메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 304-327

Variations in atmospheric CO2 mixing ratios across a Boston, MA urban to rural gradient

Author keywords

CO2; Emissions; Gradient; Land cover; Urban

Indexed keywords


EID: 84908040545     PISSN: None     EISSN: 2073445X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/land2030304     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (57)

References (78)
  • 1
    • 0003395652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed on 10 January 2013)
    • The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision. Available online: http://esa.un.org/unup/ (accessed on 10 January 2013)
    • World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision
  • 2
    • 70450253287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new map of global urban extent from MODIS satellite data
    • Schneider, A.; Friedl, M.A.; Potere, D. A new map of global urban extent from MODIS satellite data. Environ. Res. Lett. 2009, 4, 168-182
    • (2009) Environ. Res. Lett , vol.4 , pp. 168-182
    • Schneider, A.1    Friedl, M.A.2    Potere, D.3
  • 4
    • 77950529448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deforestation driven by urban population growth and agricultural trade in the twenty-first century
    • DeFries, R.S.; Rudel, T.; Uriarte, M.; Hansen, M. Deforestation driven by urban population growth and agricultural trade in the twenty-first century. Nat. Geosci. 2010, 3, 178-181
    • (2010) Nat. Geosci , vol.3 , pp. 178-181
    • DeFries, R.S.1    Rudel, T.2    Uriarte, M.3    Hansen, M.4
  • 6
    • 77956635124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 exchange in urban environments measured by eddy covariance technique
    • 2 exchange in urban environments measured by eddy covariance technique. Geogr. Compass 2010, 4, 1238-1259
    • (2010) Geogr. Compass , vol.4 , pp. 1238-1259
    • Velasco, E.1    Roth, M.2
  • 7
    • 0035686021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local-scale fluxes of carbon dioxide in urban environments: Methodological challenges and results from Chicago
    • Grimmond, C.S.B.; King, T.S.; Cropley, F.D.; Nowak, D.J.; Souch, C. Local-scale fluxes of carbon dioxide in urban environments: Methodological challenges and results from Chicago. Environ. Pollut. 2002, 116, S243-S254
    • (2002) Environ. Pollut , vol.116 , pp. S243-S254
    • Grimmond, C.S.B.1    King, T.S.2    Cropley, F.D.3    Nowak, D.J.4    Souch, C.5
  • 8
    • 38949125092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breathing of the terrestrial biosphere: Lessons learned from a global network of carbon dioxide flux measurement systems
    • Baldocchi, D. Breathing of the terrestrial biosphere: Lessons learned from a global network of carbon dioxide flux measurement systems. Aust. J. Bot. 2008, 56, 1-26
    • (2008) Aust. J. Bot , vol.56 , pp. 1-26
    • Baldocchi, D.1
  • 9
    • 0003685642 scopus 로고
    • 2nd ed Methuen: London, UK/New York, NY, USA
    • Oke, T.R. Boundary Layer Climates, 2nd ed.; Methuen: London, UK/New York, NY, USA, 1987; Volume XXIV, p. 435
    • (1987) Boundary Layer Climates , vol.26 , pp. 435
    • Oke, T.R.1
  • 10
    • 84987081464 scopus 로고
    • The energetic basis of the urban heat-island
    • Oke, T.R. The energetic basis of the urban heat-island. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 1982, 108, 1-24
    • (1982) Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc , vol.108 , pp. 1-24
    • Oke, T.R.1
  • 11
    • 3242667702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate controls on vegetation phenological patterns in northern mid-and high latitudes inferred from MODIS data
    • Zhang, X.Y.; Friedl, M.A.; Schaaf, C.B.; Strahler, A.H. Climate controls on vegetation phenological patterns in northern mid-and high latitudes inferred from MODIS data. Glob. Change Biol. 2004, 10, 1133-1145
    • (2004) Glob. Change Biol , vol.10 , pp. 1133-1145
    • Zhang, X.Y.1    Friedl, M.A.2    Schaaf, C.B.3    Strahler, A.H.4
  • 14
    • 57849083431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of gradient analysis studies in advancing our understanding of the ecology of urbanizing landscapes: current status and future directions
    • McDonnell, M.J.; Hahs, A.K. The use of gradient analysis studies in advancing our understanding of the ecology of urbanizing landscapes: current status and future directions. Landscape Ecol. 2008, 23, 1143-1155
    • (2008) Landscape Ecol , vol.23 , pp. 1143-1155
    • McDonnell, M.J.1    Hahs, A.K.2
  • 16
    • 84860389679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urban carbon dioxide cycles within the Salt Lake Valley: A multiple-box model validated by observations
