Proposed declassification of disease categories related to sexual orientation in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11)

Bulletin of the World Health Organization

Volumn 92, Issue 9, 2014, Pages 672-679

  Cochran, Susan D ^a   Drescher, Jack ^b   Kismödi, Eszter ^c   Giami, Alain ^d   García Moreno, Claudia ^c   Atalla, Elham ^e   Marais, Adele ^f   Vieira, Elisabeth Meloni ^g   Reed, Geofrey M ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NEW YORK MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^c WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

^d INSERM   (France)

^e Ministry of Health   (Bahrain)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^g UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLASSIFICATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR;

FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 84906897901     PISSN: 00429686     EISSN: 15640604     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2471/BLT.14.135541     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992.
2. Drescher J, Cohen-Kettenis P, Winter S. Minding the body: situating gender identity diagnoses in the ICD-11. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2012;24(6):568-77. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2012.741575 PMID: 23244612
3. Drescher J. Queer diagnoses: parallels and contrasts in the history of homosexuality, gender variance, and the diagnostic and statistical manual. Arch Sex Behav. 2010;39(2):427-60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9531-5 PMID: 19838785
4. O'Flaherty M, Fisher J. Sexual orientation, gender identity and international human rights law: contextualising the Yogyakarta Principles. Human Rights Law Rev. 2008;8(2):207-48. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngn009
5. Hooker E. Refections of a 40-year exploration. A scientifc view on homosexuality. Am Psychol. 1993;48(4):450-3. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.48.4.450 PMID: 8512157
6. Cáceres C F, Konda K, Segura ER, Lyerla R. Epidemiology of male same-sex behaviour and associated sexual health indicators in low- and middle-income countries: 2003-2007 estimates. Sex Transm Infect. 2008;84 Suppl 1:i49-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.2008.030569 PMID: 18647866
7. Chandra A, Mosher WD, Copen C, Sionean C. Sexual behavior, sexual attraction, and sexual identity in the United States: data from the 2006-2008 National Survey of Family Growth. Natl Health Stat Report. 2011;(36):1-36. PMID: 21560887
8. Canadian Community Health Survey [Internet]. Ottawa: Statistics Canada; 2004. Available from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/040615/dq040615b-eng.htm [cited 2012 Aug 6].
9. Joloza T, Evans J, O'Brien F, Potter-Collins A. Measuring sexual identity: an evaluation report. Newport: Ofce for National Statistics; 2010.
10. Smith AM, Rissel CE, Richters J, Grulich AE, de Visser RO. Sex in Australia: sexual identity, sexual attraction and sexual experience among a representative sample of adults. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2003;27(2):138-45. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842X.2003.tb00801.x PMID: 14696704
11. Hayes J, Chakraborty AT, McManus S, Bebbington P, Brugha T, Nicholson S, et al. Prevalence of same-sex behavior and orientation in England: results from a national survey. Arch Sex Behav. 2012;41(3):631-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-011-9856-8 PMID: 21975923
12. Gulløy E, Normann TM. Sexual identity and living conditions: evaluation of the relevance of living conditions and data collection. Oslo: Statistics Norway; 2010.
13. Mitchell K, Graham CA. Two challenges for the classifcation of sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2008;5(7):1552-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00846.x PMID: 18410296
14. Barbosa RM, Koyama MA; Grupo de Estudos em População, Sexualidade e Aids. Sexual behavior and practices among men and women, Brazil 1998 and 2005. Rev Saude Publica. 2008;42 Suppl 1:21-33. Portuguese. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102008000800005 PMID: 18660922
15. Arredondo A, Goldstein E, Olivera M, Bozon M, Giraud M, Messich A, et al., editors. Estudio nacional de comportamiento sexual: primeros análisis. Santiago: Gobierno de Chile, Ministerio de Salud, Comisión Nacional del Sida; 2000. Spanish.
16. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
17. Asociación Psiquiátrica de América Latina. Guía Latinoamericana de diagnóstico psiquiátrico. Guadalajara: Editoral de la Universidad de Guadalajara; 2004. Spanish.
18. Reed GM. Toward ICD-11: improving the clinical utility of WHO's international classifcation of mental disorders. Prof Psychol Res Pr. 2010;41(6):457-64. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021701
19. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. New York: United Nations; 1948.
20. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity. New York: United Nations; 2011.
21. Sexual health for the millennium: a declaration and technical document. Minneapolis: World Association for Sexual Health; 2008.
22. Sexual rights: an IPPF declaration. London: International Planned Parenthood Federation; 2008. Available from: http://www.ippf.org/resource/Sexual-Rights-IPPF-declaration [cited 2014 Apr 7].
23. International Advisory Group for the Revision of ICD-10 Mental and Behavioural Disorders. A conceptual framework for the revision of the ICD-10 classifcation of mental and behavioural disorders. World Psychiatry. 2011;10(2):86-92. PMID: 21633677
24. Stein DJ, Phillips KA, Bolton D, Fulford KW, Sadler JZ, Kendler KS. What is a mental/psychiatric disorder? From DSM-IV to DSM-V. Psychol Med. 2010;40(11):1759-65. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709992261 PMID: 20624327
25. Moreira-Almeida A, Cardeña E. Diferential diagnosis between non-pathological psychotic and spiritual experiences and mental disorders: a contribution from Latin American studies to the ICD-11. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2011;33 Suppl 1:S21-36. Portuguese. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462011000500004 PMID: 21845333
