Muslim studies of hinduism? A reconsideration of Arabic and Persian translations from Indian languages

Iranian Studies

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 173-195

  Ernst, Carl W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84907799387     PISSN: 00210862     EISSN: 14754819     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00210860305244     Document Type: Article

References (87)

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3. Husain, Mahdi. 1963. Tughluq Dynasty 315–39. Calcutta On the basis of Jain records, Mahdi Husain has suggested that lain scholars writing in Sanskrit were the "philosophers" with whom Sultan Muhammad ibn Tughluq (d. 1351) associated. If correct, this would still indicate a fairly specialized interest in a minority tradition that is not today considered part of the "Hindu" fold. See
4. Netton, Ian Richard. 1982. Muslim Neoplatonists: An Introduction to the Thought of the Brethren of Purity (Ikhwan al-safa') 89–94. London
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18. Richards, John F., 1993. The Mughal Empire, vol. 1.5 of The New Cambridge History of India 36–40. 44–47. Cambridge See most recently
19. Hardy, Peter. 1985. "Abul Fazl's Portrait of the Perfect Padshah: A Political Philosophy for Mughal India-or a Personal Puff for a Pal?" ”. In Islam in India, Studies and Commentaries, vol. 2, Religion and Religious Education Edited by: Troll, Christian W., 114–37. New Delhi See the stimulating essay of
20. 1992. Eternal Garden: Mysticism, History, and Politics at a South Asian Sufi Center 47–53. Albany For coinage with Sanskrit and patronage of non-Muslim religious institutions, see my
21. Mukhia, Harbans. 1976. Historians and Historiography During the Reign of Akbar 70New Delhi On Akbar as the center of all religions, see
22. Seyller, John. 1999. Workshop and Patron in Mughal India: The Freer Ramayana and other Illustrated Manuscripts of 'Abd al-Rahim Zurich
23. Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad. 1989. Akbar & Religion 180–81. Delhi
24. Ethé, Catalogue of Persian Manuscripts, no. 1955.
25. al-Fazl, Abu. The A'ïn-i Akbarï, 3110–12. This translation, entitled Atharban in Persian, was entrusted to Bada'uni, but he abandoned it after failing to find a competent pandit
26. Marshall, Mughals in India, no. 384.
27. Talboys, ed. 1864. Early Travels in India, (16th & 17th Centuries) 78Calcutta reprint Delhi, 1974
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29. AIi, Mubarak. 1986. The Court of the Great Mughuls, Based On Persian Sources 51–53. Lahore For the practice of weighing the emperor, see
30. Briggs, J., ed. 1829. Mahomed Kasim Ferishta, History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India, Till the Year A.D. 1612 4 vols, xlv–lxiii. London reprint ed., Lahore, 1977), 1
31. Tod, James. 1829-32;. Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han, or The Central and Western Rajpoots of India 2 vols., 192London reprint, London, 1914) 1
32. Das, Banwali, ed. 1967. Tara Chand and Amir Hasan 'Abidi 6–7. Aligarh Gulzâr-i hal yâ tulûc-i qamar-i ma'rifat/Prabodhachandrodaya, Persian trans. from Sanskrit by
33. Storey. Persian Literature, 1450–52.
34. Das, Banwali, ed. 1967. Tara Chand and Amir Hasan 'Abidi, Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University. See Jug bashist/Yogavasistha, Persian trans. from Sanskrit by
35. Venkatesananda, Swami, ed. 1984. The Concise Yoga Vasistha Albany See also
36. O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger. 1984. Dreams, Illusion and Other Realities Chicago
37. 1985. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 20: 252–54. and my review of the latter in
38. Storey. Persian Literature, 1570–72.; this work was printed at Lahore in 1901
39. Qasemi, Sharif Husain. "Candra Bhân Barahman,". EIr, 4755–56. See also
40. Pertsch, Wilhelm. 1888. Die Handschriften-Verzeichnisse der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin, IV, Persischen Handschriften Benin Another unidentified work on Hinduism by Chandarban, in question and answer form, is found in Berlin. See, no. 1081/2
41. Vassie, Roderic. 1992. "Abd al-Rahman Chishti & the Bhagavadgita: 'Unity of Religion' Theory in Practice," ”. In The Legacy of Mediaeval Persian Sufism Edited by: Lewisohn, Leonard. 367–78. London
