Perfect motherhood: Science and childrearing in America

Perfect Motherhood: Science and Childrearing in America

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-209

  Apple, Rima D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84906640920     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (450)

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119. Sydney A. Halpern, American Pediatrics: The Social Dynamics of Professionalism, 1880-1980 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).
120. Rima D. Apple, Vitamania: Vitamins in American Culture (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996);
121. Nancy Tomes, The Gospel of Germs: Men, Women, and the Microbe in American Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).
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130. Julia Grant, Raising Baby by the Book: The Education of American Mothers (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 70-112.
131. Rima D. Apple, Mothers and Medicine: A Social History of Infant Feeding (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987);
132. Richard A. Meckel, Save the Babies: American Public Health Reform and the Prevention of Infant Mortality, 1850-1929 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990)
133. Philip Van Ingen, "Editorial: The Present-Day Position of the 'Milk Station, '" Archives of Pediatrics 29(1912):721-23.
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143. H. E. Kleinschmidt, "Little Mothers' Leagues: A Long-Distance View", Journal of Social Hygiene 12(1926):129-36.
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145. Estella Ford Warner and Geddes Smith, Children of the Covered Wagon: Report of the Commonwealth Fund Child Health Demonstration in Marion County, Oregon, 1925-1929 (New York: Commonwealth Fund, Division of Publications, 1930).
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149. Ellen Swallow Richards, "The Social Significance of the Home Economics Movement", Journal of Home Economics 3, no. 2(1911):117-25.
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151. Caroline L. Hunt, The Life of Ellen H. Richards (Boston: Whitcomb & Barrows, 1912).
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153. Molly Ladd-Taylor, Mother-Work: Women, Child Welfare, and the State, 1890-1930 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994), 76-77.
154. Molly Ladd-Taylor, Raising a Baby the Government Way: Mothers' Letters to the Children's Bureau, 1915-1932 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1986), 22-23.
155. Ladd-Taylor, Mother-Work;
156. Nancy Pottisham Weiss, "Mother, the Invention of Necessity: Baby and Child Care", American Quarterly 29(1977):519-46;
157. Nancy Pottisham Weiss, "The Mother-Child Dyad Revisited: Perceptions of Mothers and Children in Twentieth Century Child-Rearing Manuals", Journal of Social Issues 34, no. 2(1978):29-45.
158. Emily K. Abel, "Correspondence between Julia C. Lathrop, Chief of the Children's Bureau, and a Working-Class Woman, 1914-1915", Journal of Women's History 5, no. 1(1993):79-88;
159. Ladd-Taylor, Raising a Baby the Government Way;
160. Kriste Lindenmeyer, "A Right to Childhood": The U. S. Children's Bureau and Child Welfare, 1912-1946 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997).
161. Babyhood 9, no. 103(1893): xii.
162. Emelyn Lincoln Coolidge, "The Young Mother's Guide", Ladies' Home Journal 28, no. 1(1911):37;
163. Coolidge, "The Young Mother's Guide", Ladies' Home Journal 29, no. 1(1912):65;
164. Salme Harju Steinberg, Reformer in the Marketplace: Edward W. Bok and the Ladies' Home Journal, 1889-1916 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979), 36.
165. Mrs. R. M., "A Word of Appreciation", American Motherhood 38(1914):38.
166. Mrs. O. K., "A Wise Mother", American Motherhood 39(1914):49.
167. A trained mother, "Maternal Instinct Run Riot", Good Housekeeping 52(1911):245-47.
168. Harriet Hubbard, "The Up-to-Date Homemaker", The Forecast 7(1914):305;
169. Ellen Key, The Renaissance of Motherhood, trans. Anna E. B. Fries (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1914);
170. Jane Stewart, "Is the Mother Ready for the Baby? Training Versus 'Instinct' and 'Experience, '" Ladies' Home Journal 30, no. 2(1913):76.
171. Ruth Freeman, "Put Yourself in Baby's Place", Hearth and Home 4, no. 50(14 Dec. 1872):913.
172. Ellen Battelle Dietrick, "A Scientifically Trained Baby", New England Kitchen Magazine [Home Science] 2(1895):179-80.
173. Coolidge, "The Young Mother's Guide", 1911;
174. Anna Virginia Miller, "Food for Children", American Kitchen [Home Science] 11(1899):42-46;
175. Helen Watterson Moody, "The True Meaning of Motherhood", Ladies' Home Journal 16, no. 6(1899):12.
176. Hannah Whitall (Mrs.) Smith, The Science of Motherhood (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1894), 6.
177. Viviana A. Zelizer, Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children (New York: Basic Books, 1985), 31-32.
178. Camillo Frederick Mueller, "Prenatal and Child Clinics" (M. D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1928), 12.
179. Mrs. W. R. Hollowell, "Why the Young Doctor Is to Be Trusted", Progressive Farmer 31(1916):1154.
180. Frank Howard Richardson, Simplifying Motherhood (New York: Putnam, 1925), 9-10.
181. Harold C. Tooker, "Infant Feeding", Hygeia 16(1938):406-7.
182. Della Thompson Lutes, "Motherhood What We Make of It: A Really Good Mother Is a Practical Trained Mother", Farmer's Wife 25(1922):185, 203.
