Aridification of Central Asia and uplift of the Altai and Hangay mountains, Mongolia: Stable isotope evidence

American Journal of Science

Volumn 314, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 1171-1201

  Caves, Jeremy K ^a   Sjostrom, Derek J ^b   Mix, Hari T ^a   Winnick, Matthew J ^a   Chamberlain, C Page ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Rocky Mountain College   (United States)

Author keywords

Altai mountains; Cenozoic; Mongolia; Stable isotopes; Tectonic climate interactions; Terrestrial paleoclimate

Indexed keywords

ARIDIFICATION; CARBON ISOTOPE; CENOZOIC; OXYGEN ISOTOPE; PALEOCLIMATE; PALEOSOL; STABLE ISOTOPE; UPLIFT;

ALTAI MOUNTAINS; CENTRAL ASIA; GOBI DESERT; KHANGAI MOUNTAINS; MONGOLIA;

EID: 84907432711     PISSN: 00029599     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2475/08.2014.01     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. 18O in dry soils 1. Theory: Journal of Hydrology, v. 60, p. 141-156, 10.1016/0022-1694(83)90018-5
2. 2 decline during the Pliocene intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciations: Paleoceanography, v. 26, n. 4, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010PA002055
3. 2 history: Nature Geoscience, v. 4, n. 7, p. 418-420, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1186
4. Bershaw, J., Penny, S. M., and Garzione, C. N., 2012, Stable isotopes of modern water across the Himalaya and eastern Tibetan Plateau: Implications for estimates of paleoelevation and paleoclimate: Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, v. 117, n. D2, p. 1-18, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016132
5. Boos, W. R., and Kuang, Z., 2010, Dominant control of the South Asian monsoon by orographic insulation versus plateau heating: Nature, v. 463, p. 218-222, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08707
6. Borsuk-Bialynicka, M., 1969, Lower Pliocene rhinocerotids from Altan Teli, Western Mongolia: Palaeontologia Polonica, v. 21, p. 73-92.
7. Buslov, M. M., Kokh, D. A., and De Grave, J., 2008, Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonics and geodynamics of Altai, Tien Shan, and Northern Kazakhstan, from apatite fission-track data: Russian Geology and Geophysics, v. 49, n. 9, p. 648-654, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2008.01.006
8. Cerling, T., and Quade, J., 1993, Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes in Soil Carbonates, in Swart, P., Lohmann, K., McKenzie, J., and Savin, S. editors, Climate Change in Continental Isotopic Records: American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph 78, p. 217-231, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/GM078p0217
9. Cerling, T. E., 1984, The stable isotopic composition of modern soil carbonate and its relationship to climate: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 71, n. 2, p. 229-240, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(84)90089-X
10. - 1991, Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere: Evidence from Cenozoic and Mesozoic paleosols: American Journal of Science, v. 291, n. 4, p. 377-400, http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/ajs.291.4.377
11. - 1999, Stable carbon isotopes in palaeosol carbonates, in Thiry, M., and Simon-Coincon, R. editors, Palaeoweathering, Palaeosurfaces and Related Continental Deposits: Oxford, United Kingdom, Blackwell, The International Association of Sedimentologists, p. 43-60, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444304190.ch2
12. Cerling, T. E., Harris, J. M., MacFadden, B. J., Leakey, M. G., Quade, J., Eisenmann, V., and Ehleringer, J. R., 1997, Global vegetation change through the Miocene/Pliocene boundary: Nature, v. 389, p. 153-158, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/38229
13. Charreau, J., Kent-Corson, M. L., Barrier, L., Augier, R., Ritts, B. D., Chen, Y., France-Lannord, C., and Guilmette, C., 2012, A high-resolution stable isotopic record from the Junggar Basin (NW China): Implications for the paleotopographic evolution of the Tianshan Mountains: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 341-344, p. 158-169, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.05.033
14. Chen, F.-H., Chen, J.-H., Holmes, J., Boomer, I., Austin, P., Gates, J. B., Wang, N.-L., Brooks, S. J., and Zhang, J.-W., 2010, Moisture changes over the last millennium in arid central Asia: a review, synthesis and comparison with monsoon region: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 29, n. 7-8, p. 1055-1068, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.01.005
