Introduction: The interlocking network model for studying Urban networks: Outline, potential, critiques, and ways forward

Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie

Volumn 105, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 373-386

  Derudder, Ben ^a   Parnreiter, Christof ^b  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Global world cities; Interlocking network model; Producer service firms; Urban networks; World city network

Indexed keywords

EID: 84908216624     PISSN: 0040747X     EISSN: 14679663     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/tesg.12108     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Acuto,M. (2011), An Analytical Journey through the 'Invisible College'. Urban Studies 48, pp. 2953-2973.
2. Alderson, A.S. & J. Beckfield (2004), Power and Position in the World City System. American Journal of Sociology, 4, pp. 811-851.
3. Alderson, A., J. Beckfield & J. Sprague-Jones (2010), Intercity Relations and Globalisation: The Evolution of the Global Urban Hierarchy 1981-2007. Urban Studies 47, pp. 1899-1923.
4. Allen, J. (2010), Powerful City Networks: More than Connections, Less than Domination and Control. Urban Studies, 13, pp. 2895-2911.
5. Ancien, D. (2011), Global City Theory and the New Urban Politics Twenty Years On: The Case for a Geohistorical Materialist Approach to the (New) Urban Politics of Global Cities. Urban Studies, 12, pp. 2473-2493.
6. Bassens, D., B. Derudder & F. Witlox (2010), Searching for the Mecca of Finance: Islamic Financial Services and the World City Network. Area 42, pp. 35-46.
7. Beaverstock, J.V. (2005), Transnational Elites in the City: British Highly-skilled Migrants in New York City's Financial District. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31, pp. 245-268.
8. Beaverstock, J.V. (2007), World City Networks 'From Below': International Mobility and Inter-City Relations in the Global Investment Banking Industry. In: P.J. Taylor, B. Derudder & F. Witlox, eds., Cities in Globalization: Practices, Policies and Theories, pp. 52-71. London: Routledge.
9. Beaverstock, J.V., R.G. Smith, P.J. Taylor, D.R.F. Walker & H. Lorimer (2000), Globalization and World Cities: Some Measurement Methodologies. Applied Geography 20 (1), pp. 43-63.
10. Borgatti, S.P. & M.G. Everett (1997), Network Analysis of 2-mode Data. Social Networks 19 (3), pp. 243-269.
11. Brandt, A., C. Hahn, S. Krätke&M. Kiese (2009), Metropolitan Regions in the Knowledge Economy: Network Analysis as a Strategic Information Tool. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 100, pp. 236-249.
12. Brenner, N. (1998), Global Cities, Glocal States: Global City Formation and State Territorial Restructuring in Contemporary Europe. Review of International Political Economy 5, pp. 1-37.
13. Brown, E., B. Derudder, C. Parnreiter, W. Pelupessy, P.J. Taylor & F. Witlox (2010) World City Networks and Global Commodity Chains: Towards a World-Systems' Integration. Global Networks, 10, pp. 12-34.
14. Burger, M.J., E.J. Meijers & F.G. van Oort (2014), Multiple Perspectives on Functional Coherence: Heterogeneity and Multiplexity in the Randstad. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 105, pp. 444-464.
15. Bunnell, T. & A. Maringanti (2010), Practicing Urban and Regional Research Beyond Metrocentricity. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2, pp. 415-420.
16. Bunnell, T. & J.D. Sidaway (2012), Preface. In: X. Chen&A. Kanna, eds., Rethinking Global Urbanism, pp. xv-xvii. New York: Routledge.
17. Castells, M. (1996) The Rise of the Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell.
18. Castells, M. (2002) Local and Global: Cities in the Network Society. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 93, pp. 548-558.
19. Derudder, B. & C. Parnreiter (2014), Bibliographic Survey of 'Interlocking Network Model'-Inspired Research. Available from . Accessed 1 July 2014.
20. Faulconbridge, J.R., S. Hall & J.V. Beaverstock (2008), New Insights into the Internationalization of Producer Services: Organizational Strategies and Spatial Economies for Global Headhunting Firms. Environment and Planning A 40, pp. 210-234.
21. Fujita, K. (2003), Neo-industrial Tokyo: Urban Development and Globalisation in Japan's Statecentred Developmental Capitalism. Urban Studies, 2, pp. 249-281.
22. Friedmann, J. (1986), The World City Hypothesis. Development and Change 17, pp. 69-83.
23. Friedmann, J. & G. Wolff (1982), World City Formation: An Agenda for Research and Action. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 6, pp. 309-344.
24. Fröbel, F., J. Heinrichs&O. Kreye (1980), The New International Division of Labour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
