An integrated evaluation study of the ventilation rate, the exposure and the indoor air quality in naturally ventilated classrooms in the Mediterranean region during spring

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 502, Issue , 2015, Pages 557-570

  Dorizas, Paraskevi Vivian ^a   Assimakopoulos, Margarita Niki ^a   Helmis, Constantinos ^a   Santamouris, Mattheos ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

Author keywords

CO2; Health; IAQ; Naturally ventilated schools; PM; Ventilation

Indexed keywords

PROMETHIUM; VENTILATION;

IAQ; INDOOR AIR QUALITY; INTEGRATED EVALUATION; MEDITERRANEAN REGION; NATURALLY VENTILATED SCHOOLS; VENTILATION RATE;

HEALTH;

CARBON DIOXIDE; AIR POLLUTANT; PARTICULATE MATTER;

AIR QUALITY; CARBON DIOXIDE; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); HEALTH RISK; INDOOR AIR; PARTICULATE MATTER; STUDENT; VENTILATION;

AIR MONITORING; AIR POLLUTANT; AIR QUALITY; AMBIENT AIR; ARTICLE; CHILD; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; GREECE; HUMAN; LIMIT OF DETECTION; LUNG VENTILATION; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICULATE MATTER; PRIMARY SCHOOL; SCHOOL CHILD; SOUTHERN EUROPE; SPRING; STUDENT; TEACHING; AIR CONDITIONING; ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; EXPOSURE; INDOOR AIR POLLUTION; SCHOOL; SEASON; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ATHENS [ATTICA]; ATTICA; GREECE;

AIR POLLUTANTS; AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; HUMANS; INHALATION EXPOSURE; MEDITERRANEAN REGION; PARTICULATE MATTER; SCHOOLS; SEASONS; VENTILATION;

