Academic citation practice: A sinking sheep?

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Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 567-585

  Rekdal, Ole Bjørn ^a  

^a BERGEN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84907858037     PISSN: 15312542     EISSN: 15307131     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/pla.2014.0025     Document Type: Article

References (42)

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2. YouTube, “Sheep Swimming,” accessed March 9, 2014, http://youtu.be/uUSLk3Kq7xU.
3. YouTube, “Good Form Peter! Do Sheep Swim?” accessed March 9, 2014, http://youtu.be/FSAZ1t7UcbY (from 1:09 onward).
4. Christine Engh, “Forskere tatt i juks på etikkeksamen [Researchers Found Cheating During Exam in Ethics],” Aftenposten, April 30, 2008, accessed January 28, 2014, http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article2399446.ece.
5. Richard Pérez-Peña, “Students Disciplined in Harvard Scandal,” New York Times, February 1, 2013, accessed March 9, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/02/education/harvard-forced-dozens-to-leave-in-cheating-scandal.html?_r=0.
6. Roy P. Fairfield, “The Implications of Pageless Documentation (3: 1939-1979),” Chronicle of Higher Education, May 5, 1982: 24.
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8. Steve Wise, “Revolution in References: Give Readers a Chance by Putting Page Numbers,” Social Studies of Science 31, 2 (2001): 310; reprint with editor’s comments from Nature 408, 204 (November 23, 2000): 402.
9. Books published in some electronic formats (for example, Kindle) may represent a challenge, which is commented upon in the Chicago Manual of Style (2010, p. 727): Note that electronic formats do not always carry stable page numbers (e.g., pagination may depend on text size), a factor that potentially limits their suitability as sources. In lieu of a page number, include an indication of chapter or section or other locator.
10. Jean Dubail, “Rite Aid Cleveland 10K Takes a Wrong Turn,” blog post, blog.cleveland.com, May 20, 2007, accessed January 28, 2014, http://blog.cleveland.com/sports/2007/05/wrong_turn_turns_rite_aid_clev.html.
11. Definitions of “primary” and “secondary” sources vary between disciplines. In this context, I follow Frederick J. Gravetter and Lori-Ann B. Forzano, Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences, 4th ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2012): 48: primary source is a firsthand report of observations or research results written by the individual(s) who actually conducted the research and made the observations. A secondary source is a description or summary of another person’s work. A secondary source is written by someone who did not participate in the research or observations being discussed.
12. Burton Stevenson, Stevenson’s Book of Proverbs, Maxims and Familiar Phrases (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1949): 2611.
13. Fred R. Barnard, “Make a Cake for Bobby,” Printers’ Ink, March 10, 1927: 114-15.
14. Haakon Breien Benestad has pointed out for me that Barnard may have been directly or indirectly inspired by Ivan Turgenev when he invented his proverb. The passage “a picture may instantly present what a book could set forth only in a hundred pages” occurs in Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev, Fathers and Sons (Ware, U.K.: Wordsworth Editions, 1996): 82. First published 1862 in The Russian Messenger.
15. Mike Sutton, “The Spinach, Popeye, Iron, Decimal Error Myth Is Finally Busted,” accessed January 28, 2014, http://www.bestthinking.com/articles/science/chemistry/biochemistry/the-spinach-popeye-iron-decimal-error-myth-is-finally-busted; “Spinach, Iron and Popeye: Ironic Lessons from Biochemistry and History on the Importance of Healthy Eating, Healthy Scepticism and Adequate Citation,” Internet Journal of Criminology, accessed March 9, 2014, http://www.internetjournalofcriminology.com/Sutton_Spinach_Iron_and_Popeye_March_2010.pdf.
16. Ole Bjørn Rekdal, “Academic Urban Legends,” Social Studies of Science 44, 4: 638-54, doi: 10.1177/0306312714535679; open-access version at http://sss.sagepub.com/content/44/4/638.
17. Tobias Hecht, “In Search of Brazil’s Street Children,” in Abandoned Children, ed. Catherine Panter-Brick and Malcolm T. Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000): 150.
18. Tobias Hecht, At Home in the Street: Street Children of Northeast Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998): 98-102.
19. Tobias Hecht, At Home in the Street: Street Children of Northeast Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998): 101.
20. Katherine Frost Bruner, “Of Psychological Writing: Being Some Valedictory Remarks on Style,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 37, 1 (1942): 68.