25. Grosfoguel, R. (1995), Global Logics in the Caribbean City System: The Case of Miami. In: P.L. Knox & P.J. Taylor, eds., World Cities in a World-System, pp. 156-170. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
26. Hall, P. & K. Pain (2006), The Polycentric Metropolis: Learning from Mega-City Regions in Europe. Abingdon: Earthscan.
27. Hennemann, S. & B. Derudder (2014), An Alternative Approach to the Calculation and Analysis of Connectivity in the World City Network. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 41, pp. 392-412.
28. Hoyler, M. & A. Watson (2013), Global Media Cities in Transnational Media Networks. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 104, pp. 90-108.
29. Jacobs, W., H.R.A. Koster & F. van Oort (2013), Co-agglomeration of Knowledge-intensive Services and Multinational Enterprises. Journal of Economic Geography 11, pp. 1-33.
30. Jacobs, W. (2014), Rotterdam and Amsterdam as Trading Places? In Search of the Economic-Geographical Nexus between Global Commodity Chains and World Cities. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 105, pp. 483-491.
31. Jones, A.M. (2002), The 'Global City' Misconceived: The Myth of 'Global Management' in Transnational Service Firms. Geoforum 33, pp. 335-350.
32. King, A.D. (1991), Global Cities: Post-imperialism and the Internationalization of London. London: Routledge.
33. Korff, R. (1987), The World City Hypothesis: A Critique. Development and Change 18, pp. 483-495.
34. Krätke, S. & P.J. Taylor (2004), A World Geography of Global Media Cities. European Planning Studies 12, pp. 459-477.
35. Lai, K. (2012), Differentiated Markets: Shanghai, Beijing and Hong Kong in China's Financial Centre Network. Urban Studies 49, pp. 1275-1296.
36. Lambregts, B. (2008), Geographies of Knowledge Formation in Mega-city Regions: Some Evidence from the Dutch Randstad. Regional Studies 42, pp. 1173-1186.
37. Liu, X. & B. Derudder (2012), Two-mode Networks and the Interlocking World City Network Model: A Reply to Neal. Geographical Analysis 44, pp. 171-173.
38. Liu, X., B. Derudder, F. Witlox & M. Hoyler (2014), Cities as Networks within Networks of Cities: The Evolution of the City/Firm-duality in the World City Network, 2000-2010. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 105, pp. 465-482.
39. Lüthi, S., A. Thierstein, & M. Bentlage (2013), The Relational Geography of the Knowledge Economy in Germany: On Functional Urban Hierarchies and Localised Value Chain Systems. Urban Studies 50, pp. 276-293.
40. Mahutga, M.C., X. Ma, D.A. Smith & M. Timberlake (2010), Economic Globalisation and the Structure of the World City System: The Case of Airline Passenger Data. Urban Studies 47, pp. 1925-1947.
41. Mans, U. (2014), Revisiting city connectivity. Journal of Economic Geography, 14, pp. 155-177.
42. Massey, D. (2007), World City. Cambridge: Polity Press.
43. Matthiessen, C.W., A.W. Schwarz & S. Find (2010), World Cities of Scientific Knowledge: Systems, Networks and Potential Dynamics. An Analysis Based on Bibliometric Indicators. Urban Studies 47, pp. 1879-1897.
44. McCann, E. (2004), Urban Political Economy Beyond the 'Global City'. Urban Studies, 41, pp. 2315-2333.
45. Musil, R. (2014), The European World City -globalised growth machine or prisoner of the national economy?
46. Neal, Z.P. (2008), The Duality of World Cities and Firms: Comparing Networks, Hierarchies, and Inequalities in the Global Economy. Global Networks, 8, pp. 94-115.
47. Neal, Z.P. (2013), Brute Force and Sorting Processes: Two Perspectives on World City Network Formation. Urban Studies, 50, 1277-1291.
48. Neal, Z. (2014), Validity in World City Networks. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 105, pp. 427-443.
49. Olds, K. & H. Yeung (2004), Pathways to Global City Formation: A View from the Developmental Citystate of Singapore. Review of International Political Economy, 3, pp. 489-521.
50. Parnreiter, C. (2010), Global Cities in Global Commodity Chains: Exploring the Role of Mexico City in the Geography of Global Economic Governance. Global Networks 10, pp. 35-53.
51. Parnreiter, C. (2014a), Network or Hierarchical Relations? A Plea to Redirecting Attention to the Control Functions of Global Cities Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 105, pp. 398-411.
52. Parnreiter, C. (2014b), Scrutinizing the Role of Producer Service Firms in Global Cities: The Case of Hamburg. Paper presented at the ARL International Summer School 2014 Global Urban Networks, Loughborough, UK, 31 August-3 September.
53. Robinson, J. (2002), Global and World Cities: A View from off the Map. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 26, pp. 531-554.