EID: 84908005708     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: 18791026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.060     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Alshitawi M., Awbi H., Mahyuddin N. Particulate matter mass concentration (PM10) under different ventilation methods in classrooms. Int J Vent 2009, 8(2):93-108.
2. Annesi-Maesano I., Agabiti N., Pistelli R., et al. Subpopulations at increased risk of adverse health outcomes from air pollution. Eur Respir J Suppl 2003, 40:57-63. 10.1183/09031936.03.00402103.
3. Assimakopoulos M.N., Dounis A., Spanou A., Santamours M. Indoor air quality in a metropolitan area metro using fuzzy logic assessment. Sci Total Environ 2013, 449:461-469. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.043.
4. Bai Z., You Y., Gao X., Yu H., Yan L., Zhu T. Comparison of time-activity patterns in different patterns in different periods in Tianjin, China. Epidemiology 2007, 17(6):S454. 10.1097/00001648-200611001-01218.
5. Bakke J., Wieslander G., Norback D., Moen B. Eczema increases susceptibility to PM10 in office indoor environments. Arch Environ Occup Health 2012, 67(1):15-21. 10.1080/19338244.2011.564236.
6. 2 dynamics in naturally ventilated classrooms. J Occup Environ Hyg 2004, 1(3):139-148. 10.1080/15459620490424393.
7. Canha N., Almeida M., Freitas M., Taubel M., Hanninen O. Winter ventilation rates at primary schools: comparison between Portugal and Finland. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2013, 76:400-408. 10.1080/15287394.2013.765372.
8. Chaloulakou A., Mavroidis I., Duci A. Indoor and outdoor carbon monoxide concentration relationships at different microenvironments in the Athens area. Chemosphere 2003, 52:1007-1019. 10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00263-7.
9. Chau C.K., Hui W.K., Tse M.S. Valuing the health benefits of improving indoor air quality in residences. Sci Total Environ 2008, 394:25-38. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.01.033.
10. Demirel G., Özden Ö., Döğeroğlu T., Gaga E.O. Personal exposure of primary school children to BTEX, NO2 and ozone in Eskişehir, Turkey: relationship with indoor/outdoor concentrations and risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 2014, 473-474:537-548. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.034.
11. Diapouli E., Chaloulakou A., Spyrellis N. Indoor and outdoor particulate matter concentrations at schools in the Athens area. Indoor Built Environ 2007, 16(1):55-61. 10.1177/1420326X06074836.
12. Dorizas P.V., Kapsanaki-Gotsi E., Assimakopoulos M.N., Santamouris M. Correlation of particulate matter with airborne fungi in schools in Greece. Int J Vent 2013, 12(1):1-16. 10.5555/2044-4044-12.1.1.
13. Dorizas P.V., Assimakopoulos M.N., Helmis C., Santamouris M. Analysis of the indoor air quality in Greek primary schools. 34th AIVC-3rd TightVent-2nd Cool Roofs'-1st Venticool Conference, Athens, Greece25-26 September 2013 2013, 110-113.
14. Fromme H., Lahrz T., Hainsch A., Oddoy A., Piloty M., Ruden H. Elemental carbon and respirable matter in the indoor air of apartments and nursery schools and ambient air in Berlin. Indoor Air 2005, 15:335-341. 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00377.x.
15. Fromme J., Twardella D., Dietrich S., Heitmann D., Schierl R., Liebl B., et al. Particulate matter in the indoor air of classrooms-exploratory results from Munich and surrounding area. Atmos Environ 2007, 41:854-866. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.08.053.
16. Geodata Available at:, Accessed on September 20th, 2013. http://www.geodata.gov.gr/maps/.
17. Goyal R.G., Khare M. Indoor-outdoor concentrations of RSPM in classroom of a naturally ventilated school building near an urban traffic roadway. Atmos Environ 2009, 43:6026-6038. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.08.031.
18. Guo H., Morawska L., He C., Zhang Y.L., Ayoko G., Cao M. Characterization of particle number concentrations and PM2.5 in a school: influence of outdoor air pollution on indoor air. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2010, 17(6):1268-1278. 10.1007/s11356-010-0306-2.
19. Habil M., Taneja A. Children's exposure to indoor particulate matter in naturally ventilates schools in India. Indoor Built Environ 2011, 20(4):430-448. 10.1177/1420326X11409455.
20. Hagler G.S.W., Baldauf R.W., Thoma E.D., Long T.R., Snow R.F., Kinsey J.S. Ultrafine particles near a major roadway in Raleigh, North Carolina: Downwind attenuation and correlation with traffic-related pollutants. Atmos Environ 2009, 43:1229-1234. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.11.024.
21. Haverineen-Shaughnessy U., Moschandreas D.J., Shaughnessy R.J. Association between substandard classroom ventilation rates and students' academic achievement. Indoor Air 2011, 21:121-131. 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00686.x.
22. Helmis C.G., Tzoutzas J., Flocas H.A., Halios C.H., Stathopoulou O.I., Assimakopoulos V.D., et al. Indoor air quality in a dentistry clinic. Sci Total Environ 2007, 377:349-365. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.01.100.
23. Helmis C.G., Assimakopoulos V.D., Flocas H.A., Stathopoulou O.I., Sgouros G., Hatzaki M. Indoor air quality assessment in the Air Traffic Control Tower of the Athens Airport, Greece. Environ Monit Assess 2009, 148:47-60.
24. Hussein T., Paasonen P., Kulmala M. Activity attern of a selected group of school occupants and their family members in Helsinki-Finland. Sci Total Environ 2012, 425:289-292.
25. Jamriska M., Thomas S., Morawska L., Clark B.A. Relation between indoor and outdoor exposure to fine particles near a busy arterial road. Indoor Air 1999, 11:35-48. 10.1111/j.1600-0668.1999.t01-2-00002.x.
26. Jantunen M., Oliveira Fernandes E., Carrer P., Kephalopoulos S. Promoting actions for healthy indoor air (IAIAQ) 2011, European Commission Directorate General for Health and Consumers, Luxembourg.
27. Johnson T., Myers J., Kelly T., Wisbith A., Ollisonc W. A pilot study using scripted ventilation conditions to identify key factors affecting indoor pollutant concentration and air exchange rate in a residence. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2004, 14(1):1-22.
28. Jones N.C., Thornton C.A., Mark D., Harrison R.M. Indoor/outdoor relationships of particulate matter in domestic homes with roadside, urban and rural locations. Atmos Environ 2000, 34:4375-4383. 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00489-6.
