Smart surfaces: Large area electronics systems for internet of things enabled by energy harvesting

Proceedings of the IEEE

Volumn 102, Issue 11, 2014, Pages 1723-1746

  Roselli, Luca ^a   Borges Carvalho, Nuno ^b   Alimenti, Federico ^a   Mezzanotte, Paolo ^a   Orecchini, Giulia ^a   Virili, Marco ^a   Mariotti, Chiara ^a   Goncalves, Ricardo ^b   Pinho, Pedro ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PERUGIA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AVEIRO   (Portugal)

^c INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE ENGENHARIA DE LISBOA   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Energy harvesting; green electronics; Internet of Things (IoT); large area electronics (LAE); radio frequency identification (RFID) systems

Indexed keywords

ENERGY HARVESTING; ENERGY TRANSFER; ENGINEERING EDUCATION; RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID); RADIO SYSTEMS; RADIO WAVES;

CONCURRENT TECHNOLOGIES; ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES; FUTURE TRENDS; GREEN ELECTRONICS; INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT); LARGE-AREA ELECTRONICS; SMART SURFACES; WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER;

INTERNET OF THINGS;

EID: 84908242775     PISSN: 00189219     EISSN: 15582256     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2014.2357493     Document Type: Article

References (160)

1. European Union (EU), "The ICT sector and RDI," Digital Agenda Scoreboard, 2012. [Online]. Available: http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/scoreboard-ict-sector-and-rdi.pdf.
2. J. Manyika et al., "How the Internet of Things is more like the Industrial Revolution than the Digital Revolution," MGI Rep., 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www. mckinsey.com/insights/business-technology/disruptive-technologies
3. D. Evans, "The Internet of Things: How the next evolution of the internet is changing everything," CISCO White papers, 2011. [Online]. Available: http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac79/docs/innov/IoT-IBSG-0411FINAL.pdf.
4. I. G. Smith, "The Internet of Things 2012 New Horizons," IERC European Research Cluster on the Internet of Things, 2012.
5. J. Morse, "Nanofabrication technologies for roll-to-roll processing," in Proc. NIST-NNN Workshop, Boston, MA, USA, Sep. 2011, pp. 1-31.
6. A. Arias, J. MacKenzie, I. McCulloch, J. Rivnay, and A. Salleo, "Materials and applications for large area electronics: Solution-based approaches," Chem. Rev., vol. 110, no. 1, pp. 3-24, Jan. 2010.
7. T. Kampke, B. Kluge, and M. Strobel, Field and Service Robotics. New York, NY, USA: Springer-Verlag, 2008, ser. Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics.
8. M. Shur, "Giant area and flexible electronics," in Proc. IEEE Nanotechnol. Mater. Devices Conf., Oct. 2006, vol. 1, pp. 264-265.
9. M. Steer et al., "Global modeling of spatially distributed microwave and millimeter-wave systems," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 830-838, Jun. 1999.
10. A. Rida, L. Yang, R. Vyas, and M. Tentzeris, "Conductive inkjet-printed antennas on flexible low-cost paper-based substrates for RFID and WSN applications," IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 13-23, Jun. 2009.
11. F. Alimenti, P. Mezzanotte, M. Dionigi, M. Virili, and L. Roselli, "Microwave circuits in paper substrates exploiting conductive adhesive tapes," IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 660-662, Dec. 2012.
12. D. Tobjörk and R. Ö sterbackaa, "Paper electronics," Adv. Mater., vol. 23, no. 17, pp. 1935-1961, 2011.
13. P. Calvert, "Inkjet printing for materials and devices," Chem. Mater., vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 3299-3305, 2001.
14. G. Orecchini et al., "Inkjet printed organic transistors for sustainable electronics," in Proc. 60th Electron. Compon. Technol. Conf., Jun. 2010, pp. 985-989.
15. L. Yang, G. Orecchini, G. Shaker, H.-S. Lee, and M. Tentzeris, "Battery-free RFID-enabled wireless sensors," in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp. Dig., May 2010, pp. 1528-1531.
16. G. Shaker, S. Safavi-Naeini, N. Sangary, and M. Tentzeris, "Inkjet printing of ultrawideband (UWB) antennas on paper-based substrates," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 10, pp. 111-114, 2011.