54. Robinson, J. (2006), Ordinary Cities: Between Modernity and Development. London: Routledge.
55. Sassen, S. (1991), The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
56. Sassen, S. (1995), On Concentration and Centrality in the Global City. In: P.L. Knox, P.J. Taylor, eds., World Cities in a World-system, pp. 63-78. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
57. Sassen, S. (2001), The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo, 2nd edn. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
58. Sassen, S. (2006), Cities in a World Economy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
59. Sayer, A. (1992), Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach. London: Routledge.
60. Schmitt, P. & L. Smas (2012), Multi-scalar 'Intercity Connectivities' from a Northern European Perspective. GaWC Research Bulletin 411, Available at . Accessed 26 June 2014.
61. Shatkin, G. (2007), Global Cities of the South: Emerging perspectives on growth and inequality. Cities, 1, pp. 1-15.
62. Short, J., Y. Kim, M. Kuss & H. Wells (1996), The Dirty Little Secret of World City Research. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 20, pp. 697-717.
63. Smith, D.A. & M. Timberlake (1995), Conceptualising and Mapping the Structure of the World System's City System. Urban Studies 32 , pp. 287-302.
64. Smith, M.P. (2001), Transnational Urbanism. Locating Globalization. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
65. Smith, R. (2003a), World city topologies. Progress in Human Geography, 5, pp. 561-582.
66. Smith, R. (2003b), World city actor-networks. Progress in Human Geography, 1, pp. 25-44.
67. Smith, R.G. (2014), Beyond the Global City Concept. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 1, pp. 98-115.
68. Smith, R.G. & M. Doel (2011), Questioning the Theoretical Basis of Current Global-city Research: Structures, Networks, and Actor-networks. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 35, pp. 24-39.
69. Swyngedouw, E. (2000), Authoritarian governance, power, and the politics of rescaling. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 1, pp. 63-76.
70. Taylor, P.J. (1997), Hierarchical Tendencies amongst World Cities: A Global Research Proposal. Cities, 14, pp. 323-332.
71. Taylor, P.J. (2001), Specification of the World City Network. Geographical Analysis 33, pp. 181-194.
72. Taylor, P.J. (2004), The New Geography of Global Civil Society: NGO's in the World City Network. Globalizations 1, pp. 265-277.
73. Taylor, P.J. (2013),TheChallengeFacingWorldCity Network Analysis. Available at . Accessed 1 July 2014.
74. Taylor, P.J. (2014) A Research Odyssey: From Interlocking Network Model to Extraordinary Cities Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 105, pp. 387-397.
75. Taylor, P.J., G. Catalano & D.R.F. Walker (2002), Measurement of the World City Network. Urban Studies 39, pp. 2367-2376.
76. Taylor, P.J., D. Evans&K. Pain (2008), Application of the Inter-locking Network Model to Mega-city Regions: Measuring Polycentricity within and beyond City-regions. Regional Studies 42, pp. 1079-1093.
77. Taylor, P.J., P. Ni, B. Derudder, M. Hoyler, J. Huang & F. Witlox (2011), Global Urban Analysis. London: Earthscan.
78. Taylor, P.J., B. Derudder, M. Hoyler and P. Ni (2013), New regional geographies of the world as practised by leading advanced producer service firms in 2010. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 38, pp. 497-511.
79. Therborn, G. (2011), End of a Paradigm: The Current Crisis and the Idea of Stateless Cities. Environment and Planning A 43, pp. 272-285.
80. Thierstein, A., S. Lüthi, C. Kruse, S. Gabi & L. Glanzmann (2008), The Changing Value Chain of the Swiss Knowledge Economy - Spatial Impact of Intra-firm and Inter-firm Networks within the Emerging Mega-City Region of Northern Switzerland. Regional Studies 42, pp. 1113-1131.
81. Verhetsel,A. & S. Sel (2009), World Maritime Cities: From which Cities do Maritime Decisionmakers Operate? Papers of ERSA 2008 Liverpool: 48th European Congress of the Regional Science Association International. Liverpool: University of Liverpool.
82. Vinciguerra, S., K. Frenken&M. Valente (2010), The Geography of Internet Infrastructure: an Evolutionary Simulation Approach Based on Preferential Attachment. Urban Studies 47, pp. 1969-1984.
83. Watson, A. & J. Beaverstock (2014), World City Network Research at a Theoretical Impasse: On the Need to Re-establish Qualitative Approaches to Understanding Agency in World City Networks. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 105, pp. 412-426.
84. Wójcik, S. (2013), The Dark Side of NY-LON: Financial Centres and the Global Financial Crisis. Urban Studies, 13, pp. 2736-2752.