15. Chen, S., Kuo, Y., Zhang, P., and Bai, Q., 1991, Synoptic Climatology of Cyclogenesis over East Asia, 1958-1987: Monthly Weather Review, v. 119, n. 6, p. 1407-1418, http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1991) 119〈1407:SCOCOE〉2.0.CO;2
16. Chung, Y., Hage, K., and Reinelt, E. R., 1976, On lee cyclogenesis and airflow in the Canadian Rocky Mountains and the East Asian Mountains: Monthly Weather Review, v. 104, p. 879-891, http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1976) 104〈0879:OLCAAI〉2.0.CO;2
17. 4 grasses: present, past, and future: Oecologia, v. 114, n. 4, p. 441-454, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050468
18. 2: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 124, n. 9-10, p. 1411-1423, http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B30607.1
19. Cunningham, W. D., 2001, Cenozoic normal faulting and regional doming in the southern Hangay region, Central Mongolia: implications for the origin of the Baikal rift province: Tectonophysics, v. 331, n. 4, p. 389-411, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00228-6
20. - 2005, Active intracontinental transpressional mountain building in the Mongolian Altai: Defining a new class of orogen: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 240, n. 2, p. 436-444, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.013
21. - 2010, Tectonic setting and structural evolution of the Late Cenozoic Gobi Altai orogen: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 338, p. 361-387, http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/SP338.17
22. Cunningham, W. D., Windley, B. F., Dorjnamjaa, D., and Saandar, M., 1996, Late Cenozoic transpression in southwestern Mongolia and the Gobi Altai-Tien Shan connection: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 140, n. 1-4, p. 67-81, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(96)00048-9
23. Czyzewski, T., 1969, Remains of the Lower Pliocene Bovidae from Altan Teli, Western Mongolia: Palaeontologia Polonica, v. 21, p. 95-104.
24. 2: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, n. 12, p. 2485-2489, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00143-3
25. Daxner-Höck, G., and Badamgarav, D., 2007, Oligocene-Miocene vertebrates from the Valley of Lakes (Central Mongolia): morphology, phylogenetic, and stratigraphic implications: Geological and stratigraphic setting: Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, v. 108, Serie A, p. 1-24.
26. De Grave, J., Buslov, M. M., and Van den Haute, P., 2007, Distant effects of India-Eurasia convergence and Mesozoic intracontinental deformation in Central Asia: Constraints from apatite fission-track thermochronology: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 29, n. 2-3, p. 188-204, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2006.03.001
27. De Grave, J., Buslov, M. M., Van den Haute, P., Metcalf, J., Dehandschutter, B., and McWilliams, M. O., 2009, Multi-method chronometry of the Teletskoye graben and its basement, Siberian Altai Mountains: new insights on its thermo-tectonic evolution: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 324, p. 237-259, http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/SP324.17
28. De Grave, J., De Pelsmaeker, E., Zhimulev, F. I., Glorie, S., Buslov, M. M., and Van den haute, P., 2014, Meso-Cenozoic building of the northern Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Thermotectonic history of the Tuva region: Tectonophysics, v. 621, p. 44-59, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.01.039
29. Delvaux, D., Cloetingh, S., Beekman, F., Sokoutis, D., Burov, E., Buslov, M. M., and Abdrakhmatov, K. E., 2013, Basin evolution in a folding lithosphere: Altai-Sayan and Tien Shan belts in Central Asia: Tectonophysics, v. 602, p. 194-222, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.01.010
30. 18O record from the NE margin of the Tibetan plateau: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 214, n. 1-2, p. 267-277, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00383-2
31. Devyatkin, E. V, 1981, The Cenozoic of Inner Asia: Stratigraphy, geochronology and correlation: Moscow, Nauka, Transactions-The Joint Soviet-Mongolian Scientific-Research Geological Expedition, v. 27, p. 196.