183. Katherine Arnup, Education for Motherhood: Advice for Mothers in Twentieth-Century Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994);
184. Denyse Baillargeon, "Care of Mothers and Infants in Montreal between the Wars: The Visiting Nurses of Metropolitan Life, Les Gouttes de Lait, and Assistance Maternelle", in Caring and Curing: Historical Perspectives on Women and Healing in Canada, ed. Dianne Dodd and Deborah Gorham (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1994), 163-81;
185. Linda Bryder, Not Just Weighing Babies: Plunket in Auckland, 1908-1998 (Auckland: Pyramid Press, 1998);
186. Cynthia R. Comacchio, Nations Are Built of Babies: Saving Ontario's Mothers and Children, 1900-1940 (Montreal: McGill's-Queen's University Press, 1993);
187. Alisa Klaus, Every Child a Lion: The Origins of Maternal and Infant Health Policy in the United States and France, 1890-1920 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993);
188. Hilary Marland, "The Medicalization of Motherhood: Doctors and Infant Welfare in the Netherlands, 1910-1930", in Women and Children First: International Maternal and Infant Welfare, 1870-1945, ed. Valeria Fildes, Lara Marks, and Hilary Marland (New York: Routledge, 1992);
189. Jay Mechling, "Advice to Historians on Advice to Mothers", Journal of Social History 9(1975):44-63;
190. Richard A. Meckel, Save the Babies: American Public Health Reform and the Prevention of Infant Mortality, 1850-1929 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990);
191. Philippa Mein Smith, Mothers and King Baby: Infant Survival and Welfare in an Imperial World: Australia, 1880-1950 (Houndmill, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press, 1997);
192. Sachlav Stoler-Liss, "'Mothers Birth the Nation': The Social Construction of Zionist Motherhood in Wartime Israeli Parents' Manuals", NSHIM: A Journal of Jewish Women's Studies and Gender Issues (2003):104-18.
193. Joseph Brennemann, "Vis Medicatrix Naturae in Pediatrics", American Journal of Diseases of Children 40(1930):5-6.
194. Isaac A. Abt, Baby Doctor (New York: Whittlesey, 1944), 3.
195. Sydney A. Halpern, American Pediatrics: The Social Dynamics of Professionalism, 1880-1980 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988);
196. Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982);
197. Rosemary Stevens, American Medicine and the Public Interest (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
198. Elizabeth MacDonald, "Our Babies: X. A Talk with the Doctor", Modern Priscilla, August 1920, 40.
199. Whiteis and Anthony, Instructions for Expectant Mothers and the Care of Infants (Iowa City: 1932), 2
200. [Frank O. Wood], Instructions for Expectant Mothers ([Hartford, CT]: 1935).
201. William M. Hanrahan, General Instructions to Prospective Mothers (Chicago, IL: Stewart Printing, 1927).
202. Judith Walzer Leavitt, Brought to Bed: Childbearing in America: 1750-1950 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).
203. "American Academy of Pediatrics: 8th Annual Meeting, June 1938: Roundtable Discussion of Nursing Care in the Newborn Infant", Journal of Pediatrics 13(1938):434-44
204. Irma Gladys Fuehr, "Hospital Baby", Hygeia 17(1939):189-90;
205. Velma West Sykes, "Baby's Bath", Hygeia 3(1925):269-70.
206. William J. Corcoran, "The Baby That Cries at Night", Hygeia 7(1929):359-61.
207. Benjamin Harris, "'Give Me a Dozen Healthy Infants⋯': John B. Watson's Popular Advice on Childrearing, Women, and the Family", in In the Shadow of the Past: Psychology Portrays the Sexes, ed. Miriam Lewin (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), 126-53.
208. Elizabeth Thankful Bailey, "Your Healthy Baby: Acquiring Regular Habits", Woman's World, June 1930, 29;
209. Philip M. Stimson, "Putting Baby on a Schedule", Hygeia, March 1928, 131-32.
210. Emma E. Walker, M. D., "Enemies of the Baby: III-Habits", Good Housekeeping 44, no. 5(1907):602-3.
211. Francis Tweddell, A Mother's Guide; A Manual for the Guidance of Mothers and Nurses (New York: J. Dougherty, 1911), 132-33.
212. Richardson, Simplifying Motherhood
213. Roger H. Dennett, M. D., Healthy Baby; The Care and Feeding of Infants in Sickness and in Health (New York: Macmillan, 1912).
214. L. Emmett Holt, The Care and Feeding of Children: A Catechism for the Use of Mothers and Children's Nurses (New York: D. Appleton, 1894).
215. Sidonie M. Gruenberg, Chairman, Parent Education: Types, Content, Method; Report of the Subcommittee on Types of Parent Education, Content and Method (New York: Century, 1932).
