Community health centers: A movement and the people who made it happen

Community Health Centers: A Movement and the People Who Made It Happen

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-177

  Lefkowitz, Bonnie ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84906628304     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (262)

1. Alice Sardell, The U. S. Experiment in Social Medicine: The Community Health Center Program, 1965-1986 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988).
2. Health centers reported serving 13.1 million people in 2004, according to Bureau of Primary Health Care, Health Resources and Services Administration, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Uniform Data System, http://bphc.hrsa.gov/uds/2004data/nattrend.htm, accessed November 30, 2005.
3. "Transcript of President Bush's Message to Congress on His Budget Proposal", New York Times, February 28, 2001.
4. Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954-63 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988);
5. Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years 1963-65 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998);
6. At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years 1965-68 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006).
7. Bobos in Paradise: The New Upper Class and How They Got There (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000).
8. Peter Edelman, Searching for America's Heart: RFK and the Renewal of Hope (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2001), 80-81.
9. Robert F. Clark, The War on Poverty: History, Selected Programs and Ongoing Impact (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2002), 9-60.
10. Robert E. Rector, How "Poor" Are America's Poor? Backgrounder No. 791 (Washington, D. C.: Heritage Foundation, 1990).
11. Christopher Jencks, "Johnson vs. Poverty", New Republic, March 28, 1964.
12. Clark, War on Poverty.
13. Michael Harrington, The Other America: Poverty in the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1962).
14. Richard Boone, interview by author, Santa Barbara, Calif., November 9, 2004
15. Sanford Kravitz, telephone interview by author, September 6, 2002
16. Richard A. Cloward and Lloyd E. Ohlin, Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquent Gangs (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1960).
17. Boone, interview and subsequent communications.
18. Clark, War on Poverty, 28-30.
19. Michael L. Gillette, Launching the War on Poverty: An Oral History (New York: Twayne, 1996), 84-85.
20. H. Jack Geiger, telephone interview by author, September 20, 2002, and subsequent communications.
21. Richard A. Couto, Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Round: The Pursuit of Racial Justice in the Rural South (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991)
22. H. Jack Geiger, "Community Health Centers: Health Care as an Instrument of Social Change", in Victor Sidel and Ruth Sidel, eds., Reforming Medicine: Lessons of the Last Quarter Century (New York: Pantheon, 1984)
23. Sardell, U. S. Experiment in Social Medicine, 66-67.
24. Lisbeth B. Schorr, with Daniel Schorr, Within Our Reach: Breaking the Cycle of Disadvantage (New York: Doubleday, 1988), 131.
25. David Barton Smith, Health Care Divided: Race and Healing a Nation (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999).
26. Sidney Kark and Emily Kark, Promoting Community Health: From Pholela to Jerusalem (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1999).
27. Schorr, Within Our Reach, 130-131.
28. H. Jack Geiger, "The First Community Health Centers: A Model of Enduring Value", Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 28, no. 4(2205):213-320.
29. Kravitz, interview and subsequent communications.
30. Geiger, interview.
31. Schorr, Within Our Reach, 32.
32. Couto, Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Round, ch. 8;
33. Schorr, Within Our Reach, 132;
34. Sardell, U. S. Experiment in Social Medicine, 66-67.
35. Jude Thomas May and Peter Kong-ming New, Transcripts for Oral History Project (Washington, D. C.: NACHC, 1974-1977)
36. Sardell, U. S. Experiment in Social Medicine, 52;
37. Sardell, U. S. Experiment in Social Medicine, 68-73.
38. David Blumenthal, "Out OEO-ing OEO: Institutional Innovation in the Public Health Service" (Master's thesis, Department of Government, Harvard University, 1970)
39. Sardell, U. S. Experiment in Social Medicine, 68-73.
40. Karen Davis and Cathy Schoen, Health and the War on Poverty: A Ten-Year Appraisal (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution, 1978), 163.
41. William D. Hobson, interview by author, Los Angeles, November 5, 2004.
42. Richard N. Goodwin, Remembering America: A Voice from the Sixties (New York: Little, Brown, 1988), 417-427, 456.
43. Schorr, Within Our Reach, 131.
44. Sardell, U. S. Experiment in Social Medicine, 64-66;
45. Geiger, "Community Health Centers"
46. Couto, Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Round, ch. 8
47. Office of Economic Opportunity, Health Services, The Comprehensive Neighborhood Health Services Program: Guidelines, OEO Guidance No. 6128-1 (Washington, D. C.: Executive Office of the President, March 1970).