32. Dickson, J. A. D., and Coleman, M. L., 1980, Changes in carbon and oxygen isotope composition during limestone diagenesis: Sedimentology, v. 27, n. 1, p. 107-118, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1980.tb01161.x
33. Ding, L., Xu, Q., Yue, Y., Wang, H., Cai, F., and Li, S., 2014, The Andean-type Gangdese Mountains: paleoelevation record from the Paleocene-Eocene Linzhou Basin: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 392, p. 250-264, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.01.045
34. Draxler, R. R., and Hess, G. D., 1998, An overview of the HYSPLIT-4 modelling system for trajectories, dispersion, and deposition: Australian Meteorological Magazine, v. 47, p. 295-308.
35. Dupont-Nivet, G., Krijgsman, W., Langereis, C. G., Abels, H. A., Dai, S., and Fang, X., 2007, Tibetan plateau aridification linked to global cooling at the Eocene-Oligocene transition: Nature, v. 445, p. 635-638, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05516
36. Endo, N., Kadota, T., Matsumoto, J., Ailikun, B., and Yasunari, T., 2006, Climatology and trends in summer precipitation characteristics in Mongolia for the period 1960-98: Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, Series II, v. 84, n. 3, p. 543-551, http://dx.doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.84.543
37. Farquhar, G. D., O'Leary, M. H., and Berry, J. A., 1982, On the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in leaves: Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, v. 9, n. 2, p. 121-137, http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/PP9820121
38. Farquhar, G. D., Ehleringer, J. R., and Hubick, K. T., 1989, Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis: Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, v. 40, p. 503-537, http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.40.060189.002443
39. Fluteau, F., Ramstein, G., and Besse, J., 1999, Simulating the evolution of the Asian and African monsoons during the past 30 Myr using an atmospheric general circulation model: Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, v. 104, n. D10, p. 11995-12018, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900048
40. 2, ice volume and climate during the middle Miocene: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 341-344, p. 243-254, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007
41. Galewsky, J., 2009, Rain shadow development during the growth of mountain ranges: An atmospheric dynamics perspective: Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface, v. 114, n. F1, p. 1-17, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JF001085
42. Gerelchuluun, B., and Ahn, J.-B., 2013, Air temperature distribution over Mongolia using dynamical downscaling and statistical correction: International Journal of Climatology, v. 34, n. 7, p. 2464-2476, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.3853
43. Gottschalck, J., Meng, J., Rodell, M., and Houser, P., 2005, Analysis of multiple precipitation products and preliminary assessment of their impact on global land data assimilation system land surface states: Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 6, p. 573-598, http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JHM437.1
44. Goudie, A. S., and Pye, K., 1983, Chemical sediments and geomorphology: Precipitates and residua in the near-surface environment: London, Academic Press, 439 p.
45. Gradzinski, R., Kazmierczak, J., and Lefeld, J., 1969, Geographical and geological data from the Polish-Mongolian Palaeontological Expeditions: Palaeontologia Polonica, v. 19, p. 33-82.
46. Graham, S. A., Chamberlain, C. P., Yue, Y., Ritts, B. D., Hanson, A. D., Horton, T. W., Waldbauer, J. R., Poage, M. A., and Feng, X., 2005, Stable isotope records of Cenozoic climate and topography, Tibetan Palteau and Tarim Basin: American Journal of Science, v. 305, n. 2, p. 101-118, http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/ajs.305.2.101
47. Guo, Z. T., Ruddiman, W. F., Hao, Q. Z., Wu, H. B., Qiao, Y. S., Zhu, R. X., Peng, S. Z., Wei, J. J., Yuan, B. Y., and Liu, T. S., 2002, Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China: Nature, v. 416, p. 159-163, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/416159a
48. Guo, Z. T., Sun, B., Zhang, Z. S., Peng, S. Z., Xiao, G. Q., Ge, J. Y., Hao, Q. Z., Qiao, Y. S., Liang, M. Y., Liu, J. F., Yin, Q. Z., and Wei, J. J., 2008, A major reorganization of Asian climate by the early Miocene: Climate of the Past, v. 4, n. 3, p. 153-174, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-4-153-2008
49. Höck, V., Daxner-Höck, G., Schmid, H. P., Badamgarav, D., Furtmuller, F. W., Montag, O., Barsbold, R., Khand, Y., and Sodov, J., 1999, Oligocene-Miocene sediments, fossils and basalts from the Valley of Lakes (Central Mongolia)-An Integrated study: Mitteilungen Osterreichischen Geolischen Gesellschaft, v. 90, p. 83-125.