17. R. Vyas et al., "Inkjet printed, self powered, wireless sensors for environmental, gas, and authentication-based sensing," IEEE Sensors J., vol. 11, no. 12, pp. 3139-3152, Dec. 2011.
18. G. Orecchini et al., "Design and fabrication of ultra-low cost radio frequency identification antennas and tags exploiting paper substrates and inkjet printing technology," IET Microw. Antennas Propag., vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 993-1001, Jun. 2011.
19. S. Kim et al., "Monopole antenna with inkjet-printed EBG array on paper substrate for wearable applications," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 11, pp. 663-666, 2012.
20. S. Kim et al., "No battery required: Perpetual RFID-enabled wireless sensors for cognitive intelligence applications," IEEE Microw. Mag., vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 66-77, Jul. 2013.
21. C. Mariotti, V. Lakafosis, M. Tentzeris, and L. Roselli, "An IPv6-enabled wireless shoe-mounted platform for health-monitoring," in Proc. IEEE Top. Conf. Wireless Sensors Sensor Netw., Jan. 2013, pp. 46-48.
22. K. Sangkil et al., "Inkjet-printed antennas, sensors and circuits on paper substrate," IET Microw. Antennas Propag., vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 858-868, 2013.
23. B. Cook, J. Cooper, and M. Tentzeris, "Multi-layer RF capacitors on flexible substrates utilizing inkjet printed dielectric polymers," IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 353-355, Jul. 2013.
24. B. Cook, J. Cooper, S. Kim, and M. Tentzeris, "A novel inkjet-printed passive microfluidic RFID-based sensing platform," in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp. Dig., Jun. 2013, DOI: 10.1109/MWSYM.2013.6697592.
25. B. Cook, B. Tehrani, J. Cooper, and M. Tentzeris, "Multilayer inkjet printing of millimeter-wave proximity-fed patch arrays on flexible substrates," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 12, pp. 1351-1354, 2013.
26. C. Mariotti, B. Cook, L. Roselli, and M. Tentzeris, "High-performance inkjet-printed metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors on lossy silicon substrate IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., 2014.
27. D. Angmo, T. T. Larsen-Olsen,M. Jorgensen, R. R. Sazndergaard, and F. C. Krebs, "Roll-to-roll inkjet printing and photonic sintering of electrodes for ITO free polymer solar cell modules and facile product integration," Adv. Energy Mater., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 172-175, 2013.
28. R. Sazndergaard, M. Hessel, D. Angmo, T. T. Larsen-Olsen, and F. C. Krebs, "Roll-to-roll fabrication of polymer solar cells," Mater. Today, vol. 15, no. 1-2, pp. 36-49, 2012.
29. F. Alimenti et al., "A 1.2 v, 0.9 mW UHF VCO based on hairpin resonator in paper substrate and Cu adhesive tape," IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 214-216, Apr. 2013.
30. F. Alimenti et al., "24 GHz single-balanced diode mixer exploiting cellulose-based materials," IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 596-598, Nov. 2013.
31. C. Mariotti et al., "Modeling and characterization of copper tape microstrips on paper substrate and application to 24 GHz branch-line couplers," in Proc. Eur. Microw. Conf., Oct. 2013, pp. 794-797.
32. L. Guoyu and W. Zhenkai, "Summarize of rfid technology and typical application," in Proc. Cross Strait Quad-Regional Radio Sci. Wireless Technol. Conf., Jul. 2011, vol. 2, pp. 1032-1036.
33. L. Wang, L. D. Xu, Z. Bi, and Y. Xu, "Data cleaning for RFID and WSN integration," IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 408-418, Feb. 2014.
34. H. Deng et al., "Design of sensor-embedded radio frequency identification (SE-RFID) systems," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Mechatron. Autom., Jun. 2006, pp. 792-796.
35. S. Mohamad, F. Tang, A. Amira, A. Bermak, and M. Benammar, "A low power oscillator based temperature sensor for RFID applications," in Proc. 5th Asia Symp. Quality Electron. Design, Aug. 2013, pp. 50-54.