48. Couto, Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Round, 264-266.
49. Sardell, U. S. Experiment in Social Medicine, 77-78.
50. Couto, Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Round, 282-283.
51. Clark, War on Poverty, 206.
52. Couto, Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Round, 282-283.
53. Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982), 396.
54. Couto, Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Round, 282-283;
55. Sardell, U. S. Experiment in Social Medicine, 81.
56. Clark, War on Poverty, 64-68.
57. Sardell, U. S. Experiment in Social Medicine, 86-89.
58. Ann Zuvekas, "Cutback Decisionmaking: The Community Health Center Program" (Ph. D. diss., George Washington University, 1984), 47-50.
59. Davis and Schoen, Health and the War on Poverty, 161-202;
60. National Health Insurance Papers (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1980).
61. Rural Health Clinic Services Act of 1977 (P. L. 95-210).
62. Sardell, U. S. Experiment in Social Medicine, 149-161.
63. Clark, War on Poverty, 70-71.
64. Bonnie Lefkowitz, "Short Term Options for Categorical Health Grant Programs", in Working Papers on Major Budget and Program Issues in Selected Health Programs (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Congressional Budget Office, 1976).
65. Daniel Hawkins, interviews by author, Washington, D. C., September 9 and November 5, 2002.
66. David A. V. Reynolds, "An Analysis of the Political and Economic Viability of Community Health Centers: Implications for Their Future" (Ph. D. diss., University of Michigan, 1999), 6-31.
67. Jacqueline Leifer, telephone interview by author, February 16, 2006.
68. Reynolds, "Community Health Centers", 6-31.
69. Tom Van Coverden, interview by author, Bethesda, Md., August 16, 2002;
70. Hawkins, interviews.
71. Zuvekas, "Cutback Decisionmaking", 51-62, 93-156.
72. Bonnie Lefkowitz and Jennifer Todd, "An Overview: Community Health Centers at the Crossroads", Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 2, no. 4(1991):1-12.
73. Hawkins, interviews.
74. Institute of Medicine, America's Health Care Safety Net: Intact but Endangered (Washington, D. C.: National Academies Press, 2000), 120-121.
75. White House Health Care Reform Task Force, Underserved Populations and Preventive Health: Delivery System Efforts Under Health Care Reform, Tollgate 5, Staff Working Paper, March 1993.
76. Theda Skocpol, Boomerang: Clinton's Health Security Effort and the Turn against Government in U. S. Politics (New York: Norton, 1996).
77. Daniel Hawkins, communication to author, October 28, 2002.
78. Hawkins, interviews.
79. "Transcript of President Bush's Message to Congress on His Budget Proposal", New York Times, February 28, 2001.
80. "Transcript of President Bush's State of the Union Message", New York Times, February 2, 2005.
81. National Association of Community Health Centers, Washington Update Hotline, Week of December 13, 2004.
82. National Association of Community Health Centers, "2005 Year in Review", Press Release, January 3, 2006.
83. National Association of Community Health Centers, Washington Update Hotline, Week of February 13, 2006.
84. U. S. Office of Management and Budget, Program Assessment, www.expectmore.gov, accessed February 13, 2006.
85. Larry T. Patton, "Community Health Centers at 25: A Retrospective Look at the First 10 Years", Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 3, no. 4(1990):13-21.
86. Clark, War on Poverty, 298.
87. Hawkins, communication.
88. Nicholas Lemann, "The Myth of Community Development", New York Times Magazine, January 9, 1994.
89. Massachusetts League of Community Health Centers, Community Health Centers as Economic Engines: An Overview of Their Impact on Massachusetts Communities and Families (Boston: Massachusetts League of Community Health Centers, October 2003).
90. Henry Bonilla, "The Heart of Health Care", column for local Texas papers, July 20, 2005;
91. Office of Senator Kit Bond, "Bond Pledges to Continue Fight for Community Health Centers", Press Release, August 25, 2005.