216. Martha M. Eliot and Lillian R. Freedman, "Four Years of the EMIC Program", Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 19(1947):621-35;
217. Louise Sheddan and Helen M. Culp, "Mothers' Classes for Service Men's Wives", Public Health Nursing 36(1944):97-99.
218. Rima D. Apple, "Liberal Arts or Vocation Training? Home Economics Education for Girls", in Rethinking Home Economics: Women and the History of a Profession, ed. Sarah Stage and Virginia B. Vincenti (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), 79-95.
219. Alma L. Binzel, "For the Homemaker: Making Children Worth While", Journal of Home Economics 11(January 1919):28.
220. Rima D. Apple, The Challenge of Constantly Changing Times: From Home Economics to Human Ecology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1903-2003 (Madison, WI: Parallel Press, University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries, 2003).
221. 75 Years of Girl Scouting (New York: Girl Scouts of the U. S. A., 1986), 10.
222. W. J. Hoxie, How Girls Can Help Their Country (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1913, 1914)
223. Scouting for Girls: Official Handbook of the Girl Scouts (New York: Girl Scouts, Inc., 1920), 1.
224. Girl Scout Handbook (New York: Girl Scouts, Inc., 1929), 294.
225. Girl Scout Programs and Activities (New York: Girl Scouts, Inc., 1938), 247.
226. G. P. Earnshaw, Baby's Outfit, 4th rev. ed. (Newton, MA: Earnshaw Publications, 1933), 3-4.
227. Viviana A. Zelizer, Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children (New York: Basic Books, 1985). New York City statistics are on pp. 29-30.
228. Helen M. Dart, "Maternity and Child Care in Selected Rural Areas of Mississippi", in Child Care in Rural America (1921; New York: Arno Press, 1972), 42.
229. Viola I. Paradise, Maternity Care and the Welfare of Young Children in a Homesteading County in Montana, Rural Child Welfare Series No. 3, Bureau Publication No. 34 (Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Labor, Children's Bureau, 1919).
230. Frances Sage Bradley and Margaretta A. Williamson, Rural Children in Selected Counties of North Carolina, Rural Child Welfare Series No. 2, Bureau Publication No. 33 (Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Labor, Children's Bureau, 1918);
231. Florence Brown Sherbon and Elizabeth Moore, Maternity and Infant Care in Two Rural Counties of Wisconsin, Bureau Publication No. 46, U. S. Department of Labor, Children's Bureau (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1919).
232. Margaret Jarman Hagood, Mothers of the South: Portraiture of the White Tenant Farm Woman (1939; repr., New York: W. W. Norton, 1977).
233. John E. Anderson, The Young Child in the Home: A Survey of 3000 American Families: Report of the Committee on Infant and Preschool Child (New York City: Appleton-Century, 1936).
234. Anderson, "The Clientele of a Parental Education Program", Social and Society 26(1927):178-84;
235. Ruth W. Washburn and Marian C. Putnam, "A Study of Child Care in the First Two Years of Life", Journal of Pediatrics 2(1933):517-36.
236. Anderson, The Young Child in the Home, 73-84.
237. Lynn Curry, Modern Mothers in the Heartland: Gender, Health, and Progress in Illinois, 1900-1930 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1999);
238. Michael R. Grey, New Deal Medicine: The Rural Health Programs of the Farm Security Administration (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999).
239. Ruth Williams Thompson, Training My Babies (Boston: Gorham Press, 1929).
240. Maud Wilde, The Business of Being a Mother (Manual of Child Training) (Los Angeles, CA: The author, 1926).
241. Susan M. Hartmann, The Home Front and Beyond: American Women in the 1940s (Boston: Twayne, 1982);
242. Susan Ware, Holding Their Own: American Women in the 1930s (Boston: Twayne, 1982).
243. Thompson, Training My Babies, 21-22.
244. Mrs. L. J. R. to Grace Abbott, 4 November 1923
245. Grace Langdon, "Toilet Training", Parents Magazine 6(1931):19, 50-51.
246. Ralph La Rossa, The Modernization of Fatherhood: A Social and Political History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997);
247. Molly Ladd-Taylor, Raising a Baby the Government Way: Mothers' Letters to the Children's Bureau, 1915-1932 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1986);
248. Nancy Pottisham Weiss, "Mother, the Invention of Necessity: Baby and Child Care", American Quarterly 29(1977):519-46;
249. Weiss, "The Mother-Child Dyad Revisited: Perceptions of Mothers and Children in Twentieth Century Child-Rearing Manuals", Journal of Social Issues 34, no. 2(1978):29-45.
250. Jacquelyn S. Litt, Medicalized Motherhood: Perspectives from the Lives of African-American and Jewish Women (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000).
251. Litt, "American Medicine and Divided Motherhood: Three Case Studies from the 1930s and 1940s", Sociological Quarterly 38(1997):285-302;
252. Litt, "Mothering, Medicalization, and Jewish Identity, 1928-1940", Gender & Society 10, no. 2(1996):185-98.
253. Alice Goldstein, Susan Cotts Watkins, and Ann Rosen Spector, "Childhood Health-Care Practices among Italians and Jews in the United States, 1910-1940", Health Transition Review 4(1994):45-62.