36. D. Hotte, R. Siragusa, Y. Duroc, and S. Tedjini, "Performance optimization for the choice of impedances in the design of passive RFID tags," in Proc. IEEE-APS Top. Conf. Antennas Propag. Wireless Commun., Sep. 2013, pp. 1349-1352.
37. M. Donelli, "Guidelines for the design and optimization of wireless sensors based on the modulated scattering technique," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 63, no. 7, pp. 1824-1833, Jul. 2014.
38. A. Ricci, M. Grisanti, I. De Munari, and P. Ciampolini, "Improved pervasive sensing with RFID: An ultra-low power baseband processor for UHF tags," IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst., vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 1719-1729, Dec. 2009.
39. L. Chen et al., "Range extension of passive wake-up radio systems through energy harvesting," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun., Jun. 2013, pp. 1549-1554.
40. S. Sauer, A. Turke, A. Weder, and W.-J. Fischer, "Inkjet printed humidity threshold monitoring sensor solution with irreversible resistance change for passive RFID applications," in Proc. IEEE Sensors, Nov. 2013, DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2013. 6688307.
41. N. Cho, S.-J. Song, S. Kim, S. Kim, and H.-J. Yoo, "A 5.1-uW UHF RFID tag chip integrated with sensors for wireless environmental monitoring," in Proc. 31st Eur. Solid-State Circuits Conf., Sep. 2005, pp. 279-282.
42. M. Philipose et al., "Battery-free wireless identification and sensing," IEEE Perv. Comput., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 37-45, Jan. 2005.
43. D. De Donno, L. Catarinucci, and L. Tarricone, "A battery-assisted sensor-enhanced RFID tag enabling heterogeneous wireless sensor networks," IEEE Sensors J., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1048-1055, Apr. 2014.
44. N. Guilar, T. Kleeburg, A. Chen, D. Yankelevich, and R. Amirtharajah, "Integrated solar energy harvesting and storage," IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst., vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 627-637, May 2009.
45. D. Brunelli, C. Moser, L. Thiele, and L. Benini, "Design of a solar-harvesting circuit for batteryless embedded systems," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Reg. Papers, vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 2519-2528, Nov. 2009.
46. D. Kwon, G. Rincon-Mora, and E. Torres, "Harvesting ambient kinetic energy with switched-inductor converters," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Reg. Papers, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 1551-1560, Jul. 2011.
47. S. Mehraeen, S. Jagannathan, and K. Corzine, "Energy harvesting from vibration with alternate scavenging circuitry and tapered cantilever beam," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 820-830, Mar. 2010.
48. T. Le, K. Mayaram, and T. Fiez, "Efficient far-field radio frequency energy harvesting for passively powered sensor networks," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 1287-1302, May 2008.
49. G. Papotto, F. Carrara, and G. Palmisano, "A 90-nm CMOS threshold-compensated RF energy harvester," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 1985-1997, Sep. 2011.
50. S. Rahimizadeh, S. Korhummel, B. Kaslon, and Z. Popovic, "Scalable adaptive wireless powering of multiple electronic devices in an over-moded cavity," in Proc. IEEE Wireless Power Transfer, May 2013, pp. 84-87.
51. S. Scorcioni, L. Larcher, A. Bertacchini, L. Vincetti, and M. Maini, "An integrated RF energy harvester for UHF wireless powering applications," in Proc. IEEE Wireless Power Transfer, May 2013, pp. 92-95.
52. Z. Popovic, "Far-field wireless power delivery and power management for low-power sensors," in Proc. IEEE Wireless Power Transfer, May 2013, DOI: 10.1109/WPT.2013.6556867.
53. E. Falkenstein, M. Roberg, and Z. Popovic, "Low-power wireless power delivery," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 2277-2286, Jul. 2012.
54. S. Roundy, P. K. Wright, and J. Rabaey, "A study of low level vibrations as a power source for wireless sensor nodes," Comput. Commun., vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 1131-1144, 2003.
55. C. D. Richards, M. J. Anderson, D. F. Bahr, and R. F. Richards, "Efficiency of energy conversion for devices containing a piezoelectric component," J. Micromech. Microeng., vol. 14, no. 5, 2004, DOI: 10. 1088/0960-1317/14/5/009.
