Phlebitis risk varies by peripheral venous catheter site and increases after 96 hours: A large multi-centre prospective study

Journal of Advanced Nursing

Volumn 70, Issue 11, 2014, Pages 2539-2549

  Cicolini, Giancarlo ^a,b   Manzoli, Lamberto ^a   Simonetti, Valentina ^a   Flacco, Maria Elena ^a   Comparcini, Dania ^a   Capasso, Lorenzo ^a   Di Baldassarre, Angela ^a   Eltaji Elfarouki, Ghaleb ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHIETI   (Italy)

^b ASL   (Italy)

^c BOCCONI UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

Author keywords

Catheter site; Catheter time in situ; Catheterization; Iatrogenic events; Infusion related phlebitis; Nurses; Nursing; Peripheral venous catheter; Phlebitis; Thrombo phlebitis

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ADVERSE EFFECTS; AGED; CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER; CLINICAL TRIAL; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTICENTER STUDY; PHLEBITIS; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; VERY ELDERLY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFUSIONS, INTRAVENOUS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PHLEBITIS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; VASCULAR ACCESS DEVICES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84908110079     PISSN: 03092402     EISSN: 13652648     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jan.12403     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Abbas S.Z., de Vries T.K., Shaw S. & Abbas S.Q. (2007) Use and complications of peripheral vascular catheters: a prospective study. British Journal of Nursing 16(11), 648, 650, 652.
2. Bregenzer T., Conen D., Sakmann P. & Widmer A.F. (1998) Is routine replacement of peripheral intravenous catheters necessary? Archives of Internal Medicine 158(2), 151-156.
3. Cicolini G., Bonghi A.P., Di Labio L. & Di Mascio R. (2009) Position of peripheral venous cannulae and the incidence of thrombophlebitis: an observational study. Journal of Advanced Nursing 65(6), 1268-1273.
4. Cornely O.A., Bethe U., Pauls R. & Waldschmidt D. (2002) Peripheral Teflon catheters: factors determining incidence of phlebitis and duration of cannulation. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 23(5), 249-253.
5. Curran E.T., Coia J.E., Gilmour H., McNamee S. & Hood J. (2000) Multi-centre research surveillance project to reduce infections/phlebitis associated with peripheral vascular catheters. Journal of Hospital Infection 46(3), 194-202.
6. Department of Health (2011) Peripheral Intravenous Cannula Care Bundle. System, U. N. H., London.
7. Forni C., Loro L., Tremosini M., Trofa C., D'Alessandro F., Sabbatini T., Kapron M., Genco R., Schiavone M., Borri C., Bombino C., Notarnicola T., Amodeo A., Boschi R., Capezzali D., Mosci D. & Mini S. (2010) Cohort study of peripheral catheter related complications and identification of predictive factors in a population of orthopedic patients. Assistenza Infermieristica e Ricerca 29(4), 166-173.
8. Gallant P. & Schultz A.A. (2006) Evaluation of a visual infusion phlebitis scale for determining appropriate discontinuation of peripheral intravenous catheters. Journal of Infusion Nursing 29(6), 338-345.
9. Hasselberg D., Ivarsson B., Andersson R. & Tingstedt B. (2010) The handling of peripheral venous catheters-from non-compliance to evidence-based needs. Journal of Clinical Nursing 19(23-24), 3358-3363.
10. Homer L.D. & Holmes K.R. (1998) Risks associated with 72- and 96-hour peripheral intravenous catheter dwell times. Journal of Intravenous Nursing 21(5), 301-305.
11. Hosmer D. & Lemeshow S. (eds) (1999) Applied Survival Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
12. Idvall E. & Gunningberg L. (2006) Evidence for elective replacement of peripheral intravenous catheter to prevent thrombophlebitis: a systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing 55(6), 715-722.
13. Infusion Nurses Society (2006) Infusion nursing standards of practice. Journal of Infusion Nursing 29(Suppl 1), S1-S92.
14. Kagel E.M. & Rayan G.M. (2004) Intravenous catheter complications in the hand and forearm. Journal of Trauma 56(1), 123-127.
15. Karadag A. & Gorgulu S. (2000) Effect of two different short peripheral catheter materials on phlebitis development. Journal of Intravenous Nursing 23(3), 158-166.
16. Karadeniz G., Kutlu N., Tatlisumak E. & Ozbakkaloglu B. (2003) Nurses' knowledge regarding patients with intravenous catheters and phlebitis interventions. Journal of Vascular Nursing 21(2), 44-47; quiz 48-49.
17. Lai L.P., Lin J.L., Chen T.F., Ko W.C. & Lien W.P. (1998) Clinical, electrophysiological characteristics and radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial tachycardia near the apex of Koch's triangle. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 21(2), 367-374.
18. Lee W.L., Chen H.L., Tsai T.Y., Lai I.C., Chang W.C., Huang C.H. & Fang C.T. (2009) Risk factors for peripheral intravenous catheter infection in hospitalized patients: a prospective study of 3165 patients. American Journal of Infection Control 37(8), 683-686.
19. Lundgren A., Jorfeldt L. & Ek A.C. (1993) The care and handling of peripheral intravenous cannulae on 60 surgery and internal medicine patients: an observation study. Journal of Advanced Nursing 18(6), 963-971.
20. Maki D.G. & Martin W.T. (1975) Nationwide epidemic of septicemia caused by contaminated infusion products. IV. Growth of microbial pathogens in fluids for intravenous infusions. Journal of Infectious Diseases 131(3), 267-272.
21. Maki D.G. & Ringer M. (1991) Risk factors for infusion-related phlebitis with small peripheral venous catheters. A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 114(10), 845-854.
