Thermally stable polymers of cardanol as char-forming additives for polypropylene

Journal of Renewable Materials

Volumn 1, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 289-301

  Kiratitanavit, Weeradech ^a   Ravichandran, Sethumadhavan ^b   Xia, Zhiyu ^a   Kumar, Jayant ^b,c   Nagarajan, Ramaswamy ^a,c  

^a University of Massachusetts   (United States)

^b University of Massachusetts Lowell   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LOWELL   (United States)

Author keywords

Fl ame retardant additives; Polycardanol; Polyphenols; Polypropylene; Thermal stability

Indexed keywords

BLENDING; DECOMPOSITION; HALOGENATION; POLYPROPYLENES; THERMODYNAMIC STABILITY;

HALOGENATED FLAME RETARDANT; HEAT RELEASE CAPACITIES; POLYCARDANOL; POLYPHENOLS; PYROLYSIS-COMBUSTION FLOW CALORIMETRIES; RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION; SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATIONS; THERMALLY STABLE POLYMERS;

ADDITIVES;

EID: 84907991306     PISSN: 21646325     EISSN: 21646341     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7569/JRM.2013.634126     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. C. Vasile: Handbook of Polyolefins, pp. 445-446, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, NY (2000).
2. A. Isarov, Non-halogen flame retardant polyolefin compounds via synergistic blends of metal hydroxides and mineral fillers. Int. Polyolefins Conf. (2007).
3. M. Biron, Halogen free fire retardant polypropylene HFFR PP synergistic effects between mineral additives and metal hydroxides, http://www.specialchem4polymers. com/resources/articles/article.aspx?id=3390 (2008).
4. S.L. Birnbaum and D.F. Staskal, Brominated flame retardants: Cause for concern? Environ. Health Prespect. 112, 9-17 (2004).
5. Y. Kurakawa, T. Inoue, Y. Uchida, and J. Momma, Carcinogenesis test of flame retarder hexabromocyclododecane in mice. Albemarle Corporation. Department of Toxicology, National Public Health Research Institute, Biological Safety Test and Research Centre. (Unpublished report), (1984).
6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Toxicological review of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), June 2008.
7. M.L. Jugan, Y. Levi and J.P. Blondeau, Endocrine disruptors and thyroid hormone physiology. Biochem. Pharmacol. 79, 939-947 (2010).
8. J.E. Haddow, G.E. Palomaki, W.C. Allan, J.R.Williams, G.J. Knight, J. Gagnon, C.E. O'Heir, M.L. Mitchell, R.J. Hermos and S.E. Waisbren, Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child. N. Engl. J. Med. 341, 549-555 (1999).
9. S. Jianwen, M. Pereas, J. Winkler, P. Vista, M. McKinney, and D. Kopec, PBDEs in the San Francisco Bay Area: Measurements in harbor seal blubber and human breast adipose tissue. Chemosphere. 46, 697-707 (2002).
10. V.J. Pop, J.L. Kuijpens, A.L. Van Baar, G. Verkerk, M.M. Van Son, J.J. De Vijlder, T. Vulsma, W.M. Wiersinga, H.A. Drexhage, and H.L. Vader, Low maternal free thyroxine concentrations during early pregnancy are associated with impaired psychomoter development in infancy. Clin. Endocrinol. 50, 149-155 (1999).
11. A.F. Grand, and C.A. Wilkie: Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, pp. 20-80, Marcel Dekker, New York, NY (2000).
12. J.W. Lyons: Chemistry and Uses of Fire Retardants, Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY (1970).
13. R.C. Hale, M.J. La Guardia, E.P. Harvey, M.O. Gaylor, T.M. Mainor, and W.H. Duff, Flame retardants: Persistent pollutants in land-applied sludges. Nature 412,140-141 (2001).
