Burden of typhoid fever in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic, literature-based update with risk-factor adjustment

The Lancet Global Health

Volumn 2, Issue 10, 2014, Pages e570-e580

  Mogasale, Vittal ^a   Maskery, Brian ^a   Ochiai, R Leon ^a   Lee, Jung Seok ^a   Mogasale, Vijayalaxmi V ^a   Ramani, Enusa ^a   Kim, Young Eun ^a   Park, Jin Kyung ^a   Wierzba, Thomas F ^a  

^a International Vaccine Institute   (South Korea)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

TYPHOID VACCINE; TYPHOID PARATYPHOID VACCINE;

ARTICLE; BLOOD CULTURE; BONE MARROW CULTURE; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; FATALITY; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INCOME; INFECTION RISK; LOWEST INCOME GROUP; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TYPHOID FEVER; UNCERTAINTY; VACCINATION; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; HEALTH; HEALTH SURVEY; MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION; MORTALITY; WATER SUPPLY;

BACTERIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; GLOBAL HEALTH; HUMANS; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; RISK FACTORS; TYPHOID FEVER; TYPHOID-PARATYPHOID VACCINES; WATER SUPPLY;

EID: 84907271617     PISSN: None     EISSN: 2214109X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70301-8     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Ivanoff B, Levine MM, Lambert PH Vaccination against typhoid fever: present status. Bull World Health Organ 1994, 72:957-971.
2. Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED The global burden of typhoid fever. Bull World Health Organ 2004, 82:346-353.
3. Buckle GC, Walker CL, Black RE Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever: Systematic review to estimate global morbidity and mortality for 2010. J Glob Health 2012, 2:010401.
4. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012, 380:2095-2128.
5. Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012, 380:2197-2223.
6. Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2008, 83:49-59. WHO.
7. Weekly epidemiological record / Health Section of the Secretariat of the League of Nations 2008, Meeting of the Immunization Strategic Advisory Group of Experts, November 2007-conclusions and recommendationsNovember 2007-conclusions and recommendations, League of Nations, Geneva.
8. Country and lending groups: by income 2011, WorldBank, World Bank, Ashington DC.
9. Ochiai RL, Acosta CJ, Danovaro-Holliday MC, et al. A study of typhoid fever in five Asian countries: disease burden and implications for controls. Bull World Health Organ 2008, 86:260-268. the Domi Typhoid Study Group.
10. Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings; Geographical region and composition 2011, UN, United Nations Statistical Division, United Nations.
11. Wain J, Diep TS, Bay PV, et al. Specimens and culture media for the laboratory diagnosis of typhoid fever. J Infect Dev Ctries 2008, 2:469-474.
12. Akoh JA Relative sensitivity of blood and bone marrow cultures in typhoid fever. Trop Doct 1991, 21:174-176.
13. Gilman RH, Terminel M, Levine MM, Hernandez-Mendoza P, Hornick RB Relative efficacy of blood, urine, rectal swab, bone-marrow, and rose-spot cultures for recovery of Salmonella typhi in typhoid fever. Lancet 1975, 1:1211-1213.
14. Gasem MH, Dolmans WM, Isbandrio BB, Wahyono H, Keuter M, Djokomoeljanto R Culture of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi from blood and bone marrow in suspected typhoid fever. Trop Geogr Med 1995, 47:164-167.
15. Types of drinking-water sources and sanitation, WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation. [cited 2014 March 18th] WHO-UNICEF. http://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-categories.
16. The 2010 Revision 2011, World Population Prospects UN, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations.
17. Millenium Development Goals Indicators, UN Statistics Division 2010, UN, UN Statistics Division. Division US (Ed.).
18. Background document: The diagnosis, treatment and prevention of typhoid fever 2003, WHO, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
19. Mogasale V, Desai SN, Mogasale VV, Park JK, Ochiai RL, Wierzba TF Case fatality rate and length of hospital stay among patients with typhoid intestinal perforation in developing countries: a systematic literature review. PLoS One 2014, 9:e93784.
20. Barendregt JJ Ersatz. 1.1 edn. Brisbane: Epigear International http://www.epigear.com.
21. Crump JA, Youssef FG, Luby SP, et al. Estimating the incidence of typhoid fever and other febrile illnesses in developing countries. Emerg Infect Dis 2003, 9:539-544.
22. Srikantiah P, Girgis FY, Luby SP, et al. Population-based surveillance of typhoid fever in Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006, 74:114-119.