29. Kim H.H., Kim C.S., Lim Y.W., Suh M.A., Shin D.C. Indoor and outdoor air quality and its relation to allergic diseases among children: a case study at a primary school in Korea. Asian J Atmos Environ 2010, 4-3:157-165. 10.5572/ajae.2010.4.3.157.
30. Madeco A., Magalhaes O., Brito A., Mayan O. Characterization of indoor environmental quality in primary schools in Maia: a Portuguese case study. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 2013, 19:126-136. 10.1080/10807039.2012.683751.
31. Mendell M.J., Heath G.A. Do indoor pollutants and thermal conditions in schools influence student performance? A critical review of the literature. Indoor Air 2005, 15:27-52. 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00320.x.
32. Molhave L. Volatile organic compounds, indoor air quality and health. Indoor Air 1990, 4:357-376. 10.1111/j.1600-0668.1991.00001.x.
33. Morawksa L., He C., Hitchins J., Gilbert D., Parappukkaran S. The relationship between indoor and outdoor airborne particles in the residential environment. Atmos Environ 2001, 35:3463-3473. 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00097-8.
34. Mumovic D., Davies M., Ridley I., Altamirano-Medina H., Oreszczyn T. A methodology for post-occupancy evaluation of ventilation rates in schools. Build Serv Eng Res Technol 2009, 30(2):143-152. 10.1177/0143624408099175.
35. Myhrvold A.N., Olsen E., Lauridsen O. Indoor environment in schools-pupils health and performance in regard to CO2 concentrations. Proceedings of seventh international conference on indoor air quality and climate 1996, 4:369-374.
36. Nantka M. Comparison of different methods for airtightness and air change rate determination. Air change rate and airtightness in buildings, ASTM STP 1067 1990, 267-282. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. M.H. Sherman (Ed.).
37. Park J., Jang Y., Ahn Y., Cheong S., Lee J. Estimation of appropriate capacity of ventilation system based on the air infiltration rate in Korean classrooms. J Mech Sci Technol 2008, 22:788-797. 10.1007/s12206-008-0111-8.
38. Pope C.A., Dockery D.W. Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect. JAMA 2006, 56:709-742. 10.1080/10473289.2006.10464485.
39. Santamouris M., Mihalakakou G., Patarias P., Gaitani N., Sfakianaki K., Papagralstra M., et al. Using intelligent clustering techniques to classify the energy performance of school buildings. Energy Build 2007, 39:45-51. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.04.018.
40. Santamouris M., Synnefa A., Assimakopoulos M., Livada I., Pavlou K., Papaglastra M., et al. Experimental investigation of the air flow and indoor carbon dioxide concentration in classrooms with intermittent natural ventilation. Energy Build 2008, 40:1833-1843. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.04.002.
41. Sarigiannis D.A., Soulakellis N.A., Sifakis N.I. Information fusion for computational assessment of air quality and health effects. Photogramm Eng Remote Sens 2004, 70(2):235-245.
42. Sarigiannis D.A., Karakitsios S.P., Gotti A., Papaloukas C.L., Kassomenos P.A., Pilidis G.A. Bayesian algorithm implementation in a real time exposure assessment model on benzene with calculation of associated cancer risks. Sensors 2009, 9(2):731-755.
43. 2 concentrations with health and other responses in commercial and institutional buildings. Indoor Air 1999, 9:333-341.
44. Shaughnessy R.J., Haverinen-Shaughnessy U., Nevalainen A., Moschandreas D. A preliminary study on the association between ventilation rates in classrooms and student performance. Indoor Air 2006, 16:465-468. 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2006.00440.x.
45. Sherman M. Tracer-gas techniques for measuring ventilation in a single zone. Build Environ 1990, 25(4):365-374. 10.1016/0360-1323(90)90010-O.
46. Sherman M., Dickerhoff D. A multigas tracer system for multizone air flow measurements. Proceedings ASHRAE/DOE/BTECC conference, Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings Conference IV 1989, 417-432. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers.
47. Silvers A., Florence B.T., Rourke D.L., Lorimor R.J. How children spend their time-a sample survey for use in exposure and risk assessment. Risk Anal 1994, 14(6):931-944. 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00062.x.
48. Siskos P.A., Bouba K.E., Stroubou Ap.A. Determination of selected pollutants and measurement of physical parameters for the evaluation of indoor air quality in school buildings in Athens, Greece. Indoor Built Environ 2001, 10(3-4):185-192. 10.1159/000049235.
49. Synnefa A., Polichronaki E., Papagiannopoulou E., Santamouris M., Mihalakakou G., Doukas P., et al. An experimental investigation of the indoor air quality in fifteen school buildings in Athens, Greece. Int J Vent 2003, 2(3):185-201. [DOI: http://www.ijovent.org/doi/abs/10.5555/ijov.2003.2.3.185?journalCode=ijov].
50. Teli D., Patrick A., James B., Jentsch M.F. Thermal comfort in naturally ventilated primary school classrooms. Build Res Inf 2013, 41(3):301-316. 10.1080/09613218.2013.773493.
51. Tippayawong N., Khuntong P., Nitatwichit C., Khunatorn Y., Tantakitti C. Indoor/outdoor relationships of size-resolved particle concentrations in naturally ventilated school environments. Build Environ 2009, 44:188-197. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.02.007.
52. Wargocki P., Wyon D.P. The effects of outdoor air supply rate and supply air filter condition in classrooms on the performance of schoolwork by children. HVAC&R Res 2007, 13(2):165-191. 10.1080/10789669.2007.10390950.
53. Wargocki P., Wyon D.P., Matysiak B., Irgens S. The effects of classroom air temperature and outdoor air supply rate on the performance of school work by children. Beijing, the 10th international conference on indoor air quality and climate 2005, 1:368-372.
54. WHO, World Health Organization Children's health and the environment-a global perspective. A resource guide for the health sector 2005.
55. WHO, World Health Organization Air quality guidelines- global update. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe 2005, Copenhagen, Denmark.
56. Yoon C., Lee K., Park D. Indoor air quality differences between urban and rural preschools in Korea. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2011, 18:333-345. 10.1007/s1135.