    • Strong, C.; Stwertka, C.; Bowling, D.R.; Stephens, B.B.; Ehleringer, J.R. Urban carbon dioxide cycles within the Salt Lake Valley: A multiple-box model validated by observations. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2011, doi: 10.1029/2011JD015693
    • (2011) J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos
    • Strong, C.1    Stwertka, C.2    Bowling, D.R.3    Stephens, B.B.4    Ehleringer, J.R.5
  • 22
    • 0037012125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 concentrations over contrasting vegetation types in the Phoenix metropolitan area
    • 2 concentrations over contrasting vegetation types in the Phoenix metropolitan area. Agr. Forest Meteorol. 2002, 110, 229-245
    • (2002) Agr. Forest Meteorol , vol.110 , pp. 229-245
    • Day, T.A.1    Gober, P.2    Xiong, F.S.S.3    Wentz, E.A.4
  • 23
    • 17744387974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 in the city of Rome in relationship with the traffic volume
    • 2 in the city of Rome in relationship with the traffic volume. Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 2619-2624
    • (2005) Atmos. Environ , vol.39 , pp. 2619-2624
    • Gratani, L.1    Varone, L.2
  • 26
    • 79851509722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 sources and sinks in urban and suburban areas of a northern mid-latitude city
    • 2 sources and sinks in urban and suburban areas of a northern mid-latitude city. Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45, 1564-1573
    • (2011) Atmos. Environ , vol.45 , pp. 1564-1573
    • Bergeron, O.1    Strachan, I.B.2
  • 27
    • 79955013059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 emissions at the building spatial scale and hourly time scale
    • 2 emissions at the building spatial scale and hourly time scale. Carbon Manage. 2010, 1, 45-56
    • (2010) Carbon Manage , vol.1 , pp. 45-56
    • Zhou, Y.1    Gurney, K.2
  • 28
    • 33644812784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progress in measuring and observing the urban atmosphere
    • Grimmond, C.S.B. Progress in measuring and observing the urban atmosphere. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 2006, 84, 3-22
    • (2006) Theor. Appl. Climatol , vol.84 , pp. 3-22
    • Grimmond, C.S.B.1
  • 29
    • 84860252016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inconsistent definitions of "urban" result in different conclusions about the size of urban carbon and nitrogen stocks
    • Raciti, S.M.; Hutyra, L.R.; Rao, P.; Finzi, A.C. Inconsistent definitions of "urban" result in different conclusions about the size of urban carbon and nitrogen stocks. Ecol. Appl. 2012, 22, 1015-1035
    • (2012) Ecol. Appl , vol.22 , pp. 1015-1035
    • Raciti, S.M.1    Hutyra, L.R.2    Rao, P.3    Finzi, A.C.4
  • 30
    • 80052668988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon consequences of land cover change and expansion of urban lands: A case study in the Seattle metropolitan region
    • Hutyra, L.R.; Yoon, B.; Hepinstall-Cymerman, J.; Alberti, M. Carbon consequences of land cover change and expansion of urban lands: A case study in the Seattle metropolitan region. Landscape Urban Plan. 2011, 103, 83-93
    • (2011) Landscape Urban Plan , vol.103 , pp. 83-93
    • Hutyra, L.R.1    Yoon, B.2    Hepinstall-Cymerman, J.3    Alberti, M.4
  • 31
    • 78650978993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Five years of carbon dioxide fluxes measurements in a highly vegetated suburban area
    • Crawford, B.; Grimmond, C.S.B.; Christen, A. Five years of carbon dioxide fluxes measurements in a highly vegetated suburban area. Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45, 896-905
    • (2011) Atmos. Environ , vol.45 , pp. 896-905
    • Crawford, B.1    Grimmond, C.S.B.2    Christen, A.3
  • 37
    • 0031239546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diurnal variations of boundary-layer carbon dioxide in a coastal city-Observations and comparison with model results
    • Reid, K.H.; Steyn, D.G. Diurnal variations of boundary-layer carbon dioxide in a coastal city-Observations and comparison with model results. Atmos. Environ. 1997, 31, 3101-3114
    • (1997) Atmos. Environ , vol.31 , pp. 3101-3114
    • Reid, K.H.1    Steyn, D.G.2
  • 38
    • 70349324278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed on 1 July 2011)
    • Global Monitioring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory. Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. Available online: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ (accessed on 1 July 2011)
    • Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
  • 39