14. R.C. Hale, J.W.H. La Guardia, M.O. Gaylor, E.P. Harvey, T.M. Mainor, and W.H. Duff, Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in Virginia freshwater fishes (USA). Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 4585-4591 (2001).
15. J. Malik and C. Krohnkea, Polymer stabilization: Present status and possible future trends. C. R. Chim. 9, 1330-1337 (2006).
16. E. Richaud, B. Fayolle, and J. Verdu, Polypropylene stabilization by hindered phenols-Kinetic aspects. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 96, 1-11 (2011).
17. R. Gensler, C.J.G. Plummer, H.H. Kausch, E. Kramer, J.R. Pauquet, and H. Zweifel, Thermo-oxidative degradation of isotactic polypropylene at high temperatures: Phenolic antioxidants versus HAS. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 67, 195-208 (2000).
18. N. Kaprinidis, P. Shields, and G. Leslie, Flame Retard.'02, Proc. Conf., 5th-6th. Intersci.Commun. 107-111 (2002).
19. R. Walters, and R.E. Lyon, Calculating polymer flammability from molar group contributions. DOT/FAA/AR-01/31. Final report (2001).
20. A.A. Morandim-Giannetti, J.A.M. Agnelli, B.Z. Lancas, R. Magnabisco, S.A. Casarin and S.H.P. Bettini, Lignin as additive in polypropylene/coir composites: Thermal, mechanical and morphological properties. Carbohydr. Polym. 87, 2563-2568 (2012).
21. A. De Chirico, M. Armanini, P. Chini, G.C.F. Provasoli, and G. Audisio, Flame retardants for polypropylene based on lignin. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 79, 139-145 (2003).
22. M. Canetti, F. Bertini, A. De Chirico and G. Audisio, Thermal degradation behavior of isotactic polypropylene blended with lignin. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 91, 494-498 (2006).
23. S. Sahoo, M. Misra, and A.K. Mohanty, Effect of compatibilizer and fillers on the properties of injection molded lignin-based hybrid green composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 127, 4110-4121 (2013).
24. T. Dizhbite, G.Telyasheva, V. Jurkjane, and U. Viesturs, Characterization of the radical scavenging activity of lignin-nature antioxidants. Bioresour. Technol. 95, 309-317 (2004).
25. S. Kubo, R.D. Gilbert, J.F. Kadla, Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, pp. 671-697, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL (2005).
26. J.F. Kadla and S. Kubo, Lignin-based polymer blends: Analysis of intermolecular interactions in lignin-synthestic polymer blends. Composites A, 35, 395-400 (2004).
27. M.A.R. Facanha, S.E. Mazzetto, J.O.B. Carioca, and G.G. De Barros, Evaluation of antioxidant properties of a phosphorated cardanol compound on mineral oils (NH10 and NH20). Fuel 15, 2416-2421(2007).
28. A.R.R. Menon, C.K.S. Pillai, J.D. Sudha, and A.G. Mathew, A. G. Cashew nut shell liquid-its polymeric and other industrial products. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44, 324-338 (1985).
29. M. Saminathan, and C.K.S. Pillai, Synthesis of novel liquid crystalline polymers with cross-linked network structures. Polym. 41, 3103-3108 (2000).
30. A. Ganguly, and R. George, Asbestos free friction composition for brake linings. Bull. Mater. Sci. 31, 19-22 (2008).
31. V.S. Balachandran, S.R. Jadhav, P.K. Vemula and G. John, Recent advances in cardanol chemistry in a nutshell: From a nut to nanomaterials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 427-438 (2013).
32. E. Calo, A. Maffezzoli, G. Mele, F. Martina, S.E. Mazzetto, A. Tarzia and C. Stifani, Synthesis of a novel cardanolbased benzoxazine monomer and environmentally sustainable production of polymers and bio-composites. Green Chem. 9, 754-759 (2007).
33. R. Ikeda, H. Tanakab, H. Uyamac, and S. Kobayashi. Synthesis and curing behaviors of a crosslinkable polymer from cashew nut shell liquid. Polymer 43, 3475-3481 (2002).