42. Ethé, Catalogue of Persian Manuscripts, no. 1975.
43. Böbel-Gross, Erhard, and akbar, Sirr-i. 1962. Die Persische Upanishad Ubersetzung des Mogulprinzen Därä Shikühs Marburg
44. akabara, Sirre, ed. 1988. Salama Mahaphuza New Delhi a Hindi translation from the Persian is available under the title
45. Ahmad, Nazir. 1918. "Notes on Important Arabic and Persian MSS, found in Various Libraries in India-II,". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 14: cxcvix–ccclvi. Pertsch, Die Handschriften-Verzeichnisse, no. 1077/3. Another copy is described by esp. ccxxix, no. 24, dated 1676.
46. Friedmann, Yohanan. 1975. "Medieval Muslim Views of Indian Religions,". Journal of the American Oriental Society, 95: 214–21.
47. Filliozat, Jean. 1980. "Sur les Contreparties indiennes du soufisme,". Journal Asiatique, 268: 259–73. See the studies of
48. Shayegan, Daryush. 1979. Les Relations de l'Hindouisme et du Soufisme d'après le Majma' al-Bahrayn de Dârâ Shokûh Paris
49. 1990. "Muhammad Därä Shukuh, Bunyânguzâr-i irfân-i tatbîqï,". Iran Nâmah, 1 idem
50. Chaudhuri, Roma. 1954. A Critical Study of Dârâ Shikûh's Samudra-sangama 2 vols, Calcutta The Arabie version of Majma' al-bahrayn by Muhammad Salih ibn Ahmad al-Misri, completed before 1771, is found in the Buhar collection (National Library, Calcutta), MS 133 Arabic. The Urdu translation by Gokul Prasad, entitled Nür-i cayn or Light of the Eye, was lithographed at Lucknow in 1872. For the Sanskrit version, see
51. Mahfuz-ul-Haq, M., ed. 1929. Majma'-ul-bahrain or The Mingling of the Two Oceans Calcutta
52. Na'ini, Muhammad Riza Jalali, ed. 1335/1956. Muntakhabat-i asßr-i Muhammad ibn Shâhjahân Qâdiri Dârâ Shukûh Tehran
53. Na'ini, Muhammad Riza Jalali, ed. 1366/1987-8. Majma'1 al-bahrayn Tehran
54. Wensinck, A. I., "al-Khadir,". Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, 232b
55. Mahfuz-ul-Haq. Majmac-ul-bahrain, Introduction, 27; the phrase is repeated by Storey, Persian Literature, 1994
56. 1985. Words of Ecstasy in Sufism 63–96. Albany In the opening lines of Majma' al-bahrayn, (1), Dara Shukuh quotes a version of a famous verse by the poet Sana'i (d. 1131), "Infidelity and religion (kufr wa din) are both following in your path, crying, 'He alone, he has no partner!'" This verse is a quotation from the beginning of the Sana'i's classic Sufi epic Hadiqat al-haqïqat. In its original context, it is an illustration of the Sufi concept of mystical infidelity as non-duality (see my
57. Syed, Anees Jahan. 1977. Aurangzeb in Muntakhab-al lubab 77Bombay In Dara Shukuh's version, however, the verse reads, "Infidelity and islam," giving it a political character implying Hindu and Islamic communities or doctrines. In this he followed the same wording (and implications) as Abu al-Fazl, who is said to have engraved this verse on a temple used by Indian "monotheists" (muwahhidun) in Kashmir (Abu'1-Fazl A'In, 1: liv-lvi). Ironically, this verse as quoted here by Dara Shukuh was seized upon by Awrangzib as evidence of his brother's apostasy from Islam, despite its classical origins in the Sufi tradition (see
58. Rocher, Rosanne. 1983. Orientalism, Poetry, and the Millennium: The Checkered Life of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, 1751-1830 48–72. Delhi
59. Ethe, Catalogue of Persian Mansucripts, no. 2003; Rieu, 1: 63-64 (the Sanskrit text is Or. 1124, the Persian trans. is Add. 5655, and the English version is Add. 5657, fols. 163-194). A similar work composed by Kanchari Singh in 1782 is found in Pertsch, Die HandschriftenVerzeichnisse, no. 1083).
60. Ethe, Catalogue of Persian Manuscripts, nos. 1959, 1962.
61. Ethe, Catalogue of Persian Manuscripts, nos. 1725, 2905.
62. Rieu. Catalogue of Persian Manuscripts, 165–67. (Add. 27, 255)
63. Titley, Nora M., 1977. Miniatures from Persian Manuscripts: A Catalogue and Subject Index of Paintings from Persia, India and Turkey in the British Library and the British Museum 372London
64. Archer, Mildred, and FaIk, Toby. 1989. India Revealed: The Art and Adventures of James and William Fraser 1801-35 London See further on Skinner and Company art index, s.n. Skinner
