How does a foundational myth become sacred scientific dogma?: The case of A.V.Hill and the anaerobiosis controversy

Philosophy and the Sciences of Exercise, Health and Sport: Critical Perspectives on Research Methods

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 52-79

  Noakes, Tim ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84906531860     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203506004     Document Type: Chapter

References (73)

1. Bainbridge, F.A. (1931) The Physiology of Muscular Exercise, A.V.Bock and D.B.Dill (eds), 3rd edn, London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1-272.
2. Bassett, D.R. (2002) 'Scientific contributions of A.V.Hill: exercise physiology pioneer', J Appl Physiol, 93, 1567-82.
3. Bassett, D.R. and Howley, E.T. (1997) 'Maximal oxygen uptake: "classical" versus "contemporary" viewpoints', Med Sci Sports Exerc, 29, 591-603.
4. Bassett, D.R. and Howley, E.T. (2000) 'Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance', Med Sci Sports Exerc, 32, 70-84.
5. Bergh, U., Ekblom, B. and Astrand, P.O. (2000) 'Maximal oxygen uptake 'classical' versus 'contemporary' viewpoints', Med Sci Sports Exerc, 32, 85-8.
6. Calbet, J.A.L., Boushel, R., Radegran, G., Sondergaard, H., Wagner, P.D. and Saltin, B. (2003a) 'Determinants of maximal oxygen uptake in severe acute hypoxia', Am J Physiol, 284, R291-R303.
7. Calbet, J.A.L., Boushel, R., Radegran, G., Sondergaard, H., Wagner, P.D. and Saltin, B. (2003b) 'Why is the VO2max after altitude acclimatization still reduced despite normalization of arterial O2 content?', Am J Physiol, 284, R303-R316.
8. Calbet, J.A.L., De Paz, J.A., Garatachea N., Cabeza De Vaca, S. and Chavarren,J. (2003c) 'Anaerobic energy provision does not limit Wingate exercise performance in endurance-trained cyclists', J Appl Physiol, 94, 668-76.
9. Costill, D.L. (1979) A Scientific Approach to Distance Running, Los Altos, CA: Tafnews.
10. Day, J.R., Rossiter, H.B., Coats, E.M., Skasick, A. and Whipp, B.J. (2003) 'The maximallyattainable VO2 during exercise in humans: the peak vs. maximum issue', J Appl Physiol, in press.
11. Dill, D.B. (1938) Life, Heat and Altitude, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
12. Edwards, H.T. (1936) 'Lactic acid in rest and work at high altitude', Am J Physiol, 116, 367-75.
13. Ekblom, B. (2000) 'Editorial', Scand J Med Sci Sports, 10, 119-22.
14. Fletcher, W.M. and Hopkins, E.G. (1907) 'Lactic acid in amphibian muscle', J Physiol, 35, 247-309.
15. Friedman, N. (1994) 'Toward a new paradigm', in Bridging Science and Spirit: Common Elements in David Bohm's Physics. The Perennial Philosophy and Seth, St Louis: Living Lake Books, 282-3s.
16. Gandevia, S.C. (2001) 'Spinal and Supraspinal factors in human muscle fatigue', Physiol Rev, 81, 1725-1789.
17. Gordon, A.M., Regnier, M. and Homshier, E. (2001) 'Skeletal and cardiac muscle contractile activation: Tropomyosin "Rocks and Rolls"', News Physiol Sci, 16, 49-55.
18. Graham, T.E. and Saltin, B. (1989) 'Estimation of the mitochondrial redox state in human skeletal muscle during exercise', J Appl Physiol, 66, 561-6.
19. Green, H.J., Sutton, J.R., Young, P.M., Cymerman, A. and Houston, C.S. (1989) 'Operation Everest II: muscle energetics during maximal exhaustive exercise', J Appl Physiol, 66, 142-50.
20. Hawking, S. (1989) A Brief History of Time, London: Bantam Press.
21. Hawking, S. (1993) Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays, London: Bantam Books.
22. Hill, A.V. (1925) Muscular Activity, London: Baillière, Tindall and Cox.
23. Hill, A.V. (1965) Trails and Trials in Physiology, London: Edward Arnold.
24. Hill, A.V. and Lupton, H. (1923) 'Muscular exercise, lactic acid, and the supply and utilization of oxygen', Q J Med, 16, 135-71.
25. Hill, A.V., Long, C.N.H. and Lupton, H. (1924a) 'Muscular exercise, lactic acid, and the supply and utilization of oxygen-Parts IV-VI', Proc Roy Soc B, 97, 84-138.