50. Hough, B. G., Garzione, C. N., Wang, Z., Lease, R. O., Burbank, D. W., and Yuan, D., 2011, Stable isotope evidence for topographic growth and basin segmentation: Implications for the evolution of the NE Tibetan Plateau: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 123, n. 1-2, p. 168-185, http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B30090.1
51. Howard, J. P., Cunningham, W. D., Davies, S. J., Dijkstra, A. H., and Badarch, G., 2003, The stratigraphic and structural evolution of the Dzereg Basin, western Mongolia: clastic sedimentation, transpressional faulting and basin destruction in an intraplate, intracontinental setting: Basin Research, v. 15, n. 1, p. 45-72, http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2117.2003.00198.x
52. Huxman, T. E., Smith, M. D., Fay, P. A., Knapp, A. K., Shaw, M. R., Loik, M. E., Smith, S. D., Tissue, D. T., Zak, J. C., Weltzin, J. F., Pockman, W. T., Sala, O. E., Haddad, B. M., Harte, J., Koch, G. W., Schwinning, S., Small, E. E., and Williams, D. G., 2004, Convergence across biomes to a common rain-use efficiency: Nature, v. 429, p. 1-4, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02561
53. Jolivet, M., Arzhannikov, S., Arzhannikova, A., Chauvet, A., Vassallo, R., and Braucher, R., 2013, Geomorphic Mesozoic and Cenozoic evolution in the Oka-Jombolok region (East Sayan ranges, Siberia): Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 62, p. 117-133, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.09.017
54. Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Leetman, A., Reynolds, R., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang J., Jenne, R., and Joseph, D., 1996, The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 77, n. 3, p. 437-471, http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077〈0437:TNYRP〉2.0.CO;2
55. Kent-Corson, M. L., Ritts, B. D., Zhuang, G., Bovet, P. M., Graham, S. A., and Chamberlain, C. P., 2009, Stable isotopic constraints on the tectonic, topographic, and climatic evolution of the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 282, n. 1-4, p. 158-166, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.03.011
56. Knapp, A. K., and Smith, M. D., 2001, Variation among biomes in temporal dynamics of aboveground primary production: Science, v. 291, n. 5503, p. 481-484, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5503.481
57. Kohn, M. J., 2010, Carbon isotope compositions of terrestrial C3 plants as indicators of (paleo)ecology and (paleo)climate.: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 107, n. 46, p. 19691-19695, http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1004933107
58. Kraatz, B. P., and Geisler, J. H., 2010, Eocene-Oligocene transition in Central Asia and its effects on mammalian evolution: Geology, v. 38, n. 2, p. 111-114, http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G30619.1
59. Lechler, A. R., and Galewsky, J., 2013, Refining paleoaltimetry reconstructions of the Sierra Nevada, California, using air parcel trajectories: Geology, v. 41, n. 2, p. 259-262, http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G33553.1