56. S. R. Anton and H. A. Sodano, "A review of power harvesting using piezoelectric materials (2003-2006)," Smart Mater. Struct., vol. 16, no. 3, 2007, DOI: 10.1088/0964-1726/16/3/R01.
57. Cymbet Corporation, "Energy harvesting and storage." [Online]. Available: http://www.cymbet.com/design-center/energy-harvesting.php#.
58. T. Armstrong, "Energy harvesting applications are everywhere," RTC, May 2011. [Online]. Available: http://www. rtcmagazine.com/articles/view/102133.
59. D. Puccinelli and M. Haenggi, "Wireless sensor networks: Applications and challenges of ubiquitous sensing," IEEE Circuits Syst. Mag., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 19-31, 2005.
60. L. Roselli et al., "WPT, RFID and energy harvesting: Concurrent technologies for the future networked society," in Proc. Asia-Pacific Microw. Conf., Nov. 2013, pp. 462-464.
61. H. Liu, M. Bolic, A. Nayak, and I. Stojmenovic, "Taxonomy and challenges of the integration of RFID and wireless sensor networks," IEEE Network, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 26-35, Nov. 2008.
62. D. Dardari, R. D'Errico, C. Roblin, A. Sibille, and M. Win, "Ultrawide bandwidth RFID: The next generation?" Proc. IEEE, vol. 98, no. 9, pp. 1570-1582, Sep. 2010.
63. C. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design. New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 2005, ser. Knovel Library.
64. K. Finkenzeller and D. Müller, RFID Handbook: Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards, Radio Frequency Identification and Near-Field Communication. New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 2010.
65. E. Perret, S. Tedjini, and R. Nair, "Design of antennas for UHF RFID tags," Proc. IEEE, vol. 100, no. 7, pp. 2330-2340, Jul. 2012.
66. K. V. S. Rao, P. Nikitin, and S. Lam, "Antenna design for UHF RFID tags: A review and a practical application," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 53, no. 12, pp. 3870-3876, Dec. 2005.
67. H. Chaabane, E. Perret, and S. Tedjini, "A methodology for the design of frequency and environment robust UHF RFID tags," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 3436-3441, Sep. 2011.
68. A. Babar, A. Elsherbeni, L. Sydanheimo, and L. Ukkonen, "RFID tags for challenging environments: Flexible high-dielectric materials and ink-jet printing technology for compact platform tolerant RFID tags," IEEE Microw. Mag., vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 26-35, Jul. 2013.
69. M. Scarpello, I. Kazani, C. Hertleer, H. Rogier, and D. Vande Ginste, "Stability and efficiency of screen-printed wearable and washable antennas," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 11, pp. 838-841, 2012.
70. V. Lakafosis et al., "Progress towards the first wireless sensor networks consisting of inkjet-printed, paper-based RFID-enabled sensor tags," Proc. IEEE, vol. 98, no. 9, pp. 1601-1609, Sep. 2010.
71. C. Mariotti, G. Orecchini, M. Virili, F. Alimenti, and L. Roselli, "Wireless localization in buildings by smart tiles," in Proc. IEEE Workshop Environ. Energy Struct. Monitoring Syst., Sep. 2012, pp. 7-11.
72. H. J. Song et al., "A method for improving the efficiency of transparent film antennas," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 7, pp. 753-756, 2008.
73. F. Colombel et al., "Ultra-thin metal layer, ITO film and ITO/Cu/ITO multilayer towards transparent antenna," IET Sci. Meas. Technol., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 229-234, May 2009.
74. D. Zito and D. Pepe, "System-on-a-chip radio transceivers for 60-GHz wireless body-centric communications," in Ultra-Wideband and 60 GHz Communications. New York, NY, USA: Springer-Verlag, 2014, pp. 177-187.
75. L. Martin et al., "Effect of permittivity and permeability of a flexible magnetic composite material on the performance and miniaturization capability of planar antennas for RFID and wearable wireless applications," IEEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Technol., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 849-858, Dec. 2009.
76. D. Kim and J. Yeo, "Low-profile RFID tag antenna using compact AMC substrate for metallic objects," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 7, pp. 718-720, 2008.