23. Marks F, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Hünger F, et al. Typhoid fever among children, Ghana. Emerg Infect Dis 2010, 16:1796-1797.
24. Nielsen MV, Sarpong N, Krumkamp R, et al. Incidence and characteristics of bacteremia among children in rural Ghana. PLoS One 2012, 7:e44063.
25. Breiman RF, Cosmas L, Njuguna H, et al. Population-based incidence of typhoid fever in an urban informal settlement and a rural area in Kenya: implications for typhoid vaccine use in Africa. PLoS One 2012, 7:e29119.
26. Thriemer K, Ley B, Ame SS, et al. Clinical and epidemiological features of typhoid fever in Pemba, Zanzibar: assessment of the performance of the WHO case definitions. PLoS One 2012, 7:e51823.
27. Klugman KP, Koornhof HJ, Robbins JB, Le Cam NN Immunogenicity, efficacy and serological correlate of protection of Salmonella typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine three years after immunization. Vaccine 1996, 14:435-438.
28. Yang HH, Wu CG, Xie GZ, et al. Efficacy trial of Vi polysaccharide vaccine against typhoid fever in south-western China. Bull World Health Organ 2001, 79:625-631.
29. Sinha A, Sazawal S, Kumar R, et al. Typhoid fever in children aged less than 5 years. Lancet 1999, 354:734-737.
30. Sur D, Ochiai RL, Bhattacharya SK, et al. A cluster-randomized effectiveness trial of Vi typhoid vaccine in India. N Engl J Med 2009, 361:335-344.
31. Brooks WA, Hossain A, Goswami D, et al. Bacteremic typhoid fever in children in an urban slum, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2005, 11:326-329.
32. Naheed A, Ram PK, Brooks WA, et al. Burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in a densely populated urban community, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Int J Infect Dis 2010, 14(suppl 3):e93-e99.
33. Siddiqui FJ, Rabbani F, Hasan R, Nizami SQ, Bhutta ZA Typhoid fever in children: some epidemiological considerations from Karachi, Pakistan. Int J Infect Dis 2006, 10:215-222.
34. Owais A, Sultana S, Zaman U, Rizvi A, Zaidi AK Incidence of typhoid bacteremia in infants and young children in southern coastal Pakistan. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010, 29:1035-1039.
35. Khan MI, Soofi SB, Ochiai RL, et al. Effectiveness of Vi capsular polysaccharide typhoid vaccine among children: a cluster randomized trial in Karachi, Pakistan. Vaccine 2012, 30:5389-5395. the DOMI Typhoid Karachi Vi Effectiveness Study Group.
36. Punjabi NH, Agtini MD, Ochiai RL, et al. Enteric fever burden in North Jakarta, Indonesia: a prospective, community-based study. J Infect Dev Ctries 2013, 7:781-787.
37. Simanjuntak CH, Paleologo FP, Punjabi NH, et al. Oral immunisation against typhoid fever in Indonesia with Ty21a vaccine. Lancet 1991, 338:1055-1059.
38. Lin FY, Vo AH, Phan VB, et al. The epidemiology of typhoid fever in the Dong Thap Province, Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000, 62:644-648.
39. Lin FY, Ho VA, Khiem HB, et al. The efficacy of a Salmonella typhi Vi conjugate vaccine in two-to-five-year-old children. N Engl J Med 2001, 344:1263-1269.
40. Levine MM, Ferreccio C, Cryz S, Ortiz E Comparison of enteric-coated capsules and liquid formulation of Ty21a typhoid vaccine in randomised controlled field trial. Lancet 1990, 336:891-894.
41. Black RE, Levine MM, Ferreccio C, et al. Efficacy of one or two doses of Ty21a Salmonella typhi vaccine in enteric-coated capsules in a controlled field trial. Vaccine 1990, 8:81-84. the Chilean Typhoid Committee.
42. Hirsowitz L, Cassel R Sternal marrow cultures in typhoid fever. BMJ 1951, 1:862-863.
43. Guerra-Caceres JG, Gotuzzo-Herencia E, Crosby-Dagnino E, Miro-Quesada M, Carrillo-Parodi C Diagnostic value of bone marrow culture in typhoid fever. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1979, 73:680-683.
44. Vallenas C, Hernandez H, Kay B, Black R, Gotuzzo E Efficacy of bone marrow, blood, stool and duodenal contents cultures for bacteriologic confirmation of typhoid fever in children. Pediatr Infect Dis 1985, 4:496-498.
45. Farooqui BJ, Khurshid M, Ashfaq MK, Khan MA Comparative yield of Salmonella typhi from blood and bone marrow cultures in patients with fever of unknown origin. J Clin Pathol 1991, 44:258-259.
46. Chaicumpa W, Ruangkunaporn Y, Burr D, Chongsa-Nguan M, Echeverria P Diagnosis of typhoid fever by detection of Salmonella typhi antigen in urine. J Clin Microbiol 1992, 30:2513-2515.
47. Gasem MH, Smits HL, Goris MG, Dolmans WM Evaluation of a simple and rapid dipstick assay for the diagnosis of typhoid fever in Indonesia. J Med Microbiol 2002, 51:173-177.
48. Mermin JH, Villar R, Carpenter J, et al. A massive epidemic of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in Tajikistan associated with consumption of municipal water. J Infect Dis 1999, 179:1416-1422.
