De-escalation treatment protocols for human papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2014, Issue 2, 2014, Pages

  Masterson, Liam ^a   Moualed, Daniel ^b   Masood, Ajmal ^c   Dwivedi, Raghav C ^a   Benson, Richard ^d   Sterling, Jane C ^d   Rhodes, Kirsty M ^e   Sudhoff, Holger ^f   Jani, Piyush ^a   Goon, Peter ^g  

^a CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^b GREAT WESTERN HOSPITALS NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^c NORFOLK AND NORWICH UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^d ADDENBROOKE S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^e NEWNHAM COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

^f Bielefeld Academic Teaching Hospital   (Germany)

^g UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBOPLATIN; CETUXIMAB; CISPLATIN; DOCETAXEL; FLUOROURACIL; PACLITAXEL;

ADVANCED CANCER; BIORADIOTHERAPY; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CANCER THERAPY; CHEMORADIOTHERAPY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SPECIFIC SURVIVAL; DRUG EFFICACY; HEALTH CARE COST; HUMAN; MORBIDITY; OROPHARYNX SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION DOSE FRACTIONATION; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THERAPY EFFECT; TREATMENT DE ESCALATION; WART VIRUS; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; OROPHARYNX TUMOR; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; VIROLOGY;

CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; CLINICAL PROTOCOLS; HUMANS; OROPHARYNGEAL NEOPLASMS; PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES;

EID: 84907662065     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010271.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Argiris A, Lee SC. Serum biomarkers as potential predictors of antitumor activity of cetuximab-containing therapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer. Oral Oncology 2011;47(10):961-6.
2. Chen AM, Li J, Beckett LA, Zhara T, Farwell G, Lau DH, et al. Differential response rates to irradiation among patients with human papillomavirus positive and negative oropharyngeal cancer. Laryngoscope 2012;123(1):152-7. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.23570]
3. Chera B, Green R. De-intensification of radiation and chemotherapy for low-risk human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01530997 2012. [NCT01530997]
4. Lassen P, Eriksen JG, Hamilton-Dutoit S, Tramm T, Alsner J, Overgaard J, Danish Head and Neck Cancer Group (DAHANCA). HPV-associated p16-expression and response to hypoxic modification of radiotherapy in head and neck cancer. Radiotherapy and Oncology 2010;94:30-5.
5. Lassen P, Eriksen JG, Krogdahl A, Therkildsen MH, Overgaard M, Specht L, et al. Danish Head and Neck Cancer Group (DAHANCA). The influence of HPV-associated p16-expression on accelerated fractionated radiotherapy in head and neck cancer: evaluation of the randomised DAHANCA 6&7 trial. Radiotherapy and Oncology 2011;100:49-55.
6. Eisbruch A. Reduced-intensity therapy for advanced oropharyngeal cancer in non-smoking human papilloma virus (HPV)-16 positive patients. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01649414 2012. [NCT01649414]
7. Fakhry C, Westra WH. Improved survival of patients with human papillomavirus-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in a prospective clinical trial. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2008;100(4):261-9.
8. Gilbert J, Murphy B. Phase 2 trial of oxaliplatin and pemetrexed as an induction regimen in locally advanced head and neck cancer. Cancer 2012;118(4):1007-13.
9. Huang S, O'Sullivan B. Temporal regression of cervical lymph node in N2-N3 head-and-neck cancer treated with primary radiation therapy +/- chemotherapy: stratified by HPV status. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 2012;1:S205.
10. Kies MS, Holsinger FC. Induction chemotherapy and cetuximab for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: results from a phase II prospective trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2010;28(1):8-14.
11. Le QT, Fisher R. Prognostic and predictive significance of plasma HGF and IL-8 in a phase III trial of chemoradiation with or without tirapazamine in locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer. Clinical Cancer Research 2012;18(6):1798-807. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-2094]
12. Mehrotra B, Schwartz DL, Frank D, Saltman B, Roy R, Lebowicz YZ, et al. Phase II trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for HPV-associated squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx followed by reduced-dose radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy for responders or standard dose chemoradiotherapy for non-responders. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2012;30:Abstract TPS5601.
13. Merlano M, Denaro N. The phase III study interceptor in HNC: preliminary report on toxicity. Oral Oncology. 2013; Vol. 49:S21-2.