92. Bureau of Primary Health Care, Uniform Data System, http://bphc.hrsa.gov/ uds/2004data/nattrend.htm, accessed November 30, 2005.
93. Ann Zuvekas, "Health Centers and the Health Care System", Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 28, no. 4(2005):331-339.
94. National Association of Community Health Centers, A Nation's Health at Risk: A National and State Report on America's 36 Million People without a Regular Health Care Provider (Washington, D. C.: National Association of Community Health Centers, 2004).
95. Institute of Medicine, Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care (Washington, D. C.: National Academies Press, 2002).
96. Bureau of Primary Health Care, Uniform Data System, http://bphc.hrsa.gov/ uds/2004data/nattrend.htm, accessed November 30, 2005.
97. Barbara Starfield et al., "Costs vs. Quality in Different Types of Primary Care Settings", Journal of the American Medical Association 272, no. 24(1994):1903-1908;
98. Lee Partridge, The APHSA Medicaid HEDIS Database Project, Report for the Third Project Year, (Washington, D. C.: American Public Human Services Association, December 2001);
99. M. E. Stuart and Donald M. Steinwachs, "Patient-Mix Differences among Ambulatory Care Providers and Their Effects on Utilization and Payments for Maryland Medicaid Users", Medical Care 31, no. 12(1992):119-137;
100. Ann Zuvekas, Kathy McNamara, and Caryn Bernstein, "Measuring the Primary Care Experiences of Low-Income and Minority Patients", Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 22, no. 4(1999):63-78;
101. Jerrilyn Regan, Bonnie Lefkowitz, and Marilyn Gaston, "Cancer Screening among Community Health Center Women: Eliminating the Gaps", Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 22, no. 4(1999):45-52;
102. Marilyn Falik et al., "Ambulatory Care Sensitive Hospitalizations and Emergency Visits: Experiences of Medicaid Patients Using Federally Qualified Health Centers", Medical Care 39, no. 6(2000):551-561;
103. Marilyn Falik et al., "Comparative Effectiveness of FQHCs as Regular Source of Care: Application of Sentinel ACSC Events as Performance Measures", Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, forthcoming, 2006;
104. Marshall H. Chin et al., "Improving Diabetes Care in Midwest Community Health Centers with the Health Disparities Collaborative", Diabetes Care 27, no. 1(2004):2-8.
105. Michelle Proser, "Deserving the Spotlight: Health Centers Provide High-Quality and Cost-Effective Care", Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 28, no. 4(2005):321-330.
106. L. C. Dorsey, interview by author, Itta Bena, Miss., June 26, 2002
107. N. Maxwell, "The Ailing Poor: Medical Team Combats Negroes' Dismal Health in Mississippi Delta", Wall Street Journal, January 14, 1969.
108. Ollye Shirley, interview by author, Washington, D. C., March 27, 2002.
109. Aaron Shirley, interviews by author, Washington, D. C., April 29, 2002
110. Robert Smith, interview by author, Jackson, Miss., June 27, 2002
111. U. S. Census information on housing in Mississippi cited in Geiger, "First Community Health Centers", 313-320.
112. Geiger, interview and subsequent communications.
113. Maxwell, "Ailing Poor"
114. Helen Barnes, interview by author, Jackson, Miss., June 27, 2002, and subsequent communication.
115. James (Andy) Anderson, interview by author, Jackson, Miss., June 28, 2002.
116. G. B. Baldwin, "Center Built Despite Obstacles", Jackson Clarion Ledger, August 26, 2000.
117. Kenneth W. Clawson, "U. S. Sues Mississippi to Free Health Funds", Washington Post, March 3, 1971.
118. Geiger, "On Accepting Lienhard Award"
119. Bonnie Lefkowitz, "From New York to Jackson⋯ Stoned on Soul", Manhattan Tribune, May 15, 1971.
120. Ann Zuvekas, "Community Training and Services in a Medical Mall: Missed Opportunities", paper prepared for Third National Primary Care Conference, February 26-28, 1997.
121. Author's visits to Jackson Medical Mall and new facility of Jackson-Hinds health center, June 28, 2002.
122. W. H. Frey, "Census 2000 Shows Large Black Return to the South, Reinforcing the Region's 'White-Black' Demographic Profile", Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 2001.
