zook, M. (2011). Emerging themes in economic geography: Outcomes of the economic geography 2010 workshop. Economic Geography, 87(2), 111–126. doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2011.01114.x
22. Bianchi, R. (1994). Tourism development and resort dynamics: An alternative approach. In C. Cooper & A. Lockwood (Eds.), Progress in tourism, recreation and hospitality management (pp. 183–193). Chichester: Wiley.
23. Boggs, J. S., & Rantisi, N. M. (2003). The relational turn in economic geography. Journal of Economic Geography, 3, 109–116. doi:10.1093/jeg/3.2.109
24. Boschma, R., & Frenken, K. (2006). Why is economic geography not an evolutionary science? Towards an evolutionary economic geography. Journal of Economic Geography, 6(3), 273–302. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbi022
25. Boschma, R., & Frenken, K. (2009). Some notes on institutions in evolutionary economic geography. Economic Geography, 85(2), 151–158. doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2009.01018.x
26. Boschma, R., & Martin, R. (2007). Constructing an evolutionary economic geography. Journal of Economic Geography, 7(5), 537–548. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbm021
27. Boschma, R., & Martin, R. (Eds.). (2010). The handbook of evolutionary economic geography. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
28. Bramwell, B., & Cox, V. (2009). Stage and path dependence approaches to the evolution of a national park tourism partnership. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(2), 191–206. doi:10.1080/09669580802495782
29. Britton, S. G. (1991). Tourism, capital and place: Towards a critical geography of tourism. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 9(3), 451–478.
30. Brouder, P. (2013). Evolutionary economic geography: A new path for tourism studies? Tourism Geographies: An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment, 16(1), 2–7. doi:10.1080/14616688.2013.864323
31. Brouder, P., & Eriksson, R. H. (2013a). Staying power: What influences micro-firm survival in tourism? Tourism Geographies: An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment, 15(1), 125–144. doi:10.1080/14616688.2011.647326
32. Brouder, P., & Eriksson, R. H. (2013b). Tourism evolution: On the synergies of tourism studies and evolutionary economic geography. Annals of Tourism Research, 43, 370–383. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2013.07.001
33. Butler, R. W. (1980). The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: Implications for management of resources. The Canadian Geographer, 24(1), 5–12. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1980.tb00970.x
34. Butler, R. W. (2004). The tourism area life cycle in the twenty-first century. In A. A. Lew, C. M. Hall, & A. M. Williams (Eds.), A companion to tourism (pp. 159–169). Oxford: Blackwell.
35. Butler, R. W. (2011). Tourism area life cycle. In C. Cooper (Ed.), Contemporary Tourism Reviews (p.30). Oxford: Goodfellow.
36. Capone, F. (2006). Systemic approaches for the analysis of tourism destination: Towards the tourist local systems. In L. Lazzeretti & C. Petrillo (Eds.), Tourism local systems and networking (pp. 7–23). London: Elsevier.
37. Chadefaud, M. (1987). Aux origins du tourisme dans les Pays de l’Adour. Du mythe à l'espace: un essai de géographie historique [The origins of tourism in the Pays de l'Adour. From myth to space: a test of historical geography] (p.1010). Pau: Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour.
38. Choy, D. (1992). Life cycle models for Pacific Island destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 30(3), 6–31. doi:10.1177/004728759203000304
39. Christaller, W. (1964). Some considerations of tourism location in Europe: The peripheral regions – underdeveloped countries – recreation areas. Papers in Regional Science, 12(1), 95–105. doi:10.1111/j.1435-5597.1964.tb01256.x
40. Cooper, C. (1992). The life cycle concept and strategic planning for coastal resorts. Built Environment, 18(1), 57–66.