77. C. Kakoyiannis and P. Constantinou, "Compact WSN antennas of analytic geometry based on Chebyshev polynomials," in Proc. Antennas Propag. Conf., Nov. 2012, DOI: 10.1109/LAPC.2012.6402976.
78. H. Visser and R. Vullers, "RF energy harvesting and transport for wireless sensor network applications: Principles and requirements," Proc. IEEE, vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 1410-1423, Jun. 2013.
79. M. Pinuela, P. Mitcheson, and S. Lucyszyn, "Ambient RF energy harvesting in urban and semi-urban environments," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 61, no. 7, pp. 2715-2726, Jul. 2013.
80. K. M. Farinholt, G. Park, and C. Farrar, "RF energy transmission for a low-power wireless impedance sensor node," IEEE Sensors J., vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 793-800, Jul. 2009.
81. J. Hagerty, F. Helmbrecht, W. McCalpin, R. Zane, and Z. Popovic, "Recycling ambient microwave energy with broad-band rectenna arrays," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 1014-1024, Mar. 2004.
82. A. Collado and A. Georgiadis, "Conformal hybrid solar and electromagnetic (EM) energy harvesting rectenna," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Reg. Papers, vol. 60, no. 8, pp. 2225-2234, Aug. 2013.
83. T. Wu, R. Li, and M. Tentzeris, "A scalable solar antenna for autonomous integrated wireless sensor nodes," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 10, pp. 510-513, 2011.
84. A. Sample, J. Braun, A. Parks, and J. Smith, "Photovoltaic enhanced UHF RFID tag antennas for dual purpose energy harvesting," in Proc. IEEE Int. Con. RFID, Apr. 2011, pp. 146-153.
85. F. Alimenti et al., "A new contactless assembly method for paper substrate antennas and UHF RFID chips," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 627-637, Mar. 2011.
86. W. Pachler et al., "A silver ink-jet printed UHF booster antenna on flexible substratum with magnetically coupled RFID die on-chip antenna," in Proc. 7th Eur. Conf. Antennas Propag., Apr. 2013, pp. 1730-1733.
87. M. Virili, H. Rogier, F. Alimenti, P. Mezzanotte, and L. Roselli, "Wearable textile antenna magnetically coupled to flexible active electronic circuits," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 13, pp. 209-212, 2014.
88. H.-J. Yoo, "Your heart on your sleeve: Advances in textile-based electronics are weaving computers right into the clothes we wear," IEEE Solid-State Circuits Mag., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 59-70, Mar. 2013.
89. X. Jingtian et al., "Low-cost low-power UHF RFID tag with on-chip antenna," J. Semicond., vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 075012/1-075012/6, Jul. 2009.
90. M. Law, A. Bermak, and H. Luong, "A sub-W embedded CMOS temperature sensor for RFID food monitoring application," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 1246-1255, Jun. 2010.
91. Alien Technology Corporation, "Fluidic self assembly," White Paper, 1999. [Online]. Available: http://www.alientechnology.com.
92. C. Hertleer, H. Rogier, L. Vallozzi, and L. V. Langenhove, "A textile antenna for off-body communication integrated into protective clothing for firefighters," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 919-925, Apr. 2009.
93. X. Li, J. Liao, Y. Yuan, and D. Yu, "Eye-shaped segmented reader antenna for near-field UHF RFID applications," Progr. Electromagn. Res., vol. 114, pp. 481-493, 2011.
94. J.-J. Tiang, M. Islam, N. Misran, and J. S. Mandeep, "Circular microstrip slot antenna for dual-frequency RFID application," Progr. Electromagn. Res., vol. 120, pp. 499-512, 2011.
95. Y. Amin, Q. Chen, H. Tenhunen, and L.-R. Zheng, "Performance-optimized quadrate bowtie RFID antennas for cost-effective and eco-friendly industrial applications," Progr. Electromagn. Res., vol. 126, pp. 49-64, 2012.
96. Y. Amin, Q. Chen, L.-R. Zheng, and H. Tenhunen, "Development and analysis of flexible UHF RFID antennas for "green" electronics," Progr. Electromagn. Res., vol. 130, pp. 1-15, 2012.
97. F. Viani, M. Salucci, G. Olivieri, F. Robol, and A. Massa, "Design of UHF RFID/GPS fractal antenna for logistic management," J. Electromagn. Waves Appl., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 480-492, 2012.
