Energy drinks mixed with alcohol: What are the risks?

Nutrition Reviews

Volumn 72, Issue S1, 2014, Pages 98-107

  Marczinski, Cecile A ^a   Fillmore, Mark T ^b  

^a NORTHERN KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

Author keywords

Alcohol; Caffeine; Energy drinks; Intoxication; Stimulation

Indexed keywords

3,4 METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE; ALCOHOL; CAFFEINE; CANNABIS; COCAINE; ILLICIT DRUG;

ALCOHOL BLOOD LEVEL; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE; ALCOHOLISM; ARTICLE; BINGE DRINKING; COLLEGE STUDENT; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; DRIVING ABILITY; ENERGY DRINK; FIELD WORK; HEALTH HAZARD; HIGH RISK BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; INTOXICATION; NONHUMAN; PRODUCT SAFETY; PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; ADVERSE EFFECTS; RISK;

ALCOHOL DRINKING; ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; ALCOHOLISM; CAFFEINE; ENERGY DRINKS; ETHANOL; HUMANS; RISK; RISK-TAKING;

EID: 84907857594     PISSN: 00296643     EISSN: 17534887     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/nure.12127     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Howard MA, Marczinski CA. Acute effects of a glucose energy drink on behavioral control. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010;18:553-561.
2. Reissig CJ, Strain EC, Griffiths RR. Caffeinated energy drinks - a growing problem. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009;99:1-10.
3. Seifert SM, Schaechter JL, Hershorin ER, etal. Health effects of energy drinks on children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatrics. 2011;127:511-528.
4. Cleary K, Levine DA, Hoffman RS. Adolescents and young adults presenting to the emergency department intoxicated from a caffeinated alcoholic beverage: a case series. Ann Emerg Med. 2012;59:67-69.
5. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Serious concerns over alcoholic beverages with added caffeine. November 17, 2010. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm233987.htm. Accessed February 1, 2014.
6. Ferreira S, de Mello M, Pompeia S, etal. Effects of energy drink ingestion on alcohol intoxication. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006;30:598-605.
7. Marczinski CA, Fillmore MT. Dissociative antagonistic effects of caffeine on alcohol-induced impairment of behavioral control. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003;11:228-236.
8. Marczinski CA, Fillmore MT. Clubgoers and their trendy cocktails: implications of mixing caffeine into alcohol on information processing and subjective reports of intoxication. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;14:450-458.
9. O'Brien MC, McCoy TP, Rhodes SD, etal. Caffeinated cocktails: energy drink consumption, high-risk drinking, and alcohol-related consequences among college students. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15:453-460.
10. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Caffeinated alcoholic beverages. November 17, 2010. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/FoodAdditivesIngredients/ucm190366.htm. Accessed February 1, 2014.
11. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Update on caffeinated alcohol beverages: FDA announces progress on removal of certain caffeinated alcoholic beverages from the market. November 24, 2010. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm234900.htm. Accessed February 1, 2014.
12. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. The DAWN Report: Update on Emergency Department Visits Involving Energy Drinks: A Continuing Public Health Concern. 2013. Rockville, MD. Available at: http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k13/DAWN126/sr126-energy-drinks-use.htm. Accessed February 1, 2014.
13. Seifert SM, Seifert SA, Schaechter JL, etal. An analysis of energy-drink toxicity in the National Poison Data System. Clin Toxicol. 2013;51:566-574.
14. Morling B. Research Methods in Psychology: Evaluating A World of Information. New York: WW Norton; 2012.
15. Malinauskas BM, Aeby VG, Overton RF, etal. A survey of energy drink consumption patterns among college students. Nutr J. 2007;6:35.
16. Marczinski CA. Alcohol mixed with energy drinks: consumption patterns and motivations for use in U.S. college students. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011;8:3232-3245.
17. Berger L, Fendrich M, Fuhrmann D. Alcohol mixed with energy drinks: are there associated negative consequences beyond hazardous drinking in college students? Addict Behav. 2013;38:2428-2432.
18. Woosley C, Waigandt A, Beck NC. Athletes and energy drinks: reported risk-taking and consequences from the combined use of alcohol and energy drinks. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2010;22:65-71.
19. Johnston LD, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, etal. Monitoring The Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2012: Volume 1: Secondary School Students. 2013. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan. Available at: http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-vol1_2012.pdf. Accessed February 1, 2014.
20. Johnston LD, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, etal. Monitoring The Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2012: Volume 2: College Students & Adults Ages 19-50. 2013. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan. Available at: http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-vol2_2012.pdf. Accessed February 1, 2014.