21. American Psychological Association (APA), Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 3rd ed. (Washington, DC: APA, 1984): 112; Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 4th ed. (Washington, DC: APA, 1994): 175; Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed. (Washington, DC: APA, 2001): 216.
22. For the full story, see Ole Bjørn Rekdal, “Monuments to Academic Carelessness: The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy of Katherine Frost Bruner,” Science, Technology & Human Values, 39, 5 (2014), 744-58, doi: 10.1177/0162243914532138; open-access version at http://sth.sagepub.com/content/39/5/744. For a parallel and exotic example on a nonexistent extinction of ants in Madeira
23. James K. Wetterer, “Quotation Error, Citation Copying, and Ant Extinctions in Madeira,” Scientometrics 67, 3 (2006): 351-72.
24. Richard Smith, “Journal Accused of Manipulating Impact Factor,” BMJ 314, 7079 (1997), accessed March 9, 2014, http://www.bmj.com/content/314/7079/461.5.
25. Allen W. Wilhite and Eric A. Fong, “Coercive Citation in Academic Publishing,” Science 335, 6068 (2012): S8 in “Supporting Online Material,” www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/335/6068/542/DC1.
26. Steven Pressman, “Econ Agonistes: Navigating and Surviving the Publishing Process,” American Economist 52, 2 (2008): 29.
27. Phil Davis, “Gaming the Impact Factor Puts Journal in Time-Out,” Scholarly Kitchen, October 17, 2011, accessed March 9, 2014, http://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2011/10/17/gaming-the-impact-factor-puts-journal-in-time-out/.
28. Richard Van Noorden, “Record Number of Journals Banned for Boosting Impact Factor with Self-Citations,” nature.com, June 29, 2012, accessed March 9, 2014, http://blogs.nature.com/news/2012/06/record-number-of-journals-banned-for-boosting-impact-factorwith-self-citations.html
29. Phil Davis, “Citation Cartel Journals Denied 2011 Impact Factor,” Scholarly Kitchen, June 29, 2012, accessed March 9, 2014, http://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2012/06/29/citation-cartel-journals-denied-2011-impact-factor/.
30. An author’s h-index is the maximum number (h) of published articles cited at least h times.
31. Ronald N. Kostoff, “The Use and Misuse of Citation Analysis in Research Evaluation,” Scientometrics 43, 1 (1998): 30.
32. Curt Borgenstam, Anders Sandström, and Erling Matz, Why Vasa Capsized (Stockholm, Swed.: Grafisk, 1995): 58; Vasamuseet, “The Sinking,” accessed March 12, 2014, http://www.vasamuseet.se/en/The-Ship/The-sinking/.
33. Bruce M. Rothschild and Christine Rothschild, “On Pseudoscience and Treponemal Disease in the Western Pacific,” Current Anthropology 40, 1 (1999): 69-71.
34. Eric H. Kessler, Paul E. Bierly, and Shanthi Gopalakrishnan, “Vasa Syndrome: Insights from a 17th-Century New-Product Disaster,” Academy of Management Executive 15, 3 (2001): 80-91; “Vasa Syndrome,” Wikipedia, accessed March 11, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_syndrome.
35. One exception is cases where it is referred to the so-called Harvard style, simply because the Harvard style does not exist in the form of an authoritative manual. Publishers and educational institutions are therefore free to invent their own local Harvard style, including what degree of accuracy and completeness is required in references.
36. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Documentation—Bibliographic References—Content, Form and Structure. International Standard, ISO 690:1987, 2nd ed. (Geneva, Switzerland: ISO, 1987): 9; National Information Standards Organization (NISO), ANSI/NISO Z39.29-2005: Bibliographic References (Bethesda, MD: NISO, 2005): 43; British Standards Institution (BSI), Recommendations for Citing and Referencing Published Material: BS 5605: 1990 with 1998 Amendments, (London: BSI, 1998): 3-4.
37. Modern Language Association of America (MLA), MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, 3rd ed. (New York: MLA, 2008): 247; American Sociological Association (ASA), Style Guide, 4th ed. (Washington, DC: ASA, 2010): 43 (45 in 3rd ed.).
38. Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010): 797. The same message in a slightly different wording is found in the 15th edition (2003) at page 621.
39. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed.: 179.
40. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed.: 171.
41. American Medical Association (AMA), AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors, 10th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007): 52-53.
42. Ole Bjørn Rekdal, “Fakta på ville veier og henvisninger hinsides fornuften,” Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning 50, 3 (2009): 367-83.