60. Lydolph, P. E., 1977, Climates of the Soviet Union: New York, Elsevier, 456 p.
61. Miao, Y., Herrmann, M., Wu, F., Yan, X., and Yang, S., 2012, What controlled Mid-Late Miocene long-term aridification in Central Asia? - Global cooling or Tibetan Plateau uplift: A review: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 112, n. 3-4, p. 155-172, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.02.003
62. Mix, H. T., Winnick, M. J., Mulch, A., and Chamberlain, C. P., 2013, Grassland expansion as an instrument of hydrologic change in Neogene western North America: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 377-378, p. 73-83, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.07.032
63. Molnar, P., Boos, W. R., and Battisti, D. S., 2010, Orographic controls on climate and paleoclimate of Asia: thermal and mechanical roles for the Tibetan Plateau: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 38, n. 1, p. 77-102, http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152456
64. Myers, T. S., Tabor, N. J., Jacobs, L. L., and Mateus, O., 2012, Estimating soil pCO2 using paleosol carbonates: implications for the relationship between primary productivity and faunal richness in ancient terrestrial ecosystems: Paleobiology, v. 38, n. 4, p. 585-604, http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/11005.1
65. Nandintsetseg, B., and Shinoda, M., 2011, Seasonal change of soil moisture in Mongolia: its climatology and modelling: International Journal of Climatology, v. 31, n. 8, p. 1143-1152, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.2134
66. Numaguti, A., 1999, Origin and recycling processes of precipitating water over the Eurasian continent: Experiments using an atmospheric general circulation model: Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, v. 104, n. D2, p. 1957-1972, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1998JD200026
67. Panagiotopoulos, F., Shahgedanova, M., Hannachi, A., and Stephenson, D. B., 2005, Observed trends and teleconnections of the Siberian High: a recently declining center of action: Journal of Climate, v. 18, n. 9, p. 1411-1422, http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3352.1
68. Park, H.-S., Chiang, J. C. H., and Son, S.-W., 2010, The role of the central Asian mountains on the midwinter suppression of North Pacific storminess: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, v. 67, n. 11, p. 3706-3720, http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3349.1
69. Park, R., and Epstein, S., 1960, Carbon isotope fractionation during photosynthesis: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 21, n. 1-2, p. 110-126, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(60)80006-3
70. Passey, B. H., Ayliffe, L. K., Kaakinen, A., Zhang, Z., Eronen, J. T., Zhu, Y., Zhou, L., Cerling, T. E., and Fortelius, M., 2009, Strengthened East Asian summer monsoons during a period of high-latitude warmth? Isotopic evidence from Mio-Pliocene fossil mammals and soil carbonates from northern China: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 277, n. 3-4, p. 443-452, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.11.008
71. Penny, S., Roe, G. H., and Battisti, D. S., 2010, The source of the midwinter suppression in storminess over the North Pacific: Journal of Climate, v. 23, n. 3, p. 634-648, http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2904.1
72. Popov, S. V., Rögl, F., Rozanov, A. Y., Steininger, F. F., Shcherba, I. G., and Kovac, M., 2004, Lithological-Paleogeographic maps of Paratethys: Frankfurt am Main, Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 250.
73. 4 plants in the vegetation of Mongolia: their natural occurrence and geographical distribution in relation to climate: Oecologia, v. 123, n. 1, p. 15-31, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050985
74. Quade, J., Cerling, T. E., and Bowman, J., 1989, Systematic variations in the carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of pedogenic carbonate along elevation transects in the southern Great Basin, United States: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 101, n. 4, p. 464-475, http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101〈0464:SVITCA〉2.3.CO;2
75. Quade, J., Breecker, D. O., Daeron, M., and Eiler, J., 2011, The paleoaltimetry of Tibet: An isotopic perspective: American Journal of Science, v. 311, n. 2, p. 77-115, http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/02.2011.01
76. Raich, J. W., and Schlesinger, W. H., 1992, The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate: Tellus B, v. 44B, n. 2,p. 81-99, http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.1992.t01-1-00001.x
