Flame retardant exposures in California early childhood education environments

Chemosphere

Volumn 116, Issue , 2014, Pages 61-66

  Bradman, Asa ^a   Castorina, Rosemary ^a   Gaspar, Fraser ^a   Nishioka, Marcia ^b   Colón, Maribel ^c   Weathers, Walter ^c   Egeghy, Peter P ^c   Maddalena, Randy ^d   Williams, Jeffery ^e   Jenkins, Peggy L ^e   McKone, Thomas E ^a,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^d LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^e CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD   (United States)

Author keywords

Child care; Children; Exposure; Flame retardant; PBDEs

Indexed keywords

DUST; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; PLASTICIZERS;

CHILD CARE; CHILDREN; EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATIONS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EXPOSURE; PBDES; POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; TRIS(2-CHLOROETHYL) PHOSPHATE;

FLAME RETARDANTS;

2,2',4,4',5,5' HEXABROMODIPHENYL ETHER; CARCINOGEN; FLAME RETARDANT; PHOSPHATE; PHOSPHORIC ACID TRIS(2 CHLOROETHYL) ESTER; POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHER; TRIS(1,3 DICHLOROISOPROPYL)PHOSPHATE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; AIR POLLUTANT; DIPHENYL ETHER DERIVATIVE; DUST; ORGANOPHOSPHATE;

CARCINOGEN; CHILD CARE; CHILD HEALTH; DUST; FOAM; GUIDELINE; HEALTH RISK; PBDE; POLLUTION EXPOSURE; SAMPLING; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS;

AIR SAMPLING; ARTICLE; CANCER RISK; CHILD; CHILDHOOD; DUST; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FOAM; HAZARD ASSESSMENT; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RISK ASSESSMENT; UNITED STATES; AIR POLLUTANT; ANALYSIS; DAY CARE; FEMALE; HOUSING; INDOOR AIR POLLUTION; MALE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; SCHOOL;

CALIFORNIA; UNITED STATES;