254. Litt, Medicalized Motherhood, 13.
255. Neil M. Cowan and Ruth Schwartz Cowan, Our Parents' Lives: The Americanization of Eastern European Jews (New York: Basic Books, 1989), substantiates Litt's analysis.
256. Litt, Medicalized Motherhood, 52.
257. Carolyn Leonard Carson, "'and the Results Shows Promise⋯ ': Physicians, Childbirth, and Southern Black Migrant Women, 1916-1930: Pittsburgh as a Case Study", Journal of American Ethnic History 14(1994):32-64.
258. Narrative Report, Monroe and Jackson Counties, 22 April 1938
259. Narrative Report, Constance E. Carmody, R. N., Marathon County, June 1940, WBM&CH, Series 2253, box 12, folder 7.
260. Florence Brown Sherbon and E Lizabeth Moore, Maternity and Infant Care in Two Rural Counties of Wisconsin, Bureau Publication No. 46, U. S. Department of Labor, Children's Bureau (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1919), 42.
261. Narrative Report, Monroe and Jackson Counties, Nov. 1937
262. Ann Hulbert, Raising America: Experts, Parents, and a Century of Advice About Children (New York: Knopf, 2003), 183.
263. Estelle Mulqueen Reilly, Common Sense for Mothers on Bringing Up Your Children from Babyhood to Adolescence (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1935), 1-2.
264. May C. Whitaker, Mothercraft: A Primer for Parents (Cleveland, OH: Judson, 1926), 65-67.
265. A. E. F., 24 May 1918 letter to the Children's Bureau and the Bureau's reply, dated 29 May 1918, Rec. CB, 1914-20, folder 4-4-0.
266. Eleanor Arnold, ed., Voices of American Homemakers (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985), 103.
267. Lenore Pelham Friedrich, "I Had a Baby", Atlantic Monthly 163(1939):461-65.
268. Kathleen Norris, The Fun of Being a Mother (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, 1927), 12.
269. Mrs. H. A. C., letter dated 23 July 1915, with reply by Mrs. Max West, Rec. CB, 1914-20, folder 4-4.
270. Mrs. J. S., letter dated 6 May 1929, and agency's reply, Rec. CB, 1929-32, folder 4-8-1-1.
271. Mrs. H. L., letter dated 22 November 1938, and the agency's reply, dated 1 December 1938, Rec. CB, 1937-40, folder 4-1-2-1.
272. Deborah Fink, Agrarian Women: Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska, 1880-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 161.
273. Doris W. McCray, "A Housewife Looks at the Committee on Foods", Hygeia 13(1935):446-50, 77.
274. Summary Report, 31 July 1942, Dr. [Marie] Wittler, Center held at Marshall, WI, WM&CH, box 4, file: Dane County (Center Narratives).
275. Mrs. M. G. P., letter dated 28 November 1927, with reply, Rec. CB, 1921-28, folder 4-5-3.
276. Mrs. E. L. H., letter dated 17 July 1930, Rec. CB, 1929-32, folder 4-8-1-2-4.
277. Mrs. E. O. T., letter dated 21 September 1925, Rec. CB, 1925-28, folder 4-5-3-0.
278. Mrs. B. R. N., letter dated 14 August 1928, Rec. CB, 1925-28, folder 4-5-3-2.
279. Mrs. H. M., letter dated 11 January 1939, Rec. CB, 1937-40, folder 4-8-0.
280. Narrative Report, Sadie Engesether, R. N., Polk and Burnett Counties, May 1937, WBM&CH, Series 2253, box 13, folder 8.
281. Narrative Report, Monroe and Jackson Counties, 9 June 1938, Fairchild, WBM&CH, Series 2253, box 13, folder 3.
282. Narrative Report, [Lelia J. Johnson, R. N.], [Jackson County], October
283. Narrative Report, Mildred Cook, R. N., Brown-Kewaunee County, October 1936, WBM&CH, Series 2253, box 11, folder 11.
284. Narrative Report, Kathryn Lynch, R. N., Marathon County, January 1940, WBM&CH, Series 2253, box 12, folder 17.
285. Mrs. V. K., letter dated 15 August 1939, Rec. CB, 1937-40, folder 4-1-3-1.
286. Mrs. M. B., letter dated 28 January 1926, Rec. CB, 1925-28, folder 4-5-3-2. Spelling and grammar in the original.
287. Mrs. M. B. W., letter dated 21 May 1915, Rec. CB, 1914-20, folder 4-5-3-2. Spelling and grammar in the original.
288. J. B., "My $100 Baby", Cosmopolitan 108, no. 6(1940):54-55, 88.
289. Mary Breckinridge, Wide Neighborhoods: A Story of the Frontier Nursing Service (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952), 61.