98. A. Springer, R. Weigel, A. Pohl, and F. Seifert, "Wireless identification and sensing using surface acoustic wave devices," Mechatronics, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 745-756, Oct. 1999.
99. K. Chang, Y. Kim, Y. Kim, and Y. Yoon, "Functional antenna integrated with relative humidity sensor using synthetised polymide for passive RFID sensing," Electron. Lett., vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 1918-1923, May 2007.
100. S. Shrestha, M. Balachandran, M. Agarwal, V. Phoha, and K. Varahramyan, "A chipless RFID sensor system for cyber centric monitoring applications," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 1303-1309, May 2009.
101. C. Occhiuzzi, S. Cippitelli, and G. Marrocco, "Modeling, design and experimentation of wearable RFID sensor tag," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 58, no. 8, pp. 2490-2498, Aug. 2010.
102. A. Ramos, A. Lazaro, D. Girbau, and R. Villarino, "Time-domain measurement of time-coded UWB chipless RFID tags," Progr. Electromagn. Res., vol. 116, pp. 313-331, 2011.
103. R. Nair, E. Perret, and S. Tedjini, "Temporal multi-frequency encoding technique for chipless RFID applications," in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp. Dig., Montreal, QC, Canada, Jun. 2012, DOI: 10.1109/MWSYM. 2012.6259483.
104. R. Bhattacharyya, C. Floerkemeier, and S. Sarma, "Low-cost, ubiquitous RFID-tag-antenna-based sensing," Proc. IEEE, vol. 98, no. 9, pp. 1593-1600, Sep. 2010.
105. R. Potyrailo et al., "Development of radio-frequency identification sensors based on organic electronic sensing materials for selective detection of toxic vapors," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 106, no. 12, pp. 124 902-124 902-6, Dec. 2009.
106. V. Viikari and H. Seppa, "RFID MEMS sensor concept based on intermodulation distortion," IEEE Sensor J., vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 1918-1923, Dec. 2009.
107. J. Riley et al., "Tracking bees with harmonic radar," Nature, vol. 379, pp. 29-30, Jan. 1996.
108. S. Helbing et al., "Design and verification of a novel crossed dipole structure for quasi-optical frequency doublers," IEEE Microw. Guided Wave Lett., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 105-107, Mar. 2000.
109. F. Alimenti and L. Roselli, "Theory of zero-power RFID sensors based on harmonic generation and orthogonally polarized antennas," Progr. Electromagn. Res., vol. 134, pp. 337-357, 2013.
110. G. Lovei, I. Stringer, C. Devine, and M. Cartellieri, "Harmonic radarVA method using inexpensive tags to study invertebrate movement on land," New Zealand J. Ecology, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 187-193, 1997.
111. B. Colpitts and G. Boiteau, "Harmonic radar transceiver design: Miniature tags for insect tracking," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 2825-2832, Nov. 2004.
112. G. Orecchini et al., "Green technologies and RFID: Present and future," Appl. Comput. Electromagn. Soc. J., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 230-238, Mar. 2010.
113. S. Steudel et al., "Comparison of organic diode structures regarding high-frequency rectification behavior in radio-frequency identification tags," J. Appl. Phy., vol. 99, no. 11, Jun. 2006, 114519.
114. L. Valentini and J. Kenny, "Novel approaches to developing carbon nanotube based polymer composites: Fundamental studies and nanotech applications," Polymer, vol. 46, no. 17, pp. 6715-6718, Aug. 2005.
115. V. Marinov et al., "Direct-write vapor sensors on FR4 plastic substrates," IEEE Sensor J., vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 937-944, Jun. 2007.
116. T. Unander and H.-E. Nilsson, "Characterization of printed moisture sensors in packaging surveillance applications," IEEE Sensor J., vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 922-928, Aug. 2009.
117. S. Couderc, B. Kim, and T. Someya, "Cellulose-based composite as a raw material for flexible ANS ultra-lightweight mechanical switch devices," in Proc. IEEE 22nd Int. Conf. Micro Electro Mech. Syst., Sorrento, Italy, Jan. 2009, pp. 646-649.