123. National Association of Community Health Centers, www.nachc.com, accessed December 2005.
124. Sister Trinita Eddington, interview by author, Jackson, Miss., June 27, 2002.
125. James W. Hunt, interview by author, Boston, August 15, 2002, and subsequent communications.
126. Tristram Blake, interview by author, Boston, August 13, 2002.
127. Health and the War on Poverty, 37, table 2-4.
128. Dale Young, A Promise Kept: Boston's Neighborhood Health Centers (Boston: Trustees of Health and Hospitals, 1982), 42.
129. Jean Hunt, interview by author, Boston, August 15, 2002.
130. James Taylor, interview by author, East Boston, Mass., August 13, 2002.
131. Herbert Gleason, interview by author, Boston, August 14, 2002.
132. Marsha Barros, interview by author, Boston, August 16, 2002.
133. James W. Hunt, "Community Health Centers' Impact on the Political and Economic Environment: The Massachusetts Example", Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 28, no. 4(2005):340-347.
134. H. Jack Geiger, interviews by author, telephone August 15, 2004;
135. Jeffrey Salloway, interview by author, Alton Bay, N. H., August 5, 2002
136. Sardell, U. S. Experiment in Social Medicine
137. Couto, Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Round, acknowledge extensive use of the May-New interviews as background and directly.
138. Daniel Driscoll, "Neighborhood Health Centers: Case Studies in Professional Domination" (Master's thesis, Cornell University, 1972).
139. Adam Clymer, Edward M. Kennedy: A Biography (New York: HarperCollins, 1999), 86-87.
140. Young, Promise Kept, Appendix B, 20, 27.
141. James Hooley, interview by author, Boston, August 12, 2002, and subsequent communication.
142. Gerald Hass, interview by author, Boston, August 13, 2002.
143. Mel Scovell, interview by author, Boston, August 13, 2002.
144. Young, Promise Kept, Appendix B, 33.
145. Cradock, interview.
146. Daniel Driscoll, interview by author, Dorchester, Mass., August 14, 2002.
147. Hunt, "Community Health Centers' Impact"
148. Anita Crawford, telephone interview by author, October 3, 2005.
149. Van Coverden, interview.
150. James W. Hunt, interview;
151. Hunt, "Community Health Centers' Impact"
152. Chicora Foundation, "Indian and Freemen Occupation at the Fish Haul Site (38BU805)", Beaufort County, South Carolina, Research Series 7, Columbia, S. C.
153. Emory Campbell, interview by author, St. Helena Island, S. C., February 13, 2002.
154. County data for 1960 from Geospatial and Statistical Data Center, University of Virginia Library, geostat@virginia.edu, accessed February 1, 2006;
155. Tom Barnwell, interviews by author, Ridgeland, S. C., February 13, 2002;
156. Roland Gardner, interviews by author, Washington, D. C., March 2001;
157. Louis Dore, interview by author, conference call, December 2005.
158. Ginnie Kozak, "Beaufort's History: Multifaceted and Fascinating", in Destination Beaufort (Beaufort, S. C.: Beaufort Regional Chamber of Commerce, 2006).
159. Omar Ford, "Center Continues Historic Evolution", Beaufort Gazette, June 15, 2003.
160. Hunger U. S. A.: A Report by the Citizens' Board of Inquiry into Hunger and Malnutrition in the United States (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968).
161. David Nolan, "The Hunger Doctor", New York Review of Books, March 11, 1971.
162. Harry Golden, Nation, November 25, 1968.
163. Gardner, interviews.
164. Carolyn Click, Peace Corps Online, November 22, 2004.
165. Campbell, interview.
166. Gardner, interviews.
167. Thaddeous Coleman, interview by author, Ridgeland, S. C., February 13, 2002;
168. U. S. Census QuickFacts, http://quickfacts.census.gov, accessed November 23, 2005.
169. Aida Rogers, "The Island Everyone Knows", Sandlapper, The Magazine of South Carolina, www.sandlapper.org, accessed September 15, 2005.