290. Mrs. R. E. D., "Letters Worth Reading", Farmer's Wife 28, no. 355 (1925).
291. I. L. Smith, "We Modern Parents", Atlantic Monthly 152(1933):94-99.
292. Narrative Report, Dr. Bessie Mae Beach, Dane County, DeForest, WBM&CH, Series 2253, box 6, folder 15.
293. R. W. B., "Infant Feeding", Hygeia 7(1929):934.
294. Clementine Wheeler, "Jig-Time Formula", Parents Magazine 2, no. 3(1947):165-67.
295. Judith Walzer Leavitt, Brought to Bed: Childbearing in America: 1750-1950 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986);
296. Rosemary Stevens, In Sickness and in Wealth: American Hospitals in the Twentieth Century, expansion of 1989 edition with new preface (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999).
297. Narrative Reports, Nathalie Voge, Marinette County, July 1942, WBM&CH, Series 2253, box 13, folder 1.
298. Department of Pediatrics, Information for the Mother Following Delivery of the Baby (New York City: Lenox Hill Hospital, [1944]).
299. Lois Huntington, "Schedule for a New Baby's Mother", Parents Magazine, September 1942, 24-25, 61.
300. Sarah K. Hepburn, "Caring for the New Baby", Parents Magazine, December 1935, 21, 95
301. Benjamin Spock, The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1946).
302. Niles Newton, The Family Book of Child Care (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1957).
303. L. Emmett Holt, Jr., The Good Housekeeping Book of Baby and Child Care (New York: Popular Library, 1957).
304. "Bringing Up Baby on Books⋯ Revolution and Counterrevolution in Child Care", Newsweek, 16 May 1955, 64-68.
305. Gretchen Krueger, "Death Be Not Proud: Children, Families, and Cancer in Postwar America", Bulletin of the History of Medicine 78(2004):836-63.
306. Molly Ladd-Taylor and Lauri Umansky, "Bad" Mothers: The Politics of Blame in Twentieth-Century America (New York: New York University Press, 1998).
307. Allan M. Brandt and Martha Gardner, "The Golden Age of Medicine?", in Medicine in the Twentieth Century, ed. Roger Cooter and John Pickstone (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000), 21-37;
308. Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982).
309. Katherine Burns, "The 2 Weeks after the First 10 Days", American Home, September 1940, 38, 54.
310. Edith Appleton, "Bathing and Feeding the Baby", Hygiea 23(1945):594-97.
311. Edith B. Jackson, "Mothers and Babies Together", Parents Magazine, October 1947, 18-19
312. Sara Lee Silberman, "Pioneering in Family-Centered Maternity and Infant Care: Edith B. Jackson and the Yale Rooming-in Research Project", Bulletin of the History of Medicine 64(1990):262-87.
313. Marilyn Parks Davis, "The 'Rooming in' Plan", Hygeia 26(1948):784-85, 827.
314. "Babies Are Welcome Here", Woman's Home Companion 76(January 1949):116-19;
315. Rhoda Hanson, "You Can Nurse Your Baby", Parents Magazine 23, no. 5(1948):23, 136.
316. Jackson, "Mothers and Babies Together", 148.
317. Henry L. Barnet, "A Note on Experiences with a Rooming-in Arrangement for Newborn Infants in a Small Hospital", Journal of Pediatrics 31(1947):49-53
318. Herbert Thoms, Training for Childbirth: A Program of Natural Childbirth with Rooming-In (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950).
319. Arnold Gesell and Frances L. Ilg, Infant and Child in the Culture of Today: The Guidance of Development in Home and Nursery School (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1943).
320. C. Anderson Aldrich and Mary M. Aldrich, Babies Are Human Beings: An Interpretation of Growth (New York: Macmillan, 1938).
321. Dorothy V. Whipple, M. D., Our American Babies: The Art of Baby Care (New York: M. Barrows 1943), viii.
322. Evelyn Barkins, The Doctor Has a Baby (New York: Creative Age Press, 1947)
323. Whipple, Our American Babies, viii.
324. Lynn Z. Bloom, Doctor Spock: Biography of a Conservative Radical (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1972);
325. Margaret Talbot, "A Spock-Marked Generation", New York Times Magazine, 3 January 1999.
326. Bloom, Doctor Spock, 104.
327. Spock, The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care, 1.
328. Walter W. Sackett, Jr., Bringing Up Babies: A Family Doctor's Practical Approach to Child Care (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), xvii-xviii.
329. Robert M. Yoder, "Were You Boiled as a Baby?", Saturday Evening Post 232(1959):25, 67-68.
330. William M. Tuttle, Jr., "America's Children in an Era of War, Hot and Cold: The Holocaust, the Bomb, and Childrearing in the 1940s", in Rethinking Cold War Culture, ed. Peter J. Kuznick and James Gilbert (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001), 14-34.
331. Mrs. S. M., letter dated 18 September 1945, with reply from Katherine Bains, Rec. CB, 1945-48, folder 4-8-6-4.
332. Spock, The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care, 3. My emphasis.
333. Benjamin Spock, John Reinhart, and Wayne Miller, A Baby's First Year (New York: Pocket Books, 1956).
334. Benjamin Spock, Dr. Benjamin Spock's Baby and Child Care (New York: Pocket Books, 1957), 150.
335. Rima D. Apple, Mothers and Medicine: A Social History of Infant Feeding (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987), 121-22.