65. Rocher, Rosane. 1993. "British Orientalism in the Eighteenth Century: The Dialectics of Knowledge and Government," ”. In Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia Edited by: Breckenridge, Carol A., and Veer, Peter van der. 215–49. Philadelphia
66. Schimmel, Annemarie. 1975. Mystical Dimensions of Islam 361Chapel Hill, NC On Duperron's translation, entitled Oupnek'at, id est secretum tegendum, see
67. Hasrat, Bikrama lit. 1982. Dara Shikuh, life and Works, 2nd ed. 255–58. New Delhi
68. Schweighaeuser, J. G., "Sur les sects philosophiques de l'Inde,". Archives literaires de l'Europe, 16(1807)193–206.
69. Lescallier, M., ed. 1817. Vikramacaritra: Le Trone enchanté, 2 vols, New York: J. Desnoues.
70. Price, David. 1831. The last days of Krishna and the sons of Pondu from the concluding section of the Mahäbhärata translated from the Persian version made by Naqib Khan, in the time of the Emperor Akbar, published together with miscellaneous translation London
71. Jones, Sir William. 1794. Works Vol. 1, 422London, quoted by Habibullah, "Medieval IndoPersian Literature," 167.
72. Schwab, Raymond. 1984. The Oriental Renaissance: Europe's Rediscovery of India and the East, 1680-1880, trans. Gene Patterson-Black and Victor Reinking New York The detailed study of European Indology by, does not address the significance of the Persian translations at all, but stresses in a classicist manner the importance of access to original Sanskrit texts.
73. Day, Upendra Nath, and Malwa, Medieval. 1965. A Political and Cultural History, 1401-1562 367–70. 422–28. 437–39. Delhi
74. Ranbaore, M. R., 1973-4. "Hindu Law in Medieval Deccan," ”. In History of Medieval Deccan (1295-1724) Edited by: Sherwani, H. K., and Joshi, P. M., 2 vols, 2529Hyderabad
75. Shastri, V. W. Paranjpe. "Language and Literature-Sanskrit,". History of Medieval Deccan., 2128–29.
76. Mitra, Bâbu Râjendralâla. 1871. 'The Alla Upanishad, a spurious chapter of the Atherva Veda-text, translation, and notes,". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 40: 170–76.
77. Phukan, Shantanu. 1999. "Through a Persian Prism: Hindi and Padmavat in the Mughal Imagination," ”. University of Chicago. Ph.D. dissertation
78. McGregor, Ronald Stuart. 1984. Hindi Literature from Its Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century, A History of Indian Literature VIII/6 23–24. 26–28. 63–73. 150–54. Wiesbaden For a brief survey, see
79. Pandey, S. M., 1992. "Kutuban's Miragavati: its content and interpretation," ”. In Devotional literature In South Asia: Current research, 1985-1988 Edited by: McGregor, R. S., 179–89. Cambridge
80. AIi, M. Athar. 1999. "Pursuing an Elusive Seeker of Universal Truth-the Identity and Environment of the Author of the Dabistan-i Mazahib," ”. In JRAS, Series 3 Vol. 9, 365–73. See most recently
81. Munzavi, Ahmad. 1363/1405/1985. Fihrist-l mushtarak-l nuskha-ha-yl khattï-yi fârsï-yi Pakistan Vol. 4, 2135–2200. Islamabad There is considerable information on this topic in 'Abd Allah, Adabiyyât-i fârsï. See also for a comprehensive list of titles and manuscripts of Persian works on Hinduism, both translations and original works.
82. Rieu. Catalogue of Persian Manuscripts. 1 (62) (Egerton 1027), copied in 1766
83. Rieu. 1850. Catalogue of Persian Manuscripts, 1: 64 (Or. 476), copied
84. Ghazi, Abid Ullah. 1975. "Raja Rammohun Roy (1772-1833): encounter with Islam and Christianity, the articulation of Hindu self-consciousness," ”. 95–98. Harvard University. Ph.D. dissertation
85. Shayagan, Daryush. 1967. Adyan wa maktab-ha-yi falsafi-yi Hind Vol. 2 vois, Tehran
86. Shukuh, Dara, Chand, Tara, and Riza, Muammad, eds. 1963. “ Üpänishäd (Sirr-i akbar) ”. In Jalali Na'ini 2 vols, Tehran Besides the previously mentioned_editions of Dara Shukuh's Majma' al-bahrayn and the Mahâbhârata, see reprint Tehran, 1368/1989)
87. Muhammad Riza' Jalali Na'ini, Guzîdah-i sarûd-hâ-yi rig vedä (Tehran, 1348/1969); idem, Tariqa-i Gurü Nänak va paydâyï-yi âyïn-i Sik (Tehran, 1349/1970); idem, Adâb-i tariqat va khudayâbï dar 'ïrfan-i hindû (Tehran, 1347/1968); idem, Khwîshâvandî-yi zabân va mazhab-i qadïm-i dû qawm-i âryâ-yi Iran wa Hind (Benares, 1971); Shahrastâni, Arâ-yi Hind (bakhshï ai îdtâb al-milal wal-nihal, new ed. Mustafa Khaliqdad cAbbasi, ed. Muhammad Riza' Jalali Na'ini, (Tehran, 1349/1970); Dara Shukuh, trans., Bhagavad Gîta, ed. Muhammad Riza' Jalali Na'ini (n.p., 1957).