170. Leslie Berger, "Retired Doctors, Retired Nurses, Very Busy Clinics", New York Times, November 14, 2005.
171. National Center for Health Statistics, Health United States, 1998, table 24;
172. Health United States, 2004 (Hyattsville, Md.: National Center for Health Statistics, 2004), table 23.
173. Lathran Woodard, telephone interview by author, February 2006.
174. Sandra Walsh, "10, 000 Babies Later, Noted Doctor Retires", Beaufort Gazette, October 20, 2005.
175. Rogers, "Island Everyone Knows"
176. Tim Donnelly, "Activist Being Roasted Friday", Beaufort Gazette, January 31, 2005;
177. Omar Ford, "Health Officials Await Prostate Cancer Study Results", Beaufort Gazette, December 29, 2003.
178. Omar Ford, "More Minorities Take Jobs in Management", Beaufort Gazette, December 16, 2002.
179. Paul Torrens, interview by author, Los Angeles, November 4, 2004.
180. Catherine Krouser, interview by author, New York, November 13, 2002.
181. Arnaldo Barron, interview by author, New York, November 12, 2002.
182. Julio (Jay) Bellber, interview by author, New York, November 11, 2002, and subsequent communication.
183. Robin Finn, "Public Lives: At Health Center, Fighting Obesity Is No Joke", New York Times, March 12, 2004.
184. Barbra Minch, interview by author, New York, November 12, 2002
185. Holloman's background is from Bellber, interview;
186. Minch, interview.
187. Victor Papa, interview by author, New York, November 14, 2002.
188. Kathy Gruber, interview by author, New York, November 14, 2002.
189. Bobbie Maniece-Harrison, interview by author, New York, November 13, 2002.
190. Will Murphy, interview by author, New York, November 14, 2002.
191. Maria Lugo, interview by author, New York, November 14, 2002.
192. Judy Wessler, interview by author, New York, July 16, 2004
193. Kenneth Raske, interview by author, New York, September 13, 2004.
194. Tom Robbins, "Hospital Holiday", Village Voice, May 28-June 3, 2003.
195. Commission on the Public's Health System, "CHCCDP: Are We Getting Our Money's Worth: Monitoring the Use of Community Health Care Conversion Demonstration Project Funds", April 2003.
196. James C. Robinson, The Curious Conversion of Empire Blue Cross: In New York It's All Politics, All the Time", Health Affairs 22, no. 4(July/August 2003):100-118.
197. Michael Cooper, "In Conversion of Insurer, Contracts Go to Insiders", New York Times, October 1, 2005.
198. Richard N. Gottfried, interview by author, New York, July 16, 2004.
199. George Lowe, interview by author, New York, July 16, 2004.
200. Albert Amateau, "A Battle Over an Orchard, But Chekhov's Not Involved", Villager, February 23-March 1, 2005.
201. Paula Gomez, interviews by author, telephone, February 20, 2003;
202. S. Dillon, "Profits Raise Pressure on U. S. Owned Factories in Mexican Border Zone", New York Times, February 15, 2001.
203. U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, www.bls.gov/oes, accessed October 31, 2005.
204. Alix Flores, interview by author, Brownsville, Tex., March 13, 2003.
205. Gomez, interviews.
206. David Montejano, Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836-1986 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987), 8-9, 116-128.
207. Domingo Gonzalez, interview by author, Brownsville, Tex., March 11, 2003.
208. Montejano, Anglos and Mexicans, 159-196.
209. Gonzalez, interview.
210. Luisa Franzini, John C. Ribble, and Arlene M. Keddie, "Understanding the Hispanic Paradox", in Thomas A. LaViest, ed., Race, Ethnicity and Health: A Public Health Reader (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2000), 280-310.
211. "Manana", Newsweek, November 24, 1975
212. Davis and Schoen, Health and the War on Poverty, 26.
213. Gomez, interviews.
214. Daniel Hawkins, interview by author, Washington, D. C., February 20, 2003.
215. Daniel Hawkins, communication to author, September 4, 2005.
216. Sister Angela Murdaugh, interview by author, Weslaco, Tex., March 11, 2003.
217. Stan Fisch and Nivia Fisch, interview by author, Harlingen, Tex., March 12, 2003, and subsequent communication.
218. Montejano, Anglos and Mexicans, 274-307.
219. Mel Huff, interview by author, Brownsville, Tex., March 11, 2003.
220. Ruben Edelstein, interview by author, Brownsville, Tex., March 11, 2003.
221. Gomez, interview;
222. Basilio Hernandez, "Clinic Director Wants to Avoid Duplicating Work", Brownsville Herald, June 7, 1987.
223. Emily Alpert, interview by author, Brownsville, Tex., March 11, 2003
224. Molly Ivins, television interview, Now with Bill Moyers, May 16, 2003.
225. Mel Huff, "Fight for Life: Couple Finds Care Just Out of Reach without Insurance Policy in Hand", Brownsville Herald, January 5, 2003;
226. "Care Scarce for Uninsured", Brownsville Herald, January 6, 2003.