336. Isaac A. Abt, Baby Doctor (New York: Whittlesey, 1944), 294.
337. Spock, The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care, 1.
338. Mrs. M. J. W. of Fort Lewis, WA, letter dated 13 July 1954, Benjamin Spock Archives, Special Collections Research Library, Syracuse University (hereafter cited as Spock Archives), box 2, folder: July 1954.
339. Mrs. K. B. B., Stanford University, CA, letter dated 20 May 1949, Spock Archives, box 1, folder 19.
340. Mrs. R. D. S., Concord, CA, letter dated 10 October 1954, Spock Archives, box 2, folder: September 1954.
341. Mrs. H. W., Rolla, MO, letter dated 4 August 1954, Spock Archives, box 2, folder: August 1954. Mrs. H. W.'s husband was stationed at Fort Leonard Wood.
342. P. C., Butte, MT, letter dated 22 November 1954, Spock Archives, box 2, folder: Nov. 1954.
343. Mrs. W. S. B., Long Beach, CA, letter dated 19 July 1954, Spock Archives, box 2, folder: July 1954.
344. Mrs. T. T., Flemington, NJ, letter 25 Oct. 1954, Spock Archives, box 2, folder: Oct. 1954.
345. Holt, The Good Housekeeping Book of Baby and Child Care, xix.
346. Herman N. Bundesen, M. D., The Baby Manual: A Practical Guide from Early Pregnancy through the Second Year of Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1944), 1.
347. Harry R. Litchfield and Leon H. Dembo, A Pediatric Manual for Mothers (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1951), 1.
348. Dr. Edward Glaber, "Michigan's Expectant Parents' Classes Point the Way", The Mother 13, no. 4(1952):14-15.
349. "Information for Expectant Mothers", (Chicago: Chicago Lying-In Hospital and Dispensary, 1958), 11-12.
350. Benjamin Spock, "Baby vs. Sleep", Consumer Reports, (Jan. 1950):28-30.
351. Niles Anne Newton, introduction to Pregnancy, Birth, and the Newborn Baby: A Publication for Parents, ed. Boston Children's Medical Center (Boston: Seymour Lawrence, 1972), 39.
352. Penny Simkin, Janet Whalley, and Anne Keppler, Pregnancy, Childbirth, and the Newborn: The Complete Guide (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992[?]), 13.
353. Sackett, Bringing Up Babies, 3.
354. Grantly Dick-Read, Childbirth Without Fear: The Principles of Natural Childbirth (New York: Harper, 1944).
355. Marjorie Karmel, Thank You, Dr. Lamaze: A Mother's Experience in Painless Childbirth (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1959).
356. Mary Thomas, ed., Post-War Mothers: Childbirth Letters to Grantly Dick-Read, 1946-1956 (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 1997
357. M. I. (Mrs. C. G. I.), letter dated 9 September 1947, Dick-Read Archives, box 46, folder 106. Stress in the original.
358. Lena S. Hayman, to Mrs. R. S., letter dated 28 August 1964, CB Rec., 1963-66, folder 4-12-6-3-5.
359. Spock, The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care, 502-3.
360. Spock's reply to Mrs. B. J. T, Spock Archives, box 3, folder: September 1956.
361. Spock, Dr. Benjamin Spock's Baby and Child Care, 593.
362. Benjamin Spock, "Dr. Spock Talks with Mothers", Ladies' Home Journal 71, no. 7(1954):42-43.
363. Benjamin Spock, Dr. Spock Talks with Mothers: Growth and Guidance (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961).
364. V. S., Brooklyn, NY, letter dated 2 August 1954, Spock Archives, box 2, folder: August 1954.
365. Mrs. J. S., Milwaukee, WI, letter dated 17 July 1954, Spock Archives, box 2, folder: July 1954.
366. Mrs. W. C. K., Chicago, IL, letter dated 19 July 1954, Spock Archives, box 2, folder: July 1954.
367. J. and J. S., Boise, ID, letter dated 8 August 1954, Spock Archives, box 2, folder: August 1954.
368. Mrs. W. W. M., Jr., Lima, MT, letter dated 20 July 1954, Spock Archives, box 2, folder: July 1954.
369. T. M. Z. (Mrs. M. J. Z.), Islip Terrace, NY, letter dated 23 July 1954, Spock Archives, box 2, folder: July 1954.
370. A. M. P., no address given, letter dated 19 July 1954, Spock Archives, box 2, folder: July 1954.
371. Mrs. N. H., Buffalo, NY, letter dated 28 July 1954, Spock Archives, box 2, folder: July 1954.
372. Carr-Eising, "Parenting by the Book", Capital Times, 29 June 1993.
373. Standards and Recommendations for Hospital Care of Newborn Infants, 6th ed. (Evanston, IL: Academy, 1977).
374. Linda M. Blum, At the Breast: Ideologies of Breastfeeding and Motherhood in the Contemporary United States (Boston: Beacon Press, 1999);
375. Julie Dejager Ward, La Leche League: At the Crossroads of Medicine, Feminism, and Religion (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000).