41. Cooper, C., & Jackson, S. (1989). Destination life cycle: The Isle of Man case study. Annals of Tourism Research, 16(3), 377–398. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(89)90051-0
42. Cox, W. E. (1967). Product life cycles as marketing models. Journal of Business, 40(4), 375–384.
43. David, P. A. (1985). Clio and the economics of QWERTY. American Economic Review, 75, 332–337.
44. Debbage, K. G., & Ioannides, D. (2011). The economy of tourism spaces. A multiplicity of ‘critical turns’? In J. Wilson (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of tourism geographies (pp. 149–156). London: Routledge.
45. Dodds, R. (2007). Sustainable tourism and policy implementation: Lessons from the case of Calvià, Spain. Current Issues in Tourism, 10(4), 296–322. doi:10.2167/cit278.0
46. Dulupçu, M. A., Demírel, O., & Sungur, O. (2010, May). Is it too difficult to have symbolic knowledge in tourism sector for regional development: Some firm level empirical results from Antalya Region. Paper presented at the Regional Studies Association (RSA) Annual Conference on Regional Responses to Global Shifts, Pécs, Macaristan.
47. Equipe MIT. (2002). Tourismes 1. Lieux communs. [Tourisms I. Common Places] (p.320) Collection Mappemonde. Paris: Belin.
48. Erkuş-Öztürk, H. (2009). The role of cluster types and firm size in designing the level of network relations: The experience of the Antalya tourism region. Tourism Management, 30, 589–597. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2008.10.008
49. Erkuş-Öztürk, H., & Eraydin, A. (2010). Environmental governance for sustainable tourism development: Collaborative networks and organisation building in the Antalya tourism region. Tourism Management, 31, 113–124. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2009.01.002
50. Essletzbichler, J. (2009). Evolutionary economic geography, institutions, and political economy. Economic Geography, 85, 159–165. doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2009.01019.x
51. Essletzbichler, J., & Rigby, D. L. (2010). Generalized Darwinism and evolutionary economic geography. In R. Boschma & R. Martin (Eds.), Handbook of evolutionary economic geography (pp. 43–61). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
52. Ettlinger, N. (2003). Cultural economic geography and a relational and microspace approach to trusts, rationalities, networks, and change in collaborative workplaces. Journal of Economic Geography, 3, 145–171. doi:10.1093/jeg/3.2.145
53. Farole, T., Rodríguez-Pose, A., & Storper, M. (2011). Human geography and the institutions that underlie economic growth. Progress in Human Geography, 35(1), 58–80. doi:10.1177/0309132510372005
54. Faulkner, B. (2002). Rejuvenating a maturing tourist destination: The case of the Gold Coast. Current Issues in Tourism, 5(6), 472–520. doi:10.1080/13683500208667938
55. Faulkner, B., & Russell, R. (1997). Chaos and complexity in tourism: In search of a new perspective. Pacific Tourism Review, 1(2), 93–102.
56. Garud, R., & Karnoe, P. (2001). Path creation as a process of mindful deviation. In R. Garud & P. Karnoe (Eds.), Path dependence and creation (pp. 1–38). London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
57. Getz, D. (1992). Tourism planning and destination life cycle. Annals of Tourism Research, 19, 752–770. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(92)90065-W
58. Gibson, L., Lynch, P., & Morrison, A. (2005). The local destination tourism network: Development issues. Tourism and Hospitality Planning and Development, 2(2), 87–99. doi:10.1080/14790530500171708
59. Gilbert, E. W. (1939). The growth of inland and seaside health resorts in England. Scottish Geographical Magazine, 55, 16–35. doi:10.1080/00369223908735100
60. Gill, A. M. (2013, April). The role of human agency and entrepreneurship in path creation: The case of Whistler, British Columbia, and the Winter Olympics. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of American Geographers, Los Angeles, CA.