    • 85041121986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed on 1 May 2011)
    • Project Vulcan: Research Data. Available online: http://vulcan.project.asu.edu/research.php (accessed on 1 May 2011)
  • 40
    • 85041136149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urban Ecology Institute: Boston, MA., USA
    • State of the Urban Forest Report; Urban Ecology Institute: Boston, MA., USA, 2008
    • (2008) State of the Urban Forest Report
  • 41
    • 79551490161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurements of carbon dioxide in an Oregon metropolitan region
    • Rice, A.; Bostrom, G. Measurements of carbon dioxide in an Oregon metropolitan region. Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45, 1138-1144
    • (2011) Atmos. Environ , vol.45 , pp. 1138-1144
    • Rice, A.1    Bostrom, G.2
  • 43
    • 0037267157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two decades of urban climate research: A review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island
    • Arnfield, A.J. Two decades of urban climate research: A review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island. Int. J. Climatol. 2003, 23, 1-26
    • (2003) Int. J. Climatol , vol.23 , pp. 1-26
    • Arnfield, A.J.1
  • 44
    • 0012110271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2nd ed Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK/New York, NY, USA
    • Bonan, G.B. Ecological Climatology: Concepts and Applications, 2nd ed.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK/New York, NY, USA, 2008; Volume XVI, p. 550
    • (2008) Ecological Climatology: Concepts and Applications , vol.16 , pp. 550
    • Bonan, G.B.1
  • 45
    • 0034242173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenology in central Europe-Differences and trends of spring phenophases in urban and rural areas
    • Roetzer, T.; Wittenzeller, M.; Haeckel, H.; Nekovar, J. Phenology in central Europe-Differences and trends of spring phenophases in urban and rural areas. Int. J. Biometeorol. 2000, 44, 60-66
    • (2000) Int. J. Biometeorol , vol.44 , pp. 60-66
    • Roetzer, T.1    Wittenzeller, M.2    Haeckel, H.3    Nekovar, J.4
  • 46
    • 84862292278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interannual and spatial impacts of phenological transitions, growing season length, and spring and autumn temperatures on carbon sequestration: A North America flux data synthesis
    • Wu, C.Y.; Gonsamo, A.; Chen, J.M.; Kurz, W.A.; Price, D.T.; Lafleur, P.M.; Jassal, R.S.; Dragoni, D.; Bohrer, G.; Gough, C.M.; et al. Interannual and spatial impacts of phenological transitions, growing season length, and spring and autumn temperatures on carbon sequestration: A North America flux data synthesis. Global Planet. Change 2012, 92-93, 179-190
    • (2012) Global Planet. Change , vol.92-93 , pp. 179-190
    • Wu, C.Y.1    Gonsamo, A.2    Chen, J.M.3    Kurz, W.A.4    Price, D.T.5    Lafleur, P.M.6    Jassal, R.S.7    Dragoni, D.8    Bohrer, G.9    Gough, C.M.10
  • 47
    • 85041107395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed on 12 January 2013)
    • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). National Weather Service Degree Day Statistics: Archives. Available online: http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/ analysis_monitoring/cdus/degree_days/ (accessed on 12 January 2013)
    • National Weather Service Degree Day Statistics: Archives
  • 49
    • 33746427153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon storage by urban soils in the United States
    • Pouyat, R.V.; Yesilonis, I.D.; Nowak, D.J. Carbon storage by urban soils in the United States. J. Environ. Qual. 2006, 35, 1566-1575
    • (2006) J. Environ. Qual , vol.35 , pp. 1566-1575
    • Pouyat, R.V.1    Yesilonis, I.D.2    Nowak, D.J.3
  • 50
    • 83455195642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Object-based cloud and cloud shadow detection in Landsat imagery
    • Zhu, Z.; Woodcock, C.E. Object-based cloud and cloud shadow detection in Landsat imagery. Remote Sens. Environ. 2012, 118, 83-94
    • (2012) Remote Sens. Environ , vol.118 , pp. 83-94
    • Zhu, Z.1    Woodcock, C.E.2
  • 52
    • 85041122645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed on 15 April 2012)
    • Technology Transfer Network: Clearinghouse for Inventories & Emissions Factors. Available online: http://www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/eiinformation.html (accessed on 15 April 2012)
  • 53
    • 85041114926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed on 10 November 2012)
    • MassGIS Data Layers. Available online: http://www.mass.gov/anf/research-and-tech/ it-serv-and-support/application-serv/office-of-geographic-information-massgis/datalayers/ (accessed on 10 November 2012)