376. Kerreen M. Reiger, Our Bodies, Our Babies: The Forgotten Women's Movement (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2001).
377. Our Bodies, Ourselves: A Course by and for Women (Boston: New England Free Press, 1971), 1.
378. Wendy Kline, "'Please Include This in Your Book': Readers Respond to Our Bodies, Ourselves", Bulletin of the History of Medicine 79(2005):81-110.
379. Boston Women's Health Book Collective, Ourselves and Our Children (New York: Random House, 1978).
380. Laurence G. Roth, Louis E. Green, and John T. Chua, "Advice to the⋯ Prenatal Patients" (Batavia, NY: Genesee Medical Specialists Center, 1974), 45.
381. Henry Harris, "Foreword: 'A Word from the Doctor, '" in What to Expect the First Year, by Arlene Eisenberg, Heidi E. Murkoff, and Sandee E. Hathaway (New York: Workman, 1989, 1996), xxii.
382. Susan J. Douglas and Meredith W. Michaels, The Mommy Myth: The Idealization of Motherhood and How It Has Undermined Women (New York: Free Press, 2004), 229-30, 8-9.
383. "Moms on AOL Trade Parenting Tips", Capital Times, 28 March 1997;
384. "Mothers Connect Online with Other Moms", Capital Times, 12 September 1996.
385. Berkeley Parents Network Web site, http://parents.berkeley.edu/(accessed 15 March 2005).
386. Pat Boone and Shirley Boone, preface to Mother's Medicine, by Nancy Moore Thurmond (New York: William Morrow, 1979), 13.
387. Nancy Moore Thurmond, Mother's Medicine (New York: William Morrow, 1979), 161.
388. Thurmond, Mother's Medicine, 163-64.
389. Sara Harkness et al., "Ask the Doctor: The Negotiation of Cultural Models in American Parent-Pediatrician Discourse", in Parents' Cultural Belief Systems, ed. Sara Harkness (New York: Guilford Press, 1996), 289-90.
390. Thomas A. Cable and Lee A. Rothenberger, "Breast-Feeding Behavioral Patterns among La Leche League Mothers: A Descriptive Study", Pediatrics 73, no. 6(1984):835.
391. Judith Martin, "Dr. Spock Confesses to Errors", State Journal, 3 October 1971.
392. Robert V. Johnson, ed., Mayo Clinic Complete Book of Pregnancy and Baby's First Year (New York: William Morrow, 1994), xi.
393. Frances Drew, "You, Your Doctors, and the Health Care System", in Every Woman's Health, ed. D. S. Thompson and Helene MacLean (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993), 528.
394. Dr. C. H. Kempe, commenting on Betsy Lozoff, "The Effects of Hospital Routines on the Mother-Newborn Relationship", in Child Advocacy and Pediatrics, 8th Ross Roundtable on Critical Approaches to Common Pediatric Problems (Columbus, OH: Ross Laboratories, 1978), 67.
395. Dianne Hales, "Getting Along with Your Child's Doctor", Working Mother, October 1992, 132;
396. Katherine Karlsrud and Dodi Schultz, "Choosing Your Baby's Doctor", Parents Magazine, 19 February 1985, 174.
397. Morton Lebow and Laurie Hall, "How Do Patients Rate Your Practice?" Contemporary OB/GYN, September 1988, 19-20
398. Dean Health system advertisement, Capital Times (Madison, WI), 17 August 2005.
399. David Brunworth and Scott Rigden, Patient Education for the Family: Practical Patient Aids for Health Care Professionals (Hagerstown, MD: Harper & Row, 1979).
400. Beginnings: A Practical Guide through Your Pregnancy (Seattle, WA: Practice Development, [1989])
401. Task Force on Medical Liability, American Academy of Pediatrics, An Introduction to Medical Liability for Pediatricians, 2nd ed. (1985), 11.
402. E. Rick Beebe, "Expectant Parent Classes", The Family Coordinator 27, no. 1(1978):55-58.
403. Rosemary Stevens, In Sickness and in Wealth: American Hospitals in the Twentieth Century, expansion of 1989 edition with new preface (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), xvii-xix.
404. Alan F. Guttmacher, Pregnancy, Birth, and Family Planning: A Guide for Expectant Parents in the 1970's (New York: New American Library, 1973), 389.
405. Joyce L. Kieffer, To Have⋯To Hold⋯: A Parents' Guide to Childbirth and Early Parenting (Harrisburg, PA: Training Resource Associates, 1981), 63.