21. Berger LK, Fendrich M, Chen HY, etal. Sociodemographic correlates with energy drink consumption with and without alcohol: results of a community survey. Addict Behav. 2011;36:516-519.
22. Wells BE, Kelly BC, Pawson M, etal. Correlates of concurrent energy drink and alcohol use among socially active adults. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2013;39:8-15.
23. Peacock A, Bruno R, Martin FH. Patterns of use and motivations for consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks. Psychol Addict Behav. 2013;27:202-206.
24. Eckschmidt F, De Andrade AG, Dos Santos B, etal. The effects of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) on traffic behaviors among Brazilian college students: a national survey. Traffic Inj Prev. 2013;14:671-679.
25. de Haan L, de Haan HA, van der Palen J, etal. Effects of consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks versus consuming alcohol only on overall alcohol consumption and negative alcohol-related consequences. Int J Gen Med. 2012;5:953-960.
26. Brache K, Stockwell T. Drinking patterns and risk behaviors associated with combined alcohol and energy drink consumption in college drinkers. Addict Behav. 2011;36:1133-1140.
27. Cheng WJ, Cheng Y, Huang MC, etal. Alcohol dependence, consumption of alcoholic energy drinks and associated work characteristics in the Taiwan working population. Alcohol Alcohol. 2012;47:372-379.
28. Price SR, Hilchey CA, Darredeau C, etal. Energy drink coadministration is associated with increased reported alcohol ingestion. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2010;29:331-333.
29. Varvil-Weld L, Marzell M, Turrisi R, etal. Examining the relationship between alcohol-energy drink risk profiles and high-risk drinking behaviors. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013;37:1410-1416.
30. Arria AM, Caldeira KM, Kasperski SJ, etal. Energy drink consumption and increased risk for alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2011;35:365-375.
31. Peacock A, Bruno R, Martin FH, etal. The impact of alcohol and energy drink consumption on intoxication and risk-taking behavior. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013;37:1234-1242.
32. Velazquez CE, Poulos NS, Latimer LA, etal. Associations between energy drink consumption and alcohol use behaviors among college students. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;123:167-172.
33. Thombs DL, O'Mara RJ, Tsukamoto M, etal. Event-level analyses of energy drink consumption and alcohol intoxication in bar patrons. Addict Behav. 2010;35:325-330.
34. Thombs D, Rossheim M, Barnett TE, etal. Is there a misplaced focus on AmED? Associations between caffeine mixers and bar patron intoxication. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011;116:31-36.
35. Hughes K, Quigg Z, Bellis MA, etal. Drunk and disorganized: relationships between bar characteristics and customer intoxication in European drinking establishments. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9:4068-4082.
36. Mallett KA, Marzell M, Scaglione N, etal. Are all alcohol and energy drink users the same? Examining individual variation in relation to alcohol mixed with energy drink use, risky drinking, and consequences. Psychol Addict Behav. 2014;28:97-104.
37. Miller KE. Alcohol mixed with energy drink use and sexual risk-taking: casual, intoxicated, and unprotected sex. J Caffeine Res. 2012;2:62-69.
38. Snipes DJ, Benotsch EG. High-risk cocktails and high-risk sex: examining the relation between alcohol mixed with energy drink consumption, sexual behavior, and drug use in college students. Addict Behav. 2013;38:1418-1423.
39. Peacock A, Bruno R, Martin FH. The subjective physiological, psychological, and behavior risk-taking consequences of alcohol and energy drink co-ingestion. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012;36:2008-2015.
40. Attwood AS, Rogers PJ, Ataya AF, etal. Effects of caffeine on alcohol-related changes in behavioural control and perceived intoxication in light caffeine consumers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2012;221:551-560.
41. Heinz AJ, de Wit H, Lilje TC, etal. The combined effects of alcohol, caffeine, and expectancies on subjective experience, impulsivity, and risk-taking. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;21:222-234.
42. Marczinski CA, Fillmore MT, Bardgett ME, etal. Effects of energy drinks mixed with alcohol on behavioral control: risks for college students consuming trendy cocktails. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2011;35:1282-1292.
43. Marczinski CA, Fillmore MT, Henges AL, etal. Effects of energy drinks mixed with alcohol on information processing, motor coordination and subjective reports of intoxication. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;20:129-138.
44. Marczinski CA, Fillmore MT, Henges AL, etal. Mixing an energy drink with an alcoholic beverage increases motivation for more alcohol in college students. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013;37:276-283.
45. Smith AP. Effects of caffeine and alcohol on mood and performance changes following consumption of lager. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2013;227:595-604.
46. Fillmore MT. Alcohol tolerance in humans is enhanced by prior caffeine antagonism of alcohol-induced impairment. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003;11:9-17.