AIR POLLUTANTS; AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR; CALIFORNIA; CHILD DAY CARE CENTERS; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DUST; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; FLAME RETARDANTS; HALOGENATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; HOUSING; HUMANS; MALE; ORGANOPHOSPHATES; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCHOOLS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84908215869     PISSN: 00456535     EISSN: 18791298     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.072     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. ATSDR Public Health Assessment Guidance Manual 2005, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA.
2. Blum A. The fire retardant dilemma. Science 2007, 318:194-195.
3. Blum A., Ames B.N. Flame-retardant additives as possible cancer hazards. Science 1977, 195:17-23.
4. California Health and Safety Code, Division 104, sections §108920-108923.
5. Chevrier J., Harley K.G., Bradman A., Gharbi M., Sjödin A., Eskenazi B. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy. Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118:1444-1449.
6. Clifton M.S., Wargo J.P., Weathers W.S., Colon M., Bennett D.H., Tulve N.S. Quantitative analysis of organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides, pyrethroid transformation products, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and bisphenol A in residential surface wipe samples. J. Chromatogr. A 2013, 1273:1-11.
7. Community Care Licensing Division, 2010. In: California Department of Social Services, (accessed 10.01.10) http://www.ccld.ca.gov/docs/ccld_search/ccld_search.aspx.
8. Dingemans M.M., van den Berg M., Westerink R.H. Neurotoxicity of brominated flame retardants: (in)direct effects of parent and hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers on the (developing) nervous system. Environ. Health Perspect. 2011, 119:900-907.
9. Dodson R.E., Perovich L.J., Covaci A., Van den Eede N., Ionas A.C., Dirtu A.C., Brody J.G., Rudel R.A. After the PBDE phase-out: a broad suite of flame retardants in repeat house dust samples from California. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46:13056-13066.
10. Eskenazi B., Fenster L., Castorina R., Marks A.R., Sjödin A., Rosas L.G., Holland N., Guerra A.G., Lopez-Carillo L., Bradman A. A comparison of PBDE serum concentrations in Mexican and Mexican-American children living in California. Environ. Health Perspect. 2011, 119:1442-1448.
11. Eskenazi B., Chevrier J., Rauch S.A., Kogut K., Harley K.G., Johnson C., Trujillo C., Sjödin A., Bradman A. In utero and childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposures and neurodevelopment in the CHAMACOS study. Environ. Health Perspect. 2013, 121:257-262.
12. Gascon M., Vrijheid M., Martinez D., Forns J., Grimalt J.O., Torrent M., Sunyer J. Effects of pre and postnatal exposure to low levels of polybromodiphenyl ethers on neurodevelopment and thyroid hormone levels at 4 years of age. Environ. Int. 2011, 37:605-611.
13. Gold M.D., Blum A., Ames B.N. Another flame retardant, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)-phosphate, and its expected metabolites are mutagens. Science 1978, 200:785-787.
14. Great Lakes Chemical Corporation, 2005. Great Lakes chemical corporation completed phase-out of two flame retardants. In: PR Newswire; PR Newswire, Indianapolis.
15. Hamers T., Kamstra J.H., Sonneveld E., Murk A.J., Kester M.H., Andersson P.L., Legler J., Brouwer A. In vitro profiling of the endocrine-disrupting potency of brominated flame retardants. Toxicol. Sci.: Official J. Soc. Toxicol. 2006, 92:157-173.
16. Herbstman J.B., Sjödin A., Kurzon M., Lederman S.A., Jones R.S., Rauh V., Needham L.L., Tang D., Niedzwiecki M., Wang R.Y., Perera F. Prenatal exposure to PBDEs and neurodevelopment. Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118:712-719.
17. Hornung R., Reed L. Estimation of average concentration in the presence of nondetectable values. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 1991, 5:46-51.
18. Johnson P.I., Stapleton H.M., Sjödin A., Meeker J.D. Relationships between polybrominated diphenyl ether concentrations in house dust and serum. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44:5627-5632.
19. Johnson P.I., Stapleton H.M., Mukherjee B., Hauser R., Meeker J.D. Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men. Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 445-446:177-184.
20. La Guardia M.J., Hale R.C., Harvey E. Detailed polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener composition of the widely used penta-, octa-, and deca-PBDE technical flame-retardant mixtures. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:6247-6254.
21. Legler J., Brouwer A. Are brominated flame retardants endocrine disruptors?. Environ. Int. 2003, 29:879-885.
22. Lunder S., Hovander L., Athanassiadis I., Bergman A. Significantly higher polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in young U.S. children than in their mothers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44:5256-5262.
23. OEHHA, 2001. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). Proposition 65: Process for Developing Safe Harbor Numbers. California Environmental Protection Agency. http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/policy_procedure/pdf_zip/SafeHarborProcess.pdf.
24. OEHHA, 2011. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). Evidence on the Carcinogenicity of Tris(1,3-Dichloro-2-Propyl) Phosphate. July 2011. http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/hazard_ident/pdf_zip/TDCPP070811.pdf.