14. O'Sullivan B, Huang SH. Outcomes of HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer patients treated by radiotherapy alone using altered fractionation. Radiotherapy and Oncology 2012;103(1):49-56.
15. Psyrri A, Ghebremichael MS. P16 protein status and response to treatment in a prospective clinical trial (ECOG 2303) of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Journal of Clinical Oncology 2011;29(15 Suppl):Abstract e16032.
16. Quon H, Blackford A. Phase II study of radiation therapy dose de-intensification for HPV-associated oropharyngeal carcinoma. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 2012;84(3):S208. [NCT01088802]
17. Jones T. A phase I, dose escalation trial of recombinant listeria monocytogenes (Lm)- based vaccine encoding human papilloma virus serotype 16 target antigens (ADXS11-001) in patients with HPV-16 +ve oropharyngeal carcinoma. Liverpool Cancer Trials Unit (http://www.lctu.org.uk/trial/trial_info.asp?id=73&tgcode=2&menuid=30) 2012 (accessed 3 February 2014). [ISRCTN47069182]
18. Ang KK. Human papillomavirus and survival of patients with oropharyngeal cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 2010;363(1):24-35.
19. Ang KK, Zhang QE. A randomized phase III trial (RTOG 0522) of concurrent accelerated radiation plus cisplatin with or without cetuximab for stage III-IV head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2011;29(15 Suppl):Abstract 5500.
20. Gillison ML, Zhang Q, Jordan R, Xiao W, Westra WH, Trotti A, et al. Tobacco smoking and increased risk of death and progression for patients with p16-positive and p16-negative oropharyngeal cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2012;10:2102-11.
21. Seiwert TY, Haraf DJ. A randomized phase II trial of cetuximab-based induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent cetuximab, 5-FU, hydroxyurea, and hyperfractionated radiation (CetuxFHX), or cetuximab, cisplatin, and accelerated radiation with concomitant boost (CetuxPX) in patients with locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer (HNC). Journal of Clinical Oncology 2011;29(15 Suppl):Abstract 5519.
22. Semrau R, Duerbaum H, Temming S, Huebbers C, Stenner M, Drebber U, et al. Prognostic impact of human papillomavirus status, survivin, and epidermal growth-factor receptor expression on survival in patients treated with radiochemotherapy for very advanced nonresectable oropharyngeal cancer. Head and Neck 2012 Oct 5 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.23126]
23. Siu L, Waldron J. Radiation therapy and cisplatin or panitumumab in treating patients with locally advanced stage III or stage IV head and neck cancer. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00820248 2009. [NCT00820248]
24. Snietura M, Piglowski W. Impact of HPV infection on the clinical outcome of p-CAIR trial in head and neck cancer. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 2011;268(5):721-6.
25. Takenaka Y. Phase II study of de-intensified treatment (radiation alone) for human papilloma virus-associated oropharyngeal cancer. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/trial.aspx?trialid=JPRN-UMIN000008953 2013.
26. Posner MR, Lorch JH. Survival and human papillomavirus in oropharynx cancer in TAX 324: a subset analysis from an international phase III trial. Annals of Oncology 2011;22(5):1071-7.
27. Teknos T. Vorinostat in the treatment of advanced staged oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01064921 2010. [NCT01064921]
28. Thibaudeau E, Fortin B, Coutlée F. HPV prevalence and prognostic value in a prospective cohort of 255 patients with locally advanced HNSCC: a single-centre experience. International Journal of Otolaryngology 2013 Apr 24 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/437815]
29. Rischin D, Young RJ. Prognostic significance of p16INK4A and human papillomavirus in patients with oropharyngeal cancer treated on TROG 02.02 phase III trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2010;28(27):4142-8.
30. Yao M. Erlotinib, docetaxel, and radiation therapy in stage III or stage IV squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00720304 2008. [NCT00720304]
31. Cohen E. Selection of chemoradiotherapy based on response to induction chemotherapy - a randomized phase II study in locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01133678 2010. [NCT01133678]
32. Mehanna H. De-ESCALaTE: Determination of epidermal growth factor receptor-inhibitor (cetuximab) versus standard chemotherapy (cisplatin) early and late toxicity events in human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a randomised controlled trial. http://www.cancerresearch.uk 2011.