47. Newlin DB, Thomson JB. Chronic tolerance and sensitization to alcohol in sons of alcoholics: II. Replication and reanalysis. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;7:234-243.
48. Alford C, Hamilton-Morris J, Verster JC. The effects of energy drink in combination with alcohol on performance and subjective awareness. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2012;222:519-532.
49. Ferreira SE, Abrahao KP, Souza-Formigoni MLO. Expression of behavioral sensitization to ethanol is increased by energy drink administration. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2013;110:245-248.
50. Hilbert MLT, May CE, Griffin WC. Conditioned reinforcement and locomotor activating effects of caffeine and ethanol combinations in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2013;110:168-173.
51. Grahame NJ, Rodd-Henricks K, Li TK, etal. Ethanol locomotor sensitization, but not tolerance, correlates with selection for alcohol preference in high- and low-preferring mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2000;151:252-260.
52. Lessov CN, Palmer AA, Quick EQ, etal. Voluntary ethanol drinking in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice before and after sensitization to the locomotor stimulant effects of ethanol. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001;155:91-99.
53. Dietze MA, Kulkosky PJ. Effects of caffeine and bombesin on ethanol and food intake. Life Sci. 1991;48:1837-1844.
54. Kunin D, Gaskin S, Rogan F, etal. Caffeine promotes ethanol drinking in rats: examination using a limited-access free choice paradigm. Alcohol. 2000;21:271-277.
55. Rezvani AH, Sexton HG, Johnson J, etal. Effects of caffeine on alcohol consumption and nicotine self-administration in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013;37:1609-1617.
56. Nagy LE, Diamond I, Casso DJ, etal. Ethanol increases extracellular adenosine by inhibiting adenosine uptake via the nucleoside transporter. J Biol Chem. 1990;265:1946-1951.
57. Sharma R, Engemann SC, Sahota P, etal. Effects of ethanol on extracellular levels of adenosine in the basal forebrain: an in vivo microdialysis study in freely behaving rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010;34:813-818.
58. Fredholm BB, Battig K, Holmen J, etal. Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use. Pharmacol Rev. 1999;51:83-133.
59. Nehlig A. Are we dependent upon coffee and caffeine? A review on human and animal data. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1999;23:563-576.
60. Shook BC, Jackson PF. Adenosine A2A receptor antagonists and Parkinson's disease. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2011;2:555-567.
61. Arolfo MP, Yao L, Gordon AS, etal. Ethanol operant self-administration in rats is regulated by adenosine A2 receptors. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004;28:1308-1316.
62. Yao L, Arolfo MP, Dohrman DP, etal. Betagamma dimers mediate synergy of dopamine D2 and adenosine A2 receptor-mediated PKA signaling and regulate ethanol consumption. Cell. 2002;109:733-743.
63. Ferre S, Ciruela F, Borycz J, etal. Adenosine A1-A2A receptor heteromers: new targets for caffeine in the brain. Front Biosci. 2008;13:2391-2399.
64. Garrett BE, Griffiths RR. The role of dopamine in the behavioral effects of caffeine in animals and man. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1997;57:533-541.
65. Butler TR, Prendergast MA. Neuroadaptations in adenosine receptor signaling following long-term ethanol exposure and withdrawal. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013;36:4-13.
66. Nam HW, Bruner RC, Choi DS. Adenosine signaling in striatal circuits and alcohol use disorders. Mol Cells. 2013; 36:195-202.
67. Mesas AE, Leon-Munoz LM, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, etal. The effect of coffee on blood pressure and cardiovascular disease in hypertensive individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94:1113-1126.
68. Adesso VJ, Ritchie SA, Stasiewicz PR. The acute effects of alcohol on the blood pressure of young, normotensive men. J Stud Alcohol. 1990;51:468-471.
69. Puddey IB, Beilin LJ. Alcohol is bad for blood pressure. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2006;33:847-852.
70. Waszkiewicz N, Szulc A, Zwierz K. Binge drinking-induced subtle myocardial injury. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013;37:1261-1263.
71. Nordt SP, Vilke GM, Clark RF, etal. Energy drink use and adverse effects among emergency department patients. J Community Health. 2012;37:976-981.
72. Morean ME, Corbin WR. Subjective response to alcohol: a critical review of the literature. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010;34:385-395.
73. Quinn PD, Fromme K. Subjective response to alcohol challenge: a quantitative review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2011;35:1759-1770.
74. Holdstock L, King AC, de Wit H. Subjective and objective responses to ethanol in moderate/heavy and light social drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000;24:789-794.
75. King AC, de Wit H, McNamara PJ, etal. Rewarding, stimulant, and sedative alcohol responses and relationship to future binge drinking. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68:389-399.
76. King AC, Houle T, de Wit H, etal. Biphasic alcohol response differs in heavy versus light drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002;26:827-835.
77. Corbin WR, Gearhardt A, Fromme K. Stimulant alcohol effects prime within session drinking behavior. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008;197:327-337.