118. P. F. Goldsmith, "Quasioptics in millimeterwave systems," in Proc. 12th Eur. Microw. Conf., Sep. 1982, pp. 16-24.
119. P. Goldsmith, "Quasi-optical techniques," Proc. IEEE, vol. 80, no. 11, pp. 1729-1747, Nov. 1992.
120. P. F. Goldsmith, Quasioptical Systems. New York, NY, USA: IEEE Press, 1998.
121. T. Djerafi, K. Wu, and S. Tatu, "3 dB 90-hybrid quasi-optical coupler with air field slab in SIW technology," IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 221-223, Apr. 2014.
122. A. Gonzalez, Y. Fujii, K. Kaneko, and Y. Uzawa, "Quasi-optical attenuators for alma band 10 receiver," in Proc. Asia-Pacific Microw. Conf. Proc., Dec. 2011, pp. 1977-1980.
123. K. Song, F. Zhang, S. Hu, and Y. Fan, "Millimeter-wave-wave quasi-optical low-loss power combiner based on dipole antenna," Electron. Lett., vol. 49, no. 18, pp. 1160-1162, Aug. 2013.
124. S. Kawasaki and T. Itoh, "Quasi-optical planar arrays with fets and slots," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 1838-1844, Oct. 1993.
125. S. Hollung, W. Shiroma, M. Markovic, and Z. Popovic, "A quasi-optical isolator," IEEE Microw. Guided Wave Lett., vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 205-206, May 1996.
126. N. Gagnon and J. Shaker, "Accurate phase measurement of passive non-reciprocal quasi-optical components," IEE Proc.VMicrow. Antennas Propag., vol. 152, no. 2, pp. 111-116, Apr. 2005.
127. R. Dickie, R. Cahill, V. Fusco, H. Gamble, and N. Mitchell, "THz frequency selective surface filters for earth observation remote sensing instruments," IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 450-461, Nov. 2011.
128. M. Euler and V. Fusco, "Quasi optical circulator X-band scale model utilizing a circular polarization frequency selective surface," in Proc. 4th Eur. Conf. Antennas Propag., Apr. 2010, pp. 1-4.
129. W. Shiroma, S. Bundy, S. Hollung, B. Bauernfeind, and Z. Popovic, "Cascaded active and passive quasi-optical grids," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 2904-2909, Dec. 1995.
130. J. Birkeland and T. Itoh, "A 16 element quasi-optical fet oscillator power combining array with external injection locking," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 475-481, Mar. 1992.
131. M. Forman, T. Marshall, and Z. Popovic, "Two Ka-band quasi-optical amplifier arrays," in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp. Dig., Jun. 1999, vol. 4, pp. 1829-1832.
132. S. Hollung, A. Cox, and Z. Popovic, "A bi-directional quasi-optical lens amplifier," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 2352-2357, Dec. 1997.
133. J. Hacker, R. Weikle, M. Kim, P. De Lisio, and D. Rutledge, "A 100-element planar Schottky diode grid mixer," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 557-562, Mar. 1992.
134. G. Chattopadhyay, D. Miller, H. LeDuc, and J. Zmuidzinas, "A dual-polarized quasi-optical SIS mixer at 550 GHz," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 48, no. 10, pp. 1680-1686, Oct. 2000.
135. V. Bezborodov, V. Kiseliov, Y. Kuleshov, and M. Yanovsky, "A terahertz quasi-optical polarization phase shifter with the crystal quartz phase sections," in Proc. 5th Int. Kharkov Symp. Phys. Eng. Microw. Millimeter Submillimeter Waves, Jun. 2004, vol. 2, pp. 603-605.
136. G. Denisov et al., "Fast quasi-optical phase shifter based on induced photoconductivity in silicon," in Proc. Joint 32nd Int. Conf. Infrared Millimeter Waves/15th Int. Conf. Terahertz Electron., Sep. 2007, pp. 795-796.
137. N. Camilleri, "A quasi-optical multiplying slot array," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 1189-1195, Nov. 1985.
138. A. Moussessian et al., "A terahertz grid frequency doubler," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 1976-1981, Nov. 1998.
139. M. Cryan et al., "Simulation and measurement of quasi-optical multipliers," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 451-464, Mar. 2001.