33. Papadimitrakopoulou V. Paclitaxel, carboplatin and cetuximab (PCC) versus cetuximab, docetaxel, cisplatin and fluorouracil (C-TPF) in previously untreated patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01154920 2010. [NCT01154920]
34. Marur S, Comis RL. A phase II trial of induction chemotherapy followed by cetuximab (Erbitux) with low dose vs. standard dose IMRT in patients with HPV-associated resectable squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01084083 2010. [NCT01084083]
35. Posner M. The Quarterback Trial: a randomized phase III clinical trial comparing reduced and standard radiation therapy doses for locally advanced HPV16 positive oropharynx cancer. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01706939. New York: ClinicalTrials.gov, 2012. [NCT01706939]
36. Trotti A. Phase III trial of radiotherapy plus cetuximab versus chemoradiotherapy in HPV-associated oropharynx cancer. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01302834 2011. [NCT01302834]
37. Rischin D, Sivasuthan J. A randomised trial of weekly cetuximab and radiation versus weekly cisplatin and radiation in good prognosis locoregionally advanced HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01855451 2013. [NCT01855451]
38. Bonner JA, Harari PM, Giralt J, Cohen RB, Jones CU, Sur RK, et al. Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer: 5-year survival data from a phase 3 randomised trial, and relation between cetuximab-induced rash and survival. Lancet Oncology 2010;11(1):21-8.
39. Bourhis J, Overgaard J, Audry H, Ang KK, Saunders M, Bernier J, et al. Meta-Analysis of Radiotherapy in Carcinomas of Head and Neck (MARCH) Collaborative Group. Hyperfractionated or accelerated radiotherapy in head and neck cancer: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2006;368(9538):843-54.
40. Bourhis J, Lefebvre JL, Vermorken JB. Cetuximab in the management of locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer: expanding the treatment options?. European Journal of Cancer 2010;46(11):1979-89.
41. Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Hernandez BY, Xiao W, Kim E, et al. Human papillomavirus and rising oropharyngeal cancer incidence in the United States. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2011;29(32):4294-301.
42. Choi WH, Hu KS, Culliney B. Cancer of the oropharynx. In: Harrison LB, Sessions RB, Hong WK editor(s). Head and Neck Cancer: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 3rd Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott, William & Wilkins, 2009:285-335.
43. Chung CH, Zhang Q, Hammond EM, Trotti AM, Wang H, Spencer S, et al. Integrating epidermal growth factor receptor assay with clinical parameters improves risk classification for relapse and survival in head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 2011;81(2):331-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.05.024]
44. Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D, for the CONSORT Group. CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Annals of Internal Medicine 2010;152(11):1-7.
45. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. 4th Edition. US Department of Health and Human Services, 2009.
46. de Martel C, Ferlay F, Franceschi S, Vignat J, Bray F, Forman D, et al. Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis. Lancet Oncology 2012;13(6):607-15.
47. Denis F, Garaud P, Bardet E, Alfonsi M, Sire C, Germain T, et al. Final results of the 94-01 French Head and Neck Oncology and Radiotherapy Group randomized trial comparing radiotherapy alone with concomitant radiochemotherapy in advanced-stage oropharynx carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2004;22(1):69-76.
48. Dirix P, Nuyts S. Evidence-based organ-sparing radiotherapy in head and neck cancer. Lancet Oncology 2010;11:85-91.
49. Dwivedi RC, Rhys-Evans PH, Patel SG. Tumours of the oropharynx. In: Montgomery P, Rhys-Evans PH, Gullane PJ editor(s). Principles and Practice of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology. 2nd Edition. London: Informa, 2009:192-232.
50. Singer S, Arraras J, Baumann I, Boehm A, Chie WC, Galalae R, et al.on behalf of the EORTC Quality of Life and the EORTC Head and Neck Cancer Groups. Quality of life in head and neck cancer patients receiving multimodal or targeted therapy - update of the EORTC QLQ-H&N35, Phase I. Head and Neck 2013;35(9):1331-8. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.23127]
51. Rabin R, Oemar M, Oppe M. EQ-5D-3L User Guide. 4th Edition. EuroQol Group, 2011.
52. Evans M, Powell NG. The changing aetiology of head and neck cancer: the role of human papillomavirus. Clinical Oncology 2010;22(7):538-46.