49. Karkey A, Thompson CN, Tran Vu Thieu N, et al. Differential epidemiology of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A in Kathmandu, Nepal: a matched case control investigation in a highly endemic enteric fever setting. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013, 7:e2391.
50. Bhunia R, Hutin Y, Ramakrishnan R, Pal N, Sen T, Murhekar M A typhoid fever outbreak in a slum of South Dumdum municipality, West Bengal, India, 2007: evidence for foodborne and waterborne transmission. BMC Public Health 2009, 9:115.
51. Stroffolini T, Manzillo G, De Sena R, et al. Typhoid fever in the Neapolitan area: a case-control study. Eur J Epidemiol 1992, 8:539-542.
52. Aye TT, Siriarayapon P Typhoid fever outbreak in Madaya Township, Mandalay Division, Myanmar, September 2000. J Med Assoc Thai 2004, 87:395-399.
53. Tran HH, Bjune G, Nguyen BM, Rottingen JA, Grais RF, Guerin PJ Risk factors associated with typhoid fever in Son La province, northern Vietnam. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2005, 99:819-826.
54. Luxemburger C, Chau MC, Mai NL, et al. Risk factors for typhoid fever in the Mekong delta, southern Viet Nam: a case-control study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001, 95:19-23.
55. Srikantiah P, Vafokulov S, Luby SP, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors for endemic typhoid fever in Uzbekistan. Trop Med Int Health 2007, 12:838-847.
56. Sharma PK, Ramakrishnan R, Hutin Y, Manickam P, Gupte MD Risk factors for typhoid in Darjeeling, West Bengal, India: evidence for practical action. Trop Med Int Health 2009, 14:696-702.
57. Ram PK, Naheed A, Brooks WA, et al. Risk factors for typhoid fever in a slum in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Epidemiol Infect 2007, 135:458-465.
58. Luby SP, Faizan MK, Fisher-Hoch SP, et al. Risk factors for typhoid fever in an endemic setting, Karachi, Pakistan. Epidemiol Infect 1998, 120:129-138.
59. Gasem MH, Dolmans WM, Keuter MM, Djokomoeljanto RR Poor food hygiene and housing as risk factors for typhoid fever in Semarang, Indonesia. Trop Med Int Health 2001, 6:484-490.
60. Acharya IL, Lowe CU, Thapa R, et al. Prevention of typhoid fever in Nepal with the Vi capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi. A preliminary report. N Engl J Med 1987, 317:1101-1104.
61. Crump JA, Ram PK, Gupta SK, Miller MA, Mintz ED Part I. Analysis of data gaps pertaining to Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi infections in low and medium human development index countries, 1984-2005. Epidemiol Infect 2008, 136:436-448.
62. Chen X, Stanton B, Pach A, et al. Adults' perceived prevalence of enteric fever predicts laboratory-validated incidence of typhoid fever in children. J Health Popul Nutr 2007, 25:469-478.
63. Khan MI, Sahito SM, Khan MJ, et al. Enhanced disease surveillance through private health care sector cooperation in Karachi, Pakistan: experience from a vaccine trial. Bull World Health Organ 2006, 84:72-77.
64. Sur D, Ali M, von Seidlein L, et al. Comparisons of predictors for typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Kolkata, India. BMC Public Health 2007, 7:289.
65. Lutui T, Ofanoa M, Finau S, Maika K Typhoid fever in Tonga. Pac Health Dialog 1999, 6:240-244.
66. Vollaard AM, Ali S, Widjaja S, et al. Identification of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever cases at presentation in outpatient clinics in Jakarta, Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2005, 99:440-450.
67. Ekdahl K, de Jong B, Andersson Y Risk of travel-associated typhoid and paratyphoid fevers in various regions. J Travel Med 2005, 12:197-204.
68. Freedman DO, Weld LH, Kozarsky PE, et al. Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travelers. N Engl J Med 2006, 354:119-130. the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network.
69. Meltzer E, Sadik C, Schwartz E Enteric fever in Israeli travelers: a nationwide study. J Travel Med 2005, 12:275-281.
70. Patel TA, Armstrong M, Morris-Jones SD, Wright SG, Doherty T Imported enteric fever: case series from the hospital for tropical diseases, London, United Kingdom. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010, 82:1121-1126.
71. Reddy EA, Shaw AV, Crump JA Community-acquired bloodstream infections in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2010, 10:417-432.
72. Chalya PL, Mabula JB, Koy M, et al. Typhoid intestinal perforations at a University teaching hospital in Northwestern Tanzania: A surgical experience of 104 cases in a resource-limited setting. World J Emerg Surg 2012, 7:4.
73. Akinyemi KO, Oshundare YO, Oyeyinka OG, Coker AO A retrospective study of community-acquired Salmonella infections in patients attending public hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria. J Infect Dev Ctries 2012, 6:387-395.
74. Slayton RB, Date KA, Mintz ED Vaccination for typhoid fever in sub-Saharan Africa. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013, 9:903-906.