WHO Essential Medicines Policies and Use in Developing and Transitional Countries: An Analysis of Reported Policy Implementation and Medicines Use Surveys

PLoS Medicine

Volumn 11, Issue 9, 2014, Pages

  Holloway, Kathleen Anne ^a   Henry, David ^b,c,d  

^a WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

^b INSTITUTE FOR CLINICAL EVALUATIVE SCIENCES   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DIARRHEA; DRUG USE; DRUG UTILIZATION; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH CARE SURVEY; HUMAN; INCOME; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS; NURSE TRAINING; PRESCRIPTION; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS; QUESTIONNAIRE; STAFF TRAINING; UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; ECONOMICS; FACTUAL DATABASE; INFORMATION PROCESSING; PROCEDURES; STATISTICS; TRENDS;

ESSENTIAL DRUG;

DATA COLLECTION; DATABASES, FACTUAL; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DRUGS, ESSENTIAL; HEALTH POLICY; HUMANS; STATISTICS AS TOPIC; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

EID: 84907960260     PISSN: 15491277     EISSN: 15491676     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001724     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Holloway KA, (2011) Combating inappropriate use of medicines. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 4: 335–348.
2. Holloway KA, van Dijk L, World Health Organization (2011) The world medicines situation, third edition. WHOb/EMP/MIE/2011.2.2. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available: http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/policy/world_medicines_situation/en/index.html. Accessed 5 July 2013.
3. World Health Organization (2009) Medicines use in primary care in developing and transitional countries: fact book summarizing results from studies reported between 1990 and 2006. WHO/EMP/MAR/2009.3. Geneva: World Health Organization.
4. Livermore DM, (2003) Bacterial resistance: origins, epidemiology, and impact. Clin Infect Dis 36 (Suppl 1)S11–S23.
5. Harbarth S, Samore MH, (2005) Antimicrobial resistance determinants and future control. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 794–801.
6. Goossens H, (2009) Antibiotic consumption and link to resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 15 (Suppl 3)12–15.
7. Pirmohamed M, James S, Meakin S, Green C, Scott AK, et al. (2004) Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital: prospective analysis of 18,820 patients. BMJ 329: 15–19.
8. Howard RL, Avery AJ, Slavenburg S, Royal S, Pipe G, et al. (2006) Which drugs cause preventable admissions to hospital? A systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol 63: 136–147.
9. Hitchen L, (2006) Adverse drug reactions result in 250 000 UK admissions a year. BMJ 332: 1109.
10. World Health Organization (1985) The rational use of drugs: report of the conference of experts. Geneva: World Health Organization.
11. World Health Organization (2002) Promoting rational use of medicines: core components. WHO Policy Perspectives of Medicines, No. 5. Geneva: World Health Organization.
12. World Health Organization (2006) Using indicators to measure country pharmaceutical situations: fact book on WHO level I and level II monitoring indicators. WHO/TCM/2006.2. Geneva: World Health Organization.
13. World Health Organization (2010) Country pharmaceutical situations: fact book on WHO level 1 indicators 2007. WHO/EMP/MPC/2010.1. Geneva World Health Organization.
14. Holloway KA, Ivanovska V, Wagner AK, Vialle-Valentin C, Ross-Degnan D, (2013) Have we improved use of medicines in developing and transitional countries and do we know how to? Two decades of evidence. Trop Med Int Health 18: 656–664.
15. Holloway KA, Ivanovska V, Wagner AK, Vialle-Valentin C, Ross-Degnan D (2014) Prescribing for acute childhood infections in developing and transitional countries, 1990–2009. Paediatr Int Child Health. E-pub ahead of print. doi:10.1179/2046905514Y.0000000115