22. Maki D.G., Kluger D.M. & Crnich C.J. (2006) The risk of bloodstream infection in adults with different intravascular devices: a systematic review of 200 published prospective studies. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 81(9), 1159-1171.
23. McCallum L. & Higgins D. (2012) Care of peripheral venous cannula sites. Nursing Times 108(34-35), 12, 14-15.
24. Melly M.A., Meng H.C. & Schaffner W. (1975) Microbiol growth in lipid emulsions used in parenteral nutrition. Archives of Surgery 110(12), 1479-1481.
25. Mermel L.A., Farr B.M., Sherertz R.J., Raad I.I., O'Grady N., Harris J.S. & Craven D.E. (2001) Guidelines for the management of intravascular catheter-related infections. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 22(4), 222-242.
26. Mestre Roca G., Berbel Bertolo C., Tortajada Lopez P., Gallemi Samaranch G., Aguilar Ramirez M.C., Cayla Buqueras J., Rodriguez-Bano J. & Martinez J.A. (2012) Assessing the influence of risk factors on rates and dynamics of peripheral vein phlebitis: an observational cohort study. Medicina Clínica 139(5), 185-191.
27. O'Grady N.P., Alexander M., Burns L.A., Dellinger E.P., Garland J., Heard S.O., Lipsett P.A., Masur H., Mermel L.A., Pearson M.L., Raad I.I., Randolph A.G., Rupp M.E. & Saint S. (2011) Summary of recommendations: guidelines for the Prevention of Intravascular Catheter-related Infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases 52(9), 1087-1099.
28. Parruti G., Tontodonati M., Rebuzzi C., Polilli E., Sozio F., Consorte A., Agostinone A., Di Masi F., Congedo G., D'Antonio D., Granchelli C., D'Amario C., Carunchio C., Pippa L., Manzoli L. & Volpi A. (2010) Predictors of pain intensity and persistence in a prospective Italian cohort of patients with herpes zoster: relevance of smoking, trauma and antiviral therapy. BMC Medicine 8, 58.
29. Rabe-Hesketh S. & Skrondal A. (ed.) (2008) Multilevel and Longitudinal Modelling using Stata. Stata Press, College Station, TX.
30. Rego Furtado L.C. (2011) Incidence and predisposing factors of phlebitis in a surgery department. British Journal of Nursing 20(14), S16-S18, S20, S22 passim.
31. Reilly J., Stewart S., Allardice G., Noone A., Robertson C., Walker A. & Coubrough S. (2007) NHS Scotland national HAI prevalence survey. Final Report 2007, Health Protection Scotland.
32. Rickard C.M., McCann D., Munnings J. & McGrail M.R. (2010) Routine resite of peripheral intravenous devices every 3 days did not reduce complications compared with clinically indicated resite: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Medicine 8, 53.
33. Rickard C.M., Webster J., Wallis M.C., Marsh N., McGrail M.R., French V., Foster L., Gallagher P., Gowardman J.R., Zhang L., McClymont A. & Whitby M. (2012) Routine versus clinically indicated replacement of peripheral intravenous catheters: a randomised controlled equivalence trial. Lancet 380(9847), 1066-1074.
34. Sheth N.K., Franson T.R., Rose H.D., Buckmire F.L., Cooper J.A. & Sohnle P.G. (1983) Colonization of bacteria on polyvinyl chloride and Teflon intravascular catheters in hospitalized patients. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 18(5), 1061-1063.
35. Singh R., Bhandary S. & Pun K.D. (2008) Peripheral intravenous catheter related phlebitis and its contributing factors among adult population at KU Teaching Hospital. Kathmandu University Medical Journal (KUMJ) 6(24), 443-447.
36. Soifer N.E., Borzak S., Edlin B.R. & Weinstein R.A. (1998) Prevention of peripheral venous catheter complications with an intravenous therapy team: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 158(5), 473-477.
37. Tagalakis V., Kahn S.R., Libman M. & Blostein M. (2002) The epidemiology of peripheral vein infusion thrombophlebitis: a critical review. American Journal of Medicine 113(2), 146-151.
38. Tager I.B., Ginsberg M.B., Ellis S.E., Walsh N.E., Dupont I., Simchen E. & Faich G.A. (1983) An epidemiologic study of the risks associated with peripheral intravenous catheters. American Journal of Epidemiology 118(6), 839-851.
39. Tomford J.W., Hershey C.O., McLaren C.E., Porter D.K. & Cohen D.I. (1984) Intravenous therapy team and peripheral venous catheter-associated complications. A prospective controlled study. Archives of Internal Medicine 144(6), 1191-1194.
40. Uslusoy E. & Mete S. (2008) Predisposing factors to phlebitis in patients with peripheral intravenous catheters: a descriptive study. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 20(4), 172-180.
41. Van Donk P., Rickard C.M., McGrail M.R. & Doolan G. (2009) Routine replacement versus clinical monitoring of peripheral intravenous catheters in a regional hospital in the home program: a randomized controlled trial. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 30(9), 915-917.
42. Webster J., Lloyd S., Hopkins T., Osborne S. & Yaxley M. (2007) Developing a Research base for Intravenous Peripheral cannula re-sites (DRIP trial). A randomised controlled trial of hospital in-patients. International Journal of Nursing Studies 44(5), 664-671.
43. Webster J., Clarke S., Paterson D., Hutton A., van Dyk S., Gale C. & Hopkins T. (2008) Routine care of peripheral intravenous catheters versus clinically indicated replacement: randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal 337, a339.
44. Webster J., Osborne S., Rickard C. & Hall J. (2010) Clinically-indicated replacement versus routine replacement of peripheral venous catheters. Cochrane Database Systematic Review (3), CD007798.
45. White S.A. (2001) Peripheral intravenous therapy-related phlebitis rates in an adult population. Journal of Intravenous Nursing 24 (1), 19-24.