61. Gill, A. M., & Williams, P. W. (2011). Rethinking resort growth: Understanding evolving governance strategies in Whistler, British Columbia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(4–5), 629–648. doi:10.1080/09669582.2011.558626
62. Gordon, I., & Goodall, B. (1992). Resort cycles and development processes. Built Environment, 18(1), 41–54.
63. Gormsen, E. (1997). The Impact of tourism on coastal areas. GeoJournal, 42(1), 39–54. doi:10.1023/A:1006840622450
64. Grabher, G. (2009). Yet another turn? The evolutionary project in economic geography. Economic Geography, 85, 119–127. doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2009.01016.x
65. Granovetter, M. S. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481–510.
66. Guia, J., Prats, L., & Comas, J. (2006). The destination as a local system of innovation: The role of relational networks. In L. Lazzeretti & C. Petrillo (Eds.), Tourism local systems and networking (pp. 57–65). Oxford: Elsevier.
67. Halkier, H. (2013). Innovation and destination governance in Denmark: Tourism, policy networks and spatial development. European Planning Studies. doi:10.1080/09654313.2013.784609
68. Halkier, H., James, L., Dahlström, M., & Manniche, J. (2012). Knowledge dynamics, regions and public policy. European Planning Studies, 20(11), 1759–1766. doi:10.1080/09654313.2012.723419
69. Halkier, H., & Therkelsen, A. (2013). Exploring tourism destination path plasticity: The case of coastal tourism in North Jutland, Denmark. Zeitschrift fuer Wirtschaftsgeographie, 57(1-2), 39–51.
70. Hassink, R. (2005). How to unlock regional economies from path dependency? From learning region to learning cluster. European Planning Studies, 13(4), 521–535. doi:10.1080/09654310500107134
71. Hassink, R., & Klaerding, C. (2009). Relational and evolutionary economic geography: Competing or complementary paradigms? Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography, (09.11), 1–31. Retrieved from http://econ.geog.uu.nl/peeg/peeg.html
72. Haywood, K. M. (1986). Can the tourist area life-cycle be made operational? Tourism Management, 7(3), 154–167. doi:10.1016/0261-5177(86)90002-6
73. Haywood, K. M. (2006a). Evolution of tourism areas and the tourism industry. In R. W. Butler (Ed.), The tourism area life cycle. Applications and modifications (pp. 51–69). Clevedon: Channel View.
74. Haywood, K. M. (2006b). Legitimising the TALC as a theory of development and change. In. R. W. Butler (Ed.), The tourism area life cycle. Conceptual and theoretical issues (pp. 29–47). Clevedon: Channel View.
75. Hjalager, A.-M. (1999, August). Tourism destinations and the concept of industrial districts. Paper presented at ERSA Conference, Dublin, Ireland.
76. Hodgson, G. M. (2009). Agency, institutions and Darwinism in evolutionary economic geography. Economic Geography, 85(2), 167–173. doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2009.01020.x
77. Hovinen, G. R. (1981). A tourist cycle in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. The Canadian Geographer, 25(3), 283–286. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1981.tb01649.x
78. Ioannides, D. (1992). Tourism development agents: The Cypriot resort cycle. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(4), 711–731. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(92)90063-U
79. Ioannides, D. (1995). Strengthening the ties between tourism and economic geography: A theoretical agenda. Professional Geographer, 47(1), 49–60. doi:10.1111/j.0033-0124.1995.049_c.x
80. Ivars, J., Rodríguez, I., & Vera, J. F. (2013). The evolution of mass tourism destinations: New approaches beyond deterministic models in Benidorm (Spain). Tourism Management, 34, 184–195. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2012.04.009
81. Jackson, J. (2006). Developing regional tourism in China: The potential for activating business clusters in a socialist market economy. Tourism Management, 27, 695–706. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2005.02.007
82. Jackson, J., & Murphy, P. (2006). Clusters in regional tourism. An Australian case. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(4), 1018–1035. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2006.04.005
83. Jones, A. (2013). Geographies of production I: Relationality revisited and the ‘practice shift’ in economic geography. Progress in Human Geography. doi:10.1177/0309132513502151
84. Jones, A., & Murphy, J. T. (2011). Theorizing practice in economic geography: Foundations, challenges, and possibilities. Progress in Human Geography, 35(3), 366–392. doi:10.1177/0309132510375585
85. Judd, D. R. (1995). Promoting tourism in US cities. Tourism Management, 16(3), 175–187. doi:10.1016/0261-5177(94)00018-6
86. Knowles, T., & Curtis, S. (1999). The market viability of European mass tourist destinations. A post-stagnation life-cycle analysis. International Journal of Tourism Research, 1, 87–96. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1522-1970(199903/04)1:2%3C87::AID-JTR135%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract
87. Krugman, P. (1991). Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of Political Economy, 99, 483–99.
88. Lagiewski, R. M. (2006). The application of the TALC model: A literature survey. In R. W. Butler (Ed.), The tourism area life cycle. Applications and modifications (pp. 51–69). Clevedon: Channel View.
89. Lazzeretti, L., & Capone, F. (2006). Identification and analysis of tourist local systems: An application to Italy (1996–2001). In L. Lazzeretti & C. Petrillo (Eds.), Tourism local systems and networking (pp. 26–41). Oxford: Elsevier.
90. Li, P.-F., & Bathelt, H. (2011). A relational-evolutionary perspective of cluster dynamics. SPACES online, 9(2011-02), 1–19. Retrieved from www.spaces-online.com
91. Li, P.-F., Bathelt, H., & Wang, J. (2012). Network dynamics and cluster evolution: Changing trajectories of the aluminium extrusion industry in Dali, China. Journal of Economic Geography, 11, 127–155. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbr024
92. Ma, M. (2013). Tourism area development from an evolutionary economic geography perspective – The case of Guilin, China (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Kiel, Kiel.
93. Ma, M., & Hassink, R. (2013). An evolutionary perspective on tourism area development. Annals of Tourism Research, 41, 89–109. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2012.12.004
94. MacKinnon, D., Cumbers, A., Pike, A., Birch, K., & McMaster, R. (2009). Evolution in economic geography: Institutions, political economy, and adaptation. Economic Geography, 85, 129–150. doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2009.01017.x
95. Marshall, A. (1920). Principles of economics. London: Macmillan.
96. Martin, R. (2010). Roepke lecture in economic geography – rethinking regional path dependence: Beyond lock-in to evolution. Economic Geography, 86(1), 1–27. doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2009.01056.x
97. Martin, R., & Sunley, P. (2006). Path dependence and regional economic evolution. Journal of Economic Geography, 6, 395–437. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbl012
98. Martin, R., & Sunley, P. (2010). Complexity thinking and evolutionary economic geography. In R. Boschma & R. Martin (Eds.), Handbook of evolutionary economic geography (pp. 93–119). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
99. Martin, R., & Sunley, P. (2011). Conceptualising cluster evolution: Beyond the life cycle model? Regional Studies, 45(10), 1299--1318. doi: 10.1080/00343404.2011.622263
100. Martin, R., & Sunley, P. (2013). On the notion of regional economic resilience: Conceptualisation and explanation. Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography, (13.20), 1–45. Retrieved from http://econ.geog.uu.nl/peeg/peeg.html.
101. Massey, D. (1984). Spatial divisions of labor: Social structures and the geography of production. London: Macmillan.
102. Maulet, G. (2006). A framework to identify a localised tourism system. In L. Lazzeretti & C. Petrillo (Eds.), Tourism local systems and networking (pp. 43–55). Oxford: Elsevier.