  • 56
    • 84942874351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forests in time: The environmental consequences of 1,000 years of change in New England
    • Foster, C.H.W. Forests in time: The environmental consequences of 1,000 years of change in New England. J. Interdiscipl. Hist. 2005, 36, 270-271
    • (2005) J. Interdiscipl. Hist , vol.36 , pp. 270-271
    • Foster, C.H.W.1
  • 57
    • 85041129625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed on 6 February 2011)
    • Unites States Census Bureau: 2010 Census Data. Available online: http://www.census.gov/ 2010census/data/ (accessed on 6 February 2011)
  • 59
  • 60
    • 0034082579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of atmospheric turbulence over cities
    • Roth, M. Review of atmospheric turbulence over cities. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 2000, 126, 941-990
    • (2000) Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc , vol.126 , pp. 941-990
    • Roth, M.1
  • 61
    • 34948852762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progress in urban meteorology: A review
    • Kanda, M. Progress in urban meteorology: A review. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 2007, 85B, 363-383
    • (2007) J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn , vol.85B , pp. 363-383
    • Kanda, M.1
  • 64
    • 84947318637 scopus 로고
    • Locally weighted regression: An approach to regression analysis by local fitting
    • Cleveland, W.S.; Devlin, S.J. Locally weighted regression: An approach to regression analysis by local fitting. J. Amer. Statist. Assn. 1988, 83, 596-610
    • (1988) J. Amer. Statist. Assn , vol.83 , pp. 596-610
    • Cleveland, W.S.1    Devlin, S.J.2
  • 68
    • 85041116377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed on 10 March 2011)
    • Google Maps. Available onlin: http://maps.google.com/ (accessed on 10 March 2011)
  • 70
    • 0022927223 scopus 로고
    • Satellite remote-sensing of primary production
    • Tucker, C.J.; Sellers, P.J. Satellite remote-sensing of primary production. Int. J. Remote Sens. 1986, 7, 1395-1416
    • (1986) Int. J. Remote Sens , vol.7 , pp. 1395-1416
    • Tucker, C.J.1    Sellers, P.J.2
  • 71
    • 0036846393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices
    • Huete, A.; Didan, K.; Miura, T.; Rodriguez, E.P.; Gao, X.; Ferreira, L.G. Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices. Remote Sens. Environ. 2002, 83, 195-213
    • (2002) Remote Sens. Environ , vol.83 , pp. 195-213
    • Huete, A.1    Didan, K.2    Miura, T.3    Rodriguez, E.P.4    Gao, X.5    Ferreira, L.G.6
  • 72
    • 84873743206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting interannual variation in deciduous broadleaf forest phenology using Landsat TM/ETM+ data
    • Melaas, E.; Friedl, M.A.; Zhu, Z. Detecting interannual variation in deciduous broadleaf forest phenology using Landsat TM/ETM+ data. Remote Sens. Environ. 2013, 132, 176-185
    • (2013) Remote Sens. Environ , vol.132 , pp. 176-185
    • Melaas, E.1    Friedl, M.A.2    Zhu, Z.3
  • 74
    • 85041102002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ArcGIS 10.0; Environmental Systems Research Institute: Redlands, CA, USA
    • ArcGIS 10.0; Environmental Systems Research Institute: Redlands, CA, USA, 2011
    • (2011)
  • 77
    • 85041124815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed on 15 February 2013)
    • United States Census Bureau: 2000 Census of Population and Housing. Available online: http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/ (accessed on 15 February 2013)
  • 78
    • 85041120443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Research Council (US). Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate.; National Research Council (US). Division on Earth and Life Studies. Verifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Methods to Support International Climate Agreements; National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA
    • National Research Council US. Committee on Methods for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions.; National Research Council (US). Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate.; National Research Council (US). Division on Earth and Life Studies. Verifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Methods to Support International Climate Agreements; National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2010; Volume XIV, p. 110
    • (2010) Committee on Methods for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions , vol.16 , pp. 110


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.