53. Gillison ML. Human papillomavirus-associated head and neck cancer is a distinct epidemiologic, clinical, and molecular entity. Seminars in Oncology 2004;31(6):744-54.
54. Goodwin EC, DiMaio D. Repression of human papillomavirus oncogenes in HeLa cervical carcinoma cells causes the orderly reactivation of dormant tumor suppressor pathways. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2000;97:12513-8.
55. Grégoire V, De Neve W, Eisbruch A, Leed N, Van den Weyngaerte D, Van Gestele D. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for head and neck carcinoma. Oncologist 2007;12:555-64.
56. Gregoire V, Lefebvre JL, Licitra L, Felip E, EHNS-ESMO-ESTRO Guidelines Working Group. Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: EHNS-ESMO-ESTRO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology 2010;21:184-6.
57. Haddad RI, Shin DM. Recent advances in head and neck cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 2008;359:1143-54.
58. Haddad R, O'Neill A, Rabinowits G, Tishler R, Khuri F, Adkins D, et al. Induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy (sequential chemoradiotherapy) versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in locally advanced head and neck cancer (PARADIGM): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncology 2013;14(3):257-64.
59. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
60. Hitt R, López-Pousa A, Martínez-Trufero J, Escrig V, Carles J, Rizo A, et al. Phase III study comparing cisplatin plus fluorouracil to paclitaxel, cisplatin, and fluorouracil induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced head and neck cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2005;23(34):8636-45.
61. Hoffmann M, IhloffAS, Gorogh T, Weise JB, Fazel A, Krams M. p16(INK4a) overexpression predicts translational active human papillomavirus infection in tonsillar cancer. International Journal of Cancer 2010;127:1595-602.
62. Hong A, Dobbins T, Lee CS, Jones D, Jackson E, Clark J, et al. Relationships between epidermal growth factor receptor expression and human papillomavirus status as markers of prognosis in oropharyngeal cancer. European Journal of Cancer 2010;46(11):2088-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.04.016]
63. Kumar B, Cordell KG, Lee JS, Worden FP, Prince ME, Tran HH, et al. EGFR, p16, HPV Titer, Bcl-xL and p53, sex, and smoking as indicators of response to therapy and survival in oropharyngeal cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008;26(19):3128-37. [DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2007.12.7662]
64. Lee MK, Nalliah RP, Kim MK, Elangovan S, Allareddy V, Kumar-Gajendrareddy P, et al. Prevalence and impact of complications on outcomes in patients hospitalized for oral and oropharyngeal cancer treatment. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontics 2011;112(5):581-91.
65. Lefebvre JL, Pointreau Y, Rolland F, Alfonsi M, Baudoux A, Sire C, et al. Induction chemotherapy followed by either chemoradiotherapy or bioradiotherapy for larynx preservation: the TREMPLIN randomized phase II study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2013;31(7):853-9.
66. Licitra L, Perrone F, Bossi P, Suardi S, Mariani L, Artusi R. High-risk human papillomavirus affects prognosis in patients with surgically treated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2006;24(36):5630-6.
67. Mehanna H. Oropharyngeal cancer. In: Roland N, Paleri V, MacKenzie K, Clarke P, Homer J, Pracy P, et al. editor(s). Head and Neck Cancer. 4th Edition. London: British Association of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 2011:137-46.
68. Mehanna H, Beech T, Nicholson T, El-Hariry I, McConkey C, Paleri V, et al. The prevalence of human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal and nonoropharyngeal head and neck cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of trends by time and region. Head and Neck 2012 Jan 20 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.22015]
69. Mendenhall WM, Werning JW, Pfister DG. Treatment of head and neck cancer. In: De Vita VT Jr, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA editor(s). Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. 9th Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2011:729-80.
70. Modjtahedi H, Essapen S. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in cancer treatment: advances, challenges and opportunities. Anticancer Drugs 2009;20(10):851-5.
71. Murphy BA, Gilbert J. Dysphagia in head and neck cancer patients treated with radiation: assessment, sequelae, and rehabilitation. Seminars in Radiation Oncology 2009;19(1):35-42.
72. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Guidelines for Treatment of Cancer by Site (Head & Neck Cancer). http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp 2010.
73. Nguyen NP, Frank C, Moltz CC, Vos P, Smith HJ, Nguyen PD, et al. Analysis of factors influencing aspiration risk following chemoradiation for oropharyngeal cancer. British Journal of Radiology 2009;82:675-80.
74. Nutting C, Morden JP, Harrington KJ, Urbano TG, Bhide SA, Clark C, et al. Parotid-sparing intensity modulated versus conventional radiotherapy in head and neck cancer (PARSPORT): a phase 3 multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncology 2011;12(2):127-36.
75. Oliver M, Eeles R, Holstein M, Khan MA, Harris CC, Hainaut P. The IARC TP53 database: new online mutation analysis and recommendations to users. Human Mutation 2002;19:607-14.
76. Pajares B, Perez-Villa L, Trigo JM, Toledo MD, Alvarez M, Jimenez B, et al. Concurrent radiotherapy plus epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in patients with human papillomavirus-related head and neck cancer. Clinical & Translational Oncology 2013 Nov 6 [Epub ahead of print]. [PUBMED: 24193865]
77. Parmar MK, Torri V, Stewart L. Extracting summary statistics to perform meta-analyses of the published literature for survival endpoints. Statistics in Medicine 1998;17(24):2815-34.
78. Petrelli F, Sarti E, Barni S. Predictive value of HPV in oropharyngeal carcinoma treated with radiotherapy: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of 30 trials. Head and Neck 2013 Apr 22 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.23351]
79. Pignon JP, Maître A, Maillard E, Bourhis J. Meta-analysis of chemotherapy in head and neck cancer (MACH-NC): an update on 93 randomized trials and 17, 346 patients. Radiotherapy and Oncology 2009;92:4-14.
80. Posner MR, Hershock DM, Blajman CR, Mickiewicz E, Winquist E, Gorbounova V, et al. TAX 324 Study Group. Cisplatin and fluorouracil alone or with docetaxel in head and neck cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 2007;357(17):1705-15.
81. Ragin CC, Taioli E. Survival of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in relation to human papillomavirus infection: review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Cancer 2007;121:1813-20.
82. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). 5.2. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2012.
83. Schache AG, Liloglou T, Risk JM, Filia A, Jones TM, Sheard J, et al. Evaluation of human papilloma virus diagnostic testing in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: sensitivity, specificity, and prognostic discrimination. Clinical Cancer Research 2011;17:6262-71.
84. SudhoffHH, Schwarze HP, Winder D, Steinstraesser L, Gormer M, Stanley M, et al. Evidence for a causal association for HPV in head and neck cancers. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 2011;268:1541-7.
85. Tierney JF, Stewart LA, Ghersi D, Burdett S, Sydes MR. Practical methods for incorporating summary time-to-event data into meta-analysis. Trials 2007;8:16.
86. Van Houten VM, Snijders PJ, van den Brekel MW, Kummer JA, Meijer CJ, van Leeuwen B, et al. Biological evidence that human papillomaviruses are etiologically involved in a subgroup of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. International Journal of Cancer 2001;93:232-5.
87. Vermorken JB, Mesia R, Rivera F, Remenar E, Kawecki A, Rottey S, et al. Platinum-based chemotherapy plus cetuximab in head and neck cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 2008;359(11):1116-27.
88. Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, Bosch FX, Kummer JA, Shah KV, et al. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. Journal of Pathology 2009;189(1):12-9.
89. Wells SI, Francis DA, Karpova AY, Dowhanick JJ, Benson JD, Howley PM. Papillomavirus E2 induces senescence in HPV-positive cells via pRB and p21(CIP) dependent pathways. EMBO Journal 2000;19:5762-71.
90. Westra WH. The changing face of head and neck cancer in the 21st century: the impact of HPV on the epidemiology and pathology of oral cancer. Head and Neck Pathology 2009;3:78-81.
91. WHO. International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O). 3rd Edition. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2000.
92. Wiest T, Schwarz E, Enders C, Flechtenmacher C, Bosch FX. Involvement of intact HPV16 E6/E7 gene expression in head and neck cancers with unaltered p53 status and perturbed pRb cell cycle control. Oncogene 2002;21:1510-7.