406. Helena Znaniecki Lopata, Occupation: Housewife (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), 182-223.
407. Alice Petlock Pauser, "Memoirs of a Very Pregnant First-Time Mother", Capital Times, 6 November 1984.
408. Jane Lazarre, The Mother Knot (New York: Dell, 1976).
409. Sonia Taitz, Mothering Heights: Reclaiming Motherhood from the Experts (New York: William Morrow, 1992), 215-16.
410. Erica Goode, "Two Experts Do Battle over Potty Training", New York Times Magazine, 12 January 1999.
411. Samantha Critchell, "Parenting Author Didn't Expect Such Renown", Wisconsin State Journal, 9 May 2004.
412. Heidi Murkoff, "The Real Parenting Expert Is-You", Newsweek, Fall-Winter 2000, 20-21.
413. Arlene Eisenberg, Heidi E. Murkoff, and Sandee E. Hathaway, What to Expect the First Year (New York: Workman, 1989, 1996), 202.
414. Jennifer Reese, "Expecting the Worst", in Mothers Who Think, ed. Camille Peri and Kate Moss (New York: Washington Square Press, Pocket Books, 1999), 155-59.
415. Susan Walzer, Thinking About the Baby: Gender and Transitions into Parenthood (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998), 37-41.
416. Frances Bauer, "Plight of the Brand-New Parent", New York Times Magazine, 7 April 1963, 132.
417. New Yorker cartoon, 2 August 1999.
418. Muffy Mead-Ferro, Confessions of a Slacker Mom (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Lifelong, 2004), 131.
419. Figures from U. S. Department of Commerce, Historical Statistics, Series B 149-166 and Series B 181-192, "Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970, Part 1", (Washington, DC: U. S. Bureau of the Census, 1975).
420. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, "Special Reports from the National Vital Statistics Reports" (Washington, DC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004), 14;
421. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, "Vital Statistics of the United States, 1993", (Washington, DC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999), Table 1-1.
422. Margaret K. Nelson, "The Effect of Childbirth Preparation on Women of Different Social Classes", Journal of Health and Social Behavior 23, no. 4(1982):350.
423. David I. MacLeod, The Age of the Child: Children in America, 1890-1920 (New York: Twayne, 1998), 32-74.
424. Clair Brown, American Standards of Living, 1918-1988 (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1994), 140-43
425. U. S. Department of Commerce, "Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970, Part 1", Table B 20-27;
426. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, "Special Reports from the National Vital Statistics Reports" (Washington, DC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004), 15.
427. Susan Hassebrock, The First 12 Months of Motherhood (Los Angeles: Lowell House, 1996), 207.
428. Lynn Johnston, "For Better or for Worse" (Madison, WI: Capital Times, 1997).
429. Christina Baker Kline, ed., introduction to Child of Mine: Writers Talk about the First Year of Motherhood (New York: Hyperion, 1997), 1-2.
430. Claire McCarthy, Learning How the Heart Beats: The Making of a Pediatrician (New York: Viking, 1995), 141-43.
431. Katie Hafner, "Can the Internet Cure the Common Cold?" New York Times, 9 July 1998.
432. "Vital decisions: How Internet users decide what information to trust when they or their loved ones are sick", http://www.pewinternet.org/ pdfs/PIP-Vital-Decisions-May2002.pdf (accessed 16 May 2005).
433. Barron H. Lerner, "Playing God with Birth Defects in the Nursery", New York Times, 14 June 2005.
434. Hafner, "Can the Internet Cure the Common Cold?"
435. Blanche Beal Lowe, "Growing up in Kansas", Kansas History 8(1985):36-53.
436. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Children's Bureau, Infant Care, Publication No. 8(Washington, DC: U. S. Printing Office, 1951), 100.
437. "Change Noted in Infant Sleeping Practices", NICHD News Notes, October 1995.
438. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Children's Bureau, Infant Care, Publication No. 8(Washington, DC: U. S. Printing Office, 1951), 100.
439. "Change Noted in Infant Sleeping Practices", NICHD News Notes, October 1995.
440. Beatrice B. Whiting, "Folk Wisdom and Child Rearing", Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 20(1974):12-13.
441. Jane E. Brody, "How to Keep Toilet Training from Being a Power Struggle", New York Times, 3 August 1999.
442. Rima D. Apple, Mothers and Medicine: A Social History of Infant Feeding (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987), passim.
443. Sheryl Gay Stolberg, "The Big Decisions? They're All Yours", New York Times, 25 June 2000.
444. Gina Kolata, "Women Want Control, Just Not All the Time", New York Times, 22 June 1997;
445. Jan Hoffman, "Awash in Information, Patients Face a Lonely, Uncertain Road", New York Times, 14 August 2005.
446. Nina Bernstein, "Trial Begins for Mother in Breast-Fed Infant's Starvation Death", New York Times, 28 April 1999.
447. Nina Bernstein, "Mother Charged with Starving Baby Tells of Frantic Effort to Save Him", New York Times, 19 May 1999;
448. Nina Bernstein, "Mother Convicted in Infant's Starvation Death Gets 5 Years' Probation", New York Times, 9 September 1999;
449. Nina Bernstein, "Placing the Blame in an Infant's Death", New York Times, 15 May 1999;
450. Rachel L. Swarns, "Mother Who May Have Fed Her Son Improperly Is Charged in His Death", New York Times, 1 October 1999.