103. McDonald, J. R. (2009). Complexity science: An alternative world view for understanding sustainable tourism development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(4), 455–471. doi:10.1080/09669580802495709
104. Michael, E. J. (2007). Micro-clusters and networks: The growth of tourism. Oxford: Elsevier.
105. Miossec, J. M. (1977). Un modèle de l'espace touristique [A model of the tourist space]. Espace géographique, 6(1), 41–48. doi:10.3406/spgeo.1977.1690
106. Nelson, R., & Winter, S. (1982). An evolutionary theory of economic change. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
107. Novelli, M., Schmitz, B., & Spencer, T. (2006). Networks, clusters and innovation in tourism: A UK experience. Tourism Management, 27, 1141–1152. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2005.11.011
108. Plog, S. C. (1973). Why destination areas rise and fall in popularity. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Association Quarterly, 13, 6–13.
109. Porter, M. (1990). The competitive advantage of nations. New York, NY: Free Press.
110. Porter, M. (1998). On competition. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review Press.
111. Prideaux, B. (2004). The resort development spectrum: The case of the Gold Coast, Australia. Tourism Geographies: An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment, 6(1), 26–58. doi:10.1080/14616680320001722328
112. Priestley, G., & Mundet, L. (1998). The post-stagnation phase of the resort cycle. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1), 85–111. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00062-5
113. Russell, R., & Faulkner, B. (2004). Entrepreneurship, chaos and the tourism area life cycle. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 556–579. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.008
114. Saarinen, J. (2004). Destinations in change. The transformation process of tourist destinations. Tourist Studies, 4(2), 161–179. doi:10.1177/1468797604054381
115. Sanz-Ibáñez, C. & Anton Clavé, S. (2014, April). Path plasticity in coastal destinations. Empirical evidence and theoretical issues. A demand side approach. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of American Geographers, Tampa, FL.
116. Scott, A. J. (1988). New industrial spaces: Flexible production organization and regional development in North America and Western Europe. London: Pion.
117. Scott, N., Cooper, C., & Baggio, R. (2008). Destinations networks. Four Australian cases. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1), 169–188. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2007.07.004
118. Smith, R. A. (1992). Beach resort evolution: Implications for planning. Annals of Tourism Research, 19, 304–322. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(92)90083-2
119. Solé, J. (2012). Entrepreneurship, ties and relational networks: The case of a public-private cross-border tourism product (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Universitat de Girona, Girona.
120. Stansfield, C. A. (1978). Atlantic City and the resort cycle. Background to the legalization of gambling. Annals of Tourism Research, 5(2), 238–251. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(78)90222-0
121. Storper, M. (1997). The regional world. London: Guilford Press.
122. Storper, M., & Walker, R. (1989). The capitalist imperative. Territory, technology and industrial growth. New York, NY: Basil Blackwell.
123. Strambach, S. (2010). Path dependence and path plasticity: The co-evolution of institutions and innovation – the German customized business software industry. In R. Boschma & R. Martin (Eds.), Handbook of evolutionary economic geography (pp. 406–431). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
124. Strambach, S., & Halkier, H. (2013). Reconceptualising change. Path dependency, path plasticity and knowledge combination. Zeitschrift Fuer Wirtschaftsgeographie, 57(1–2), 1–14.
125. Sunley, P. (2008). Relational economic geography: A partial understanding or a new paradigm? Economic Geography, 84(1), 1–26. doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2008.tb00389.x
126. Vernon, R. (1966). International investment and international trade in the product cycle. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80(2), 190–207. doi:10.2307/1880689
127. Weidenfeld, A., Butler, R. W., & Williams, A. M. (2010). Clustering and compatibility between tourism attractions. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(1), 1–16. doi:10.1002/jtr.732
128. Williams, A. M. (2013). Mobilities and sustainable tourism: Path-creating or path-dependent relationships? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(4), 511–531. doi:10.1080/09669582.2013.768252
129. Witt, U. (2003). The evolving economy: Essays on the evolutionary approach to economics. Chelthenham: Edward Elgar.
130. Yeung, H. W. (2005). Rethinking relational economic geography. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 30(1), 37–51. doi:10.1111/j.1475-5661.2005.00150.x