77. Retallack, G. J., 1994, The Environmental Factor Approach to the Interpretation of Paleosols, in Amundson, R., Harden, J. W., and Singer, M., editors, Factors of Soil Formation: A Fiftieth Anniversary Retrospective: Soil Science Society of America Special Publication 33, p. 31-64, http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub33.c3
78. - 2005, Pedogenic carbonate proxies for amount and seasonality of precipitation in paleosols: Geology, v. 33, n. 4, p. 333-336, http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G21263.1
79. Roe, G., 2009, On the interpretation of Chinese loess as a paleoclimate indicator: Quaternary Research, v. 71, n. 2, p. 150-161, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.09.004
80. Rowley, D. B., and Currie, B. S., 2006, Palaeo-altimetry of the late Eocene to Miocene Lunpola basin, central Tibet: Nature, v. 439, p. 677-681, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04506
81. Sato, T., 2009, Influences of subtropical jet and Tibetan Plateau on precipitation pattern in Asia: Insights from regional climate modeling: Quaternary International, v. 194, n. 1-2, p. 148-158, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2008.07.008
82. Sato, T., and Kimura, F., 2005, Impact of diabatic heating over the Tibetan Plateau on subsidence over northeast Asian arid region: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 32, n. 5, p. L05809, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL022089
83. Sato, T., Tsujimura, M., Yamanaka, T., Iwasaki, H., Sugimoto, A., Sugita, M., Kimura, F., Davaa, G., and Oyunbaatar, D., 2007, Water sources in semiarid northeast Asia as revealed by field observations and isotope transport model: Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, v. 112, n. D17, p. D17112, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008321
84. Schneider, U., Becker, A., Finger, P., Meyer-Christoffer, A., Rudolf, B., and Ziese, M., 2011, GPCC Full Data Reanalysis Version 6.0 at 0.5°: Monthly Land-Surface Precipitation from Rain-Gauges built on the GTS-based and Historic Data, http://dx.doi.org10.5676/DWD-GPCC/FD-M-V6-050
85. Shao, Y., and Dong, C. H., 2006, A review on East Asian dust storm climate, modelling and monitoring: Global and Planetary Change, v. 52, n. 1-4, p. 1-22, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.02.011
86. Sinclair, K. E., Marshall, S. J., and Moran, T. A., 2011, A Lagrangian approach to modelling stable isotopes in precipitation over mountainous terrain: Hydrological Processes, v. 25, n. 16, p. 2481-2491, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7973
87. Sjostrom, D. J., and Welker, J. M., 2009, The influence of air mass source on the seasonal isotopic composition of precipitation, eastern USA: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 102, n. 3, p. 103-112, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2009.03.001
88. 4 vegetation: Carbon cycle implications: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 17, n. 1, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GB001807
89. Sun, D., Shaw, J., Zhisheng, A., Minyang, C., and Leping, Y., 1998, Magnetostratigraphy and paleoclimatic interpretation of a continuous 7.2 Ma Late Cenozoic eolian sediments from the Chinese Loess Plateau: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 25, n. 1, p. 85-88, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97GL03353
90. Sun, J., Ye, J., Wu, W., Ni, X., Bi, S., Zhang, Z., Liu, W., and Meng, J., 2010, Late Oligocene-Miocene mid-latitude aridification and wind patterns in the Asian interior: Geology, v. 38, n. 6, p. 515-518, http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G30776.1
91. Sun, Y., An, Z., Clemens, S. C., Bloemendal, J., and Vandenberghe, J., 2010, Seven million years of wind and precipitation variability on the Chinese Loess Plateau: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 297, n. 3-4, p. 525-535, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.07.004
92. Takeuchi, A., Hren, M. T., Smith, S. V., Chamberlain, C. P., and Larson, P. B., 2010, Pedogenic carbonate carbon isotopic constraints on paleoprecipitation: Evolution of desert in the Pacific Northwest, USA, in response to topographic development of the Cascade Range: Chemical Geology, v. 277, n. 3-4, p. 323-335, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.08.015
93. Tapponnier, P., and Molnar, P., 1979, Active faulting and Cenozoic tectoonics of the Tien Shan, Mongolia, and Baykal regions: Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, v. 84, n. B7, p. 3425-3459, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB07p03425