227. Number of centers in state from National Association of Community Health Centers, www.nachc.com, accessed December 2005.
228. Elena Marin, interview by author, Harlingen, Tex., March 14, 2003
229. Project Digest prepared by Brownsville Community Health Center for Lower Rio Grande Valley Development Council, October 4, 2005.
230. Cameron County population for 1960 from Geospatial and Statistical Data Center, University of Virginia Library, geostat@virginia.edu, accessed February 1, 2006.
231. Marin, interview.
232. Fernando Del Valle, "Judge Appoints Su Clinica Receiver", Valley Morning Star, February 3, 2006.
233. Daniel Hawkins, communication to author, February 14, 2006.
234. Daniel Hawkins, communication to author, September 4, 2005.
235. Donald Sykes, interview by author, Washington, D. C., August 31, 2004.
236. Finn, "Public Lives"
237. National Center for Health Statistics, Health United States, 2005, table 154.
238. Partridge, APHSA Medicaid HEDIS Database Project.
239. Falik et al., "Comparative Effectiveness of FQHCs"
240. Sardell, U. S. Experiment in Social Medicine, 156.
241. Bureau of Primary Health Care, Uniform Data System, http://bphc.hrsa.gov/ uds/2004data/nattrend.htm, accessed November 30, 2005.
242. Michael K. Gusmano, Gerry Fairbrother, and Heidi Park, "Exploring the Limits of the Safety Net: Community Health Centers and Care for the Uninsured", Health Affairs 21, no. 6(2002):188-194.
243. Bureau of Primary Health Care, Uniform Data System, http://bphc.hrsa.gov/ uds/2004data/nattrend.htm, accessed November 30, 2005.
244. Richard C. Bohrer, interview by author, Washington, D. C., August 31, 2005.
245. Sara Wilensky and Dylan H. Roby, "Health Centers and Health Insurance: Complements, Not Alternatives", Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 28, no. 4(2005):348-356.
246. Bureau of Primary Health Care, Uniform Data System, http://bphc.hrsa.gov/ uds/2004data/nattrend.htm, accessed November 30, 2005.
247. Daniel R. Hawkins and Sara Rosenbaum, "The Challenges Facing Health Centers in a Changing Health Care System", in Stuart Altman, Uwe Reinhardt, and Alexandra Shields, eds., The Future U. S. Health Care System: Who Will Care for the Poor and Uninsured (Chicago: Health Administration Press, 1998), 99-122.
248. Robert H. Frank, "The Income Gap Grows", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 27, 2005.
249. Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000).
250. Robert Putnam, "Bowling Together: The United State of America", American Prospect, February 11, 2002, 20-22.
251. Robert Pear, "Budget to Hurt Poor People on Medicaid, Report Says", New York Times, January 30, 2006.
252. Philip A. Klinkner with Rogers M. Smith, The Unsteady March: The Rise and Decline of Racial Equality in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
253. Geiger, communication to author.
254. Boone, communication to author.
255. Gerard F. Anderson et al., "Health Spending in the United States and the Rest of the Industrialized World", Health Affairs 24, no. 4(2005):903-913.
256. Cynthia Smith et al., "National Health Spending in 2004: Recent Slowdown Led by Prescription Drug Spending", Health Affairs 25, no. 1(2006):186-196.
257. Ichiro Kawachi and Bruce P. Kennedy, The Health of Nations: Why Inequality Is Harmful to Your Health (New York: New Press, 2002).
258. National Center for Health Statistics, Health United States, 2005, table 23.
259. Van Coverden, interview.
260. John Hatch, interview by author, Washington, D. C., June 7, 2006.
261. Sara Rosenbaum, communication to author, March 14, 2006.
262. Sykes, interview.