34. Y.H. Kim, E.S. An, B.K. Song, D.S. Kim, and R. Chelikani,. Polymerization of cardanol using soybean peroxidase and its potential application as anti-biofilm coating material. Biotechnol. Lett. 25(18), 1521-1524 (2003).
35. K. Won, Y.H. Kim, E.S. An, Y.S. Lee and B.K. Song. Horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization of cardanol in the presence of redox mediators. Biomacromolecules 5, 1-4 (2004).
36. S. Ravichandran, R.M. Bouldin, J. Kumar, and R. Nagarajan,. A renewable waste material for the synthesis of a novel non-halogenated flame retardant polymer. J. Cleaner Prod. 19, 454-458 (2011).
37. A. Kokil, S. Ravichandran, J. Kumar, and R. Nagarajan. Horseradish peroxidase catalyzed synthesis of polycardanol microcapsules. J. Macromol. Sci. A. 48, 1004-1008 (2011).
38. V. Krevelen, Properties of polymers: Correlations with chemical structure. Elsevier Publishing, Amsterdam, NY (1972).
39. A.S. Michaels, W.R. Vieth, and H.H. Alcalay,. The solubility parameter of polypropylene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 12, 1621-1624 (1968).
40. C.G. Haynes, A.H. Turner, and W.A. Waters, The oxidation of monohydric phenols by alkaline ferricyanide. J. Chem. Soc. 2823-2831 (1956).
41. M.S. Ayyagari, K.A. Marx, S.K. Tripathy, J.A. Akkara and D.L. Kaplan, Controlled free-radical polymerization of phenol derivatives by enzyme-catalyzed reactions in organic solvents. Macromol. 28, 5192-5197 (1995).
42. R.E. Lyon, and R.N. Walters, Combustion flow calorimetry. J. Anal. Appl. Pyroysis 71, 27-46 (2004).
43. R.E. Lyon, Heat release capacity, Fire & Materials Conference, San Francisco, CA. (2001).
44. R.N. Walters, and R.E. Lyon, Molar group contributions to polymer flammability, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 87, 548-563 (2003).
45. R.E. Lyon, R. Filipczak, R.N. Walters, S. Crowley, and S.I. Stoliarov, Thermal analysis of polymer flammability, http://www.tc.faa.gov/its/worldpac/techrpt/ar072. pdf (2007).
46. C.A. Wilkie, TGA/FTIR: An extremely useful technique for studying polymer degradation. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 66, 301-306 (1999).
47. S. Singh, C. Wu, P. T. Williams, Pyrolysis of waste materials using TGA-MS and TGA-FTIR as complementary characterisation techniques, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 94, 99-107 (2012).
48. E.B. Ledesma, N.D. Marsh, A.K. Sandrowitz, and M.J. Wornat, An experimental study on the thermal decomposition of catechol, Proc. Combustion Inst., 29, pp. 2299-2306 (2002).
49. Q. Ren, Y. Zhang, J. Li and J.C. Li, Synergistic effect of vermiculite on the intumescent flame retardance of polypropylene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 120, 1225-1233 (2011).
50. J.D. Lichtenhan, and J.W. Gilman, Preceramic additives as fire retardants for plastics, US Patent 6,362,279 B2, assigned to The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Air Force (March 26, 2001).
51. M. Tolinski, Additives for Polyolefins: Getting most out of Polypropylene, Polyethylene and TPO, pp. 61-78, Elsevier Inc., Burlington, Mass (2009).
52. S. Zhang, and A.R. Horrocks, A review of flame retardant polypropylene fibers, Prog. Polym. Sci. 28, 1517-1538 (2003).
53. G.C. Tesoro, Chemical modification of polymers with flame-retardant compounds. J. Polym. Sci. Macromol. Rev. 13, 282-353 (1978).
54. L. Cui, Z. Zhou, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, and W. Zhou, Rheological behavior of polypropylene/novolac blends. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 106, 811-816 (2007).