140. F. Jiang et al., "High-speed monolithic millimeter-wave switch array," IEEE Microw. Guided Wave Lett., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 112-114, Mar. 1998.
141. F. Alimenti et al., "Crossed dipole frequency doubling RFID TAG based on paper substrate and ink-jet printing technology," in Proc. IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp. Dig., May 2010, pp. 840-842.
142. M. Virili et al., "7.5-15 MHz organic frequency doubler made with pentacene-based diode and paper substrate," in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp. Dig., Tampa, FL, USA, Jun. 2014, DOI: 10.1109/MWSYM.2014.6848395.
143. L. Roselli et al., "Feasibility study of a fully organic frequency doubler for harmonic RFID applications," in Proc. IEEE 12th Top. Meeting Silicon Monolithic Integr. Circuits RF Syst., Jan. 2012, pp. 203-206.
144. R. Gonalves et al., "Smart floor: Indoor navigation based on RFID," in Proc. IEEE Wireless Power Transfer, May 2013, pp. 103-106.
145. G. Orecchini, L. Yang, M. Tentzeris, and L. Roselli, "Wearable battery-free active paper printed RFID tag with human-energy scavenger," in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp. Dig., Jun. 2011, DOI: 10.1109/MWSYM.2011.5973290.
146. C.-R. Yu, C.-L. Wu, C.-H. Lu, and L.-C. Fu, "Human localization via multi-cameras and floor sensors in smart home," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Syst. Man Cybern., Oct. 2006, vol. 5, pp. 3822-3827.
147. S. Chang, S. Ham, S. Kim, D. Suh, and H. Kim, "Ubi-floor: Design and pilot implementation of an interactive floor system," in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Intell. Human-Mach. Syst. Cybern., Aug. 2010, vol. 2, pp. 290-293.
148. J. Morgado and A. Konig, "Low-power concept and prototype of distributed resistive pressure sensor array for smart floor and surfaces in intelligent environments," in Proc. 9th Int. Multi-Conf. Syst. Signals Devices, Mar. 2012, DOI: 10.1109/SSD.2012. 6198020.
149. J. Zhao and Y. Wang, "Autonomous ultrasonic indoor tracking system," in Proc. Int. Symp. Parallel Distrib. Process. Appl., Dec. 2008, pp. 532-539.
150. R. Imura, "The role of networked RFID for driving the ubiquitous," in Proc. IEEE Conf. Emerging Technol. Factory Autom., Sep. 2006, pp. 1115-1118.
151. Y. Tan, K. Y. Hoe, and S. Panda, "Energy harvesting using piezoelectric igniter for self-powered radio frequency (RF) wireless sensors," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Ind. Technol., Dec. 2006, pp. 1711-1716.
152. Linx Technologies, "KH2 series transmitter/encoder data guide." [Online]. Available: https://www.linxtechnologies.com/resources/data-guides/txe-xxx-kh2.pdf.
153. D. Smith, D. Miniutti, T. Lamahewa, and L. Hanlen, "Propagation models for body-area networks: A survey and new outlook," IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 97-117, Oct. 2013.
154. IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area NetworksVPart 15.6: Wireless Body Area Networks, IEEE Std. 802.15.6-2012, Feb. 2012.
155. J. Thomas and M. Qidwai, "The design and application of multifunctional structure-battery materials systems," JOM, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 18-24, Mar. 2005.
156. A. Bonfiglio and D. De Rossi, Wearable Monitoring Systems. New York, NY, USA: Springer-Verlag, 2011.
157. S. Lee and B. Youn, "A design and experimental verification methodology for an energy harvester skin structure," Smart Mater. Struct., vol. 20, no. 5, May 2011, DOI: 10.1088/0964-1726/20/5/057001.
158. R. Vullers, R. van Schaijk, I. Doms, C. van Hoof, and R. Mertens, "Microwave energy harvesting," Solid-State Electron., vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 684-693, Apr. 2009.
159. P. Jaffe and J. McSpadden, "Energy conversion and transmission modules for space solar power," Proc. IEEE, vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 1424-1437, Jun. 2013.
160. J. McSpadden and J. Mankins, "Space solar power programs and microwave wireless power transmission technology," IEEE Microw. Mag., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 46-57, Dec. 2002.