25. Patisaul H.B., Roberts S.C., Mabrey N., McCaffrey K.A., Gear R.B., Braun J., Belcher S.M., Stapleton H.M. Accumulation and endocrine disrupting effects of the flame retardant mixture Firemaster® 550 in rats: an exploratory assessment. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 2013, 27:124-136.
26. Quirós-Alcalá L., Bradman A., Nishioka M., Harnly M.E., Hubbard A., McKone T.E., Eskenazi B. Concentrations and loadings of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in dust from low-income households in California. Environ. Int. 2011, 37:592-596.
27. Roberts J.W., Budd W.T., Ruby M.G., Bond A.E., Lewis R.G., Wiener R.W., Camann D.E. Development and field testing of a high volume sampler for pesticides and toxics in dust. J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 1991, 1:143-155.
28. Roze E., Meijer L., Bakker A., Van Braeckel K.N., Sauer P.J., Bos A.F. Prenatal exposure to organohalogens, including brominated flame retardants, influences motor, cognitive, and behavioral performance at school age. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 117:1953-1958.
29. Sjödin A., Papke O., McGahee E., Focant J.F., Jones R.S., Pless-Mulloli T., Toms L.M., Herrmann T., Muller J., Needham L.L., Patterson D.G. Concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in household dust from various countries. Chemosphere 2008, 73:S131-136.
30. Sjödin A., Wong L.Y., Jones R.S., Park A., Zhang Y., Hodge C., Dipietro E., McClure C., Turner W., Needham L.L., Patterson D.G. Serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) in the United States population: 2003-2004. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:1377-1384.
31. Stapleton H.M., Klosterhaus S., Eagle S., Fuh J., Meeker J.D., Blum A., Webster T.F. Detection of organophosphate flame retardants in furniture foam and U.S. house dust. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:7490-7495.
32. Stapleton H.M., Klosterhaus S., Keller A., Ferguson P.L., van Bergen S., Cooper E., Webster T.F., Blum A. Identification of flame retardants in polyurethane foam collected from baby products. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45:5323-5331.
33. Stapleton H.M., Eagle S., Sjödin A., Webster T.F. Serum PBDEs in a North Carolina toddler cohort: associations with handwipes, house dust, and socioeconomic variables. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012, 120:1049-1054.
34. Stapleton H.M., Sharma S., Getzinger G., Ferguson P.L., Gabriel M., Webster T.F., Blum A. Novel and high volume use flame retardants in US couches reflective of the 2005 PentaBDE phase out. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46:13432-13439.
35. State of California Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986. Chemicals Known to the State to Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity. 2011. http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/files/P65single102811.pdf.
36. Toms L.M., Sjödin A., Harden F., Hobson P., Jones R., Edenfield E., Mueller J.F. Serum polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels are higher in children (2-5 years of age) than in infants and adults. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 117:1461-1465.
37. Tulve N.S., Jones P.A., Nishioka M.G., Fortmann R.C., Croghan C.W., Zhou J.Y., Fraser A., Cavel C., Friedman W. Pesticide measurements from the first national environmental health survey of child care centers using a multi-residue GC/MS analysis method. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:6269-6274.
38. Turyk M.E., Persky V.W., Imm P., Knobeloch L., Chatterton R., Anderson H.A. Hormone disruption by PBDEs in adult male sport fish consumers. Environ. Health Perspect. 2008, 116:1635-1641.
39. U.S. EPA, 2008a. 2,2',4,4',5,5'-Hexabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-153) in Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). National Center for Environmental Assessment. Washington, DC.
40. U.S. EPA, 2008b. Toxicological Review of 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-47) in Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC.
41. U.S. EPA, 2008c. Toxicological Review of 2,2',4,4',5-Pentabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-99) in Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC.
42. U.S. EPA, 2008d. Toxicological Review of Decabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-209) in Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). EPA/635/R-07/008F. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC.
43. US EPA, 2011. U.S. EPA. Exposure Factors Handbook 2011 Edition (Final). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-09/052F, 2011.
44. Webster T.F., Harrad S., Millette J.R., Holbrook R.D., Davis J.M., Stapleton H.M., Allen J.G., McClean M.D., Ibarra C., Abdallah M.A., Covaci A. Identifying transfer mechanisms and sources of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) in indoor environments using environmental forensic microscopy. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:3067-3072.
45. Wu N., McClean M.D., Brown P., Aschengrau A., Webster T.F. Participant experiences in a breastmilk biomonitoring study: a qualitative assessment. Environ. Health: Global Access Sci. Source 2009, 8:4.
46. Zhou T., Taylor M.M., DeVito M.J., Crofton K.M. Developmental exposure to brominated diphenyl ethers results in thyroid hormone disruption. Toxicol. Sci.: Official J. Soc. Toxicol. 2002, 66:105-116.
47. Zota A.R., Rudel R.A., Morello-Frosch R.A., Brody J.G. Elevated house dust and serum concentrations of PBDEs in California: unintended consequences of furniture flammability standards?. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:8158-8164.