94. Tipple, B. J., Meyers, S. R., and Pagani, M., 2010, Carbon isotope ratio of Cenozoic CO2: A comparative evaluation of available geochemical proxies: Paleoceanography, v. 25, n. 3, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009PA001851
95. Toderich, K., Black, C. C., Juylova, E., Kozan, O., Mukimov, T., and Matsuo, N., 2007, C3/C4 plants in the vegetation of Central Asia, geographical distribution and environmental adaptation in relation to climate, in Lal, R., Suleimenovv, M., Stewart, B. A., Hansen, D. O., and Doraiswamy, P., editors, Climate Change and Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration in Central Asia: London, Taylor & Francis, p. 33-63, http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203932698.ch3
96. Traynor, J. J., and Sladen, C., 1995, Tectonic and stratigraphic evolution of the Mongolian People's Republic and its influence on hydrocarbon geology and potential: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 12, n. 1, p. 35-52, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(95)90386-X
97. Vassallo, R., Jolivet, M., Ritz, J.-F., Braucher, R., Larroque, C., Sue, C., Todbileg, M., and Javkhlanbold, D., 2007, Uplift age and rates of the Gurvan Bogd system (Gobi-Altay) by apatite fission track analysis: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 259, n. 3-4, p. 333-346, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.04.047
98. Wang, C., Zhao, X., Liu, Z., Lippert, P. C., Graham, S. A., Coe, R. S., Yi, H., Zhu, L., Liu, S., and Li, Y., 2008, Constraints on the early uplift history of the Tibetan Plateau: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 105, n. 13, p. 4987-4992, http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703595105
99. Wang, Y., and Deng, T., 2005, A 25 m.y. isotopic record of paleodiet and environmental change from fossil mammals and paleosols from the NE margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 236, n. 1-2, p. 322-338, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.05.006
100. West, A. J., Fox, M., Walker, R. T., Carter, A., Harris, T., Watts, A. B., and Gantulga, B., 2013, Links between climate, erosion, uplift, and topography during intracontinental mountain building of the Hangay Dome, Mongolia: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 14, n. 12, p. 5171-5193, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013GC004859
101. Wittmer, M. H. O. M., Auerswald, K., Tungalag, R., Bai, Y. F., Schäufele, R., Bai, C. H., and Schnyder, H., 2008, Carbon isotope discrimination of C3 vegetation in Central Asian Grassland as related to long-term and short-term precipitation patterns: Biogeosciences, v. 5, p. 913-924, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-913-2008
102. Yarmolyuk, V. V., Kudryashova, E. A., Kozlovsky, A. M., and Lebedev, V. A., 2008, Late Cenozoic volcanism of Khangai (Central Mongolia): Evidence for recent orogeny in Central Asia: Doklady Earth Sciences, v. 422, n. 1, p. 1032-1036, http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X08070064
103. Yin, A., 2010, Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Asia: A preliminary synthesis: Tectonophysics, v. 488, n. 1-4, p. 293-325, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.06.002
104. Yuan, D.-Y., Ge, W.-P., Chen, Z.-W., Li, C.-Y., Wang, Z.-C., Zhang, H.-P., Zhang, P.-Z., Zheng, D.-W., Zheng, W.-J., Craddock, W. H., Dayem, K. E., Duvall, A. R., Hough, B. G., Lease, R. O., Champagnac, J.-D., Burbank, D. W., Clark, M. K, Farley, K. A., Garzione, C. N., Kirby, E., Molnar, P., and Roe, G. H., 2013, The growth of northeastern Tibet and its relevance to large-scale continental geodynamics: A review of recent studies: Tectonics, v. 32, n. 5, p. 1358-1370, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tect.20081
105. Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., and Billups, K., 2001, Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present: Science, v. 292, n. 5517, p. 686-693, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1059412
106. Zhang, C., Wang, Y., Deng, T., Wang, X., Biasatti, D., Xu, Y., and Li, Q., 2009, C4 expansion in the central Inner Mongolia during the latest Miocene and early Pliocene: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 287, n. 3-4, p. 311-319, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.08.025
107. 2: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, v. 371, n. 2001, http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0096
108. Zhuang, G., Hourigan, J. K., Koch, P. L., Ritts, B. D., and Kent-Corson, M. L., 2011, Isotopic constraints on intensified aridity in Central Asia around 12 Ma: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 312, n. 1-2, p. 152-163, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.10.005