16. Mölstad S, Erntell M, Hanberger H, Melander E, Norman C, et al. (2008) Sustained reduction of antibiotic use and low bacterial resistance: 10 year follow-up of the Swedish STRAMA programme. Lancet Infect Dis 8: 125–132.
17. Huttner B, Goossens H, Verheij T, Harbath S, (2009) CHAMP consortium (2009) Characteristics and outcomes of public campaigns with the aim to improve outpatient antibiotic use in high income countries. Lancet Infect Dis 10: 17–31.
18. Sabuncu E, David J, Bernède-Bauduin C, Pépin S, Leroy M, et al. (2009) Significant reduction of antibiotic use in the community after a nationwide campaign in France, 2002–2007. PLoS Med 6: e1000084.
19. Ratanawijitrasin S, Soumerai SB, Weerasuriya K, (2001) Do national medicinal drug policies and essential drug programs improve drug use? A review of experiences in developing countries. Soc Sci Med 53: 831–844.
20. World Health Organization (1993) How to investigate drug use in health facilities: selected drug use indicators. WHO/DAP/93.1. Geneva: World Health Organization.
21. Gove S, (1997) Integrated management of childhood illness by outpatient health workers: technical basis and overview. The WHO Working Group on Guidelines for Integrated Management of the Sick Child. Bull World Health Organ 75 (Suppl 1)7–24.
22. World Health Organization (2007) WHO operational package for assessing, monitoring and evaluating country pharmaceutical situations: guide for coordinators and data collectors. WHO/TCM/2007.2. Geneva: World Health Organization.
23. World Health Organization (2006) Expert meeting on pharmaceutical indicators, monitoring and assessment. Geneva: World Health Organization.
24. World Health Organization (2011) Development of country profiles and monitoring of the pharmaceutical situation in countries. Available: http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/coordination/coordination_assessment/en/. Accessed 15 May 2014.
25. Rowe AK, de Savigny D, Lanata CF, Victora CG, (2005) How can we achieve and maintain high-quality performance of health workers in low resource settings? Lancet 366: 1026–1035.
26. Francke AL, Smit MC, De Veer AJE, Mistiaen P, (2008) Factors influencing the implementation of clinical guidelines for health care professionals: a meta-review. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 8: 38.
27. Sketris IS, Ingram EML, Lummis HL, (2009) Strategic opportunities for effective optimal prescribing and medication management. Can J Clin Pharmacol 16: e103–e125.
28. Jaffer B (2007) National approach of promote rational use of medicines: the Omani experience. Available: http://www.who.int/drugresistance/OmanDRDUforWHAMeetingGeneva.pdf. Accessed 5 July 2013.
29. Bavestrello L, Cabello A, Casanova D, (2002) Impact of regulatory measures in the trends of community consumption of antibiotics in Chile. Rev Med Chil 130: 1265–1272.
30. Chen W, Tang S, Sun J, Ross-Degnan D, Wagner A, (2010) Availability and use of essential medicines in China: manufacturing, supply and prescribing in Shandong and Gansu provinces. BMC Health Serv Res 10: 211 doi:10.1186/1472-6963-10-211
31. Trap B, Hansen EH, Hogerzeil HV, (2002) Prescription habits of dispensing and non-dispensing doctors in Zimbabwe. Health Policy Plan 17: 288–295.
32. Trap B, Hansen EH, (2002) Treatment of upper respiratory tract infections—a comparative study of dispensing and non-dispensing doctors. J Clin Pharm Ther 27: 289–299.
33. Park S, Soumerai SB, Adams AS, Finkelstein JA, Jang S, et al. (2005) Antibiotic use following a Korean national policy to prohibit medication dispensing by physicians. Health Policy Plan 20: 302–309.
34. World Health Organization (2004) Drug Promotion: what we know, what we have yet to learn—reviews of materials in the WHO/HAI Database on Drug Promotion. EDM Research Series, No. 32, WHO/EDM/PAR/2004.3. Geneva: World Health Organization.
35. Saunders P, Kamal-Yanni M, (2012) Urgent need for WHO's reform to prioritise core functions. Lancet 379: 1878.
36. Saunders P, Kamal-Yanni M, (2013) Action to preserve WHO's core medicines-related roles—1 year on. Lancet 381: 293–294.