26. Spencer I. Lessons from history: the politics of psychiatry in the USSR. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2000;7(4):355-61. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2850.2000.00297.x PMID: 11933407
27. Hines M. Prenatal endocrine infuences on sexual orientation and on sexually diferentiated childhood behavior. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2011;32(2):170-82. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.02.006 PMID: 21333673
28. Diamond LM. Female bisexuality from adolescence to adulthood: results from a 10-year longitudinal study. Dev Psychol. 2008;44(1):5-14. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.5 PMID: 18194000
29. Wellings K, Collumbien M, Slaymaker E, Singh S, Hodges Z, Patel D, et al. Sexual behaviour in context: a global perspective. Lancet. 2006 11;368(9548):1706-28. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69479-8 PMID: 17098090
30. Calzo J P, Antonucci TC, Mays VM, Cochran SD. Retrospective recall of sexual orientation identity development among gay, lesbian, and bisexual adults. Dev Psychol. 2011;47(6):1658-73. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0025508 PMID: 21942662
31. King M, McKeown E, Warner J, Ramsay A, Johnson K, Cort C, et al. Mental health and quality of life of gay men and lesbians in England and Wales: controlled, cross-sectional study. Br J Psychiatry. 2003;183(6):552-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.183.6.552 PMID: 14645028
32. Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity. Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Report No.: UN Doc A/HRC/19/41. New York: United Nations; 2011.
33. Hate crimes in the OSCE region - incidents and responses. Annual report for 2006. Warsaw: Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe/Ofce for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights; 2007. Available from: http://www.osce.org/odihr/26759 [cited 2014 May 26].
34. Sexual orientation, gender identity, and justice: a comparative law casebook. Geneva: International Commission of Jurists; 2011.
35. State of Victoria Australia. Sentencing Act of 1991 No. 49. Section 5(2) (daaa). Melbourne: Government of Victoria; 1991. Available from: http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/LTObject_Store/ltobjst8.nsf/DDE300B846EED9C7CA257616000A3571/8C512FE2EFD8E282CA257CBD000314C9/$FILE/91-49aa155%20authorised.pdf [cited 2014 Jun 13].
36. National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality and Another v. Minister of Justice and Others. Case CCT 11/98. Decided 9 October 1998. Constitutional Court of South Africa, paragraph 23. 1998.
37. Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention. Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. Uganda. United Nations document CEDAW/C/UGA/CO/7. New York: United Nations; 2010. Available from: http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=CEDAW/C/UGA/CO/7 [cited 2014 May 26].
38. Recommendation CM/REC(2010)5 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on measures to combat discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation or gender identity. Strasbourg: Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe; 2010. Available from: https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=1606669 [cited 2014 May 26].
39. Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Caso Atala Rifo y niñas v. Chile (Fondo, Reparaciones y Costas). Inter-American Court of Human Rights decided on 2012 February 24.
40. Spitzer RL. The diagnostic status of homosexuality in DSM-III: a reformulation of the issues. Am J Psychiatry. 1981;138(2):210-5. PMID: 7457641
41. Mays VM, Cochran SD. Mental health correlates of perceived discrimination among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2001;91(11):1869-76. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1869 PMID: 11684618
42. Taft T, Ballou S, Keefer L. A preliminary evaluation of internalized stigma and stigma resistance in infammatory bowel disease. J Health Psychol. 2013;18(4):451-60. PMID: 22689587
43. Anderson F, Freeman D. Socioeconomic status and paranoia: the role of life hassles, self-mastery, and striving to avoid inferiority. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2013;201(8):698-702. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31829c5047 PMID: 23896852
44. Garnets L, Hancock KA, Cochran SD, Goodchilds J, Peplau LA. Issues in psychotherapy with lesbians and gay men. A survey of psychologists. Am Psychol. 1991;46(9):964-72. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.46.9.964 PMID: 1958015
45. Bartlett A, Smith G, King M. The response of mental health professionals to clients seeking help to change or redirect same-sex sexual orientation. BMC Psychiatry. 2009;9(1):11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-9-11 PMID: 19323803
46. Cochran SD, Mays VM. A systematic review of sexual orientation and the prevalence of mental health disorders: implications for research and mental health services. In: Patterson CJ, D'Augelli R, editors. Handbook of Psychology and Sexual Orientation. New York: Oxford University Press; 2013: pp. 204-22.
47. Weiss BJ, Hope DA. A preliminary investigation of worry content in sexual minorities. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25(2):244-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.09.009 PMID: 21041061
48. Weinrich JD, Atkinson JH Jr, McCutchan JA, Grant I; HNRC Group. Is gender dysphoria dysphoric? Elevated depression and anxiety in gender dysphoric and nondysphoric homosexual and bisexual men in an HIV sample. Arch Sex Behav. 1995;24(1):55-72. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01541989 PMID: 7733805
49. American Psychological Association. Guidelines for psychological practice with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients. Am Psychol. 2012;67(1):10-42. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024659 PMID: 21875169
50. "Cures" for an illness that does not exist. Purported therapies aimed at changing sexual orientation lack medical justification and are ethically unacceptable. Washington: Pan American Health Organization; 2012. Available from: http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=17703 [cited 2014 April 14].