26. Hill, A.V., Long, C.N.H. and Lupton, H. (1924b) 'Muscular exercise, lactic acid and the supply and utilization of oxygen-Parts VII-VIII', Proc Roy Soc B, 97, 155-76.
27. Hochachka, P.W., Beatty, C.L., Burelle, Y., Trump, M.E., Mckenzie, D.C. and Matheson, G.O. (2002) 'The lactate paradox in human high-altitude physiological performance', News Physiol Sci, 17, 122-6.
28. Katch, V. (1986) 'The burden of disproof...', Med Sci Sports Exerc, 18, 593-5.
29. Katz, A.M. (1992) Physiology of the Heart, 2nd edn, New York: Raven Press.
30. Kay, D., Marino, F.E., Cannon,J., St Clair Gibson, A., Lambert, M.I. and Noakes, T.D. (2001) 'Evidence for neuromuscular fatigue during high intensity exercise in warm humid conditions', Eur J Appl Physiol, 84, 115-21.
31. Kayser, B. (1996) 'Lactate during exercise at high altitude', Eur J Appl Physiol, 74, 195-205.
32. Kayser, B. (2003) 'Exercise begins and ends in the brain', Eur J Appl Physiol, 90, 411-419.
33. Kayser, B., Narici, M., Binzoni, T., Grassi, B. and Cerretelli, P. (1994) Fatigue and exhaustion in chronic hypobaric hypoxia: influence of exercising and muscle mass. J Appl Physiol, 76, 634-40.
34. Kuhn, T.S. (1970) 'The Structure of Scientific Revolutions', 2nd edn, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
35. Lambert E.V., St Clair Gibson, A. and Noakes, T.D. (2004) 'Complex systems model of fatigue:integral control and defence of homoeostasis during exercise in humans', Br J Sports Med, in press.
36. Le Fanu, J. (1999) The Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine, London: Abacus.
37. Miller, D.A. (1983) A Pocket Popper, Glasgow: Fontana Press.
38. Mitchell, J.H. and Blomqvist, G. (1971) 'Maximal oxygen uptake', N Engl J Med, 284, 1018-22.
39. Mole, P.A., Chung, Y., Tran, T.K., Sailasuta, N., Hurd, R. and Jue, T. (1999) 'Myoglobin desaturation with exercise intensity in human gastrocnemius muscle', Am J Physiol, 277, R173-R180.
40. Needham, J. and Baldwin, E. (1949) Hopkins and Biochemistry 1861-1947, Cambridge: W. Heffer and Sons, 1-361.
41. Noakes, T.D. (1988) 'Implications of exercise testing for prediction of athletic performance: a contemporary perspective', Med Sci Sports Exerc, 20, 319-30.
42. Noakes, T.D. (1997) 'Challenging beliefs: ex Africa semper aliquid novi', Med Sci Sports Exerc, 29, 571-90.
43. Noakes, T.D. (1998) 'Maximal oxygen uptake: "classical" versus "contemporary" viewpoints: a rebuttal', Med Sci Sports Exerc, 30, 1381-98.
44. Noakes, T.D. (2000) 'Physiological models to understand exercise fatigue and the adaptations that predict or enhance athletic performance', Scand J Med Sci Sports, 10, 123-45.
45. Noakes, T.D. (2002) Lore of Running, 4th edn, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.
46. Noakes, T.D. (2003) Commentary to accompany: 'Training and bioenergetic characteristics in elite male and female Kenyan runners', Med Sci Sports Exerc, 35, 305-6.
47. Noakes, T.D. (2004) 'Central regulation of skeletal muscle recruitment explains the reduced maximal cardiac output during exercise in hypoxia', Am J Physiol, 281, in press.
48. Noakes, T.D. and St Clair Gibson, A. (2004). 'Logical limitations to the "catastrophe" models of fatigue in humans', Br J Sports Med, in press.
49. Noakes, T.D., Peltonen, J.E. and Rusko, H.K. (2001) 'Evidence that a central governor regulates exercise performance during acute hypoxia and hyperoxia', J Exp Biol, 204, 3225-34.
50. Nybo, L. and Secher, N.H. (2004) 'Cerebral perturbations provoked by prolonged exercise', Prog Neurobiol, 72, 223-261.
51. Pickering, G.W. (1956) 'The purpose of medical education', Br Med J, 2, 113-16.
52. Popper, K. (1969) Conjectures and Refutations, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
53. Popper, K.R. (1988) Realism and the Aim of Science, W.W.Bartley (ed.), London: Hutchinson.
54. Raskoff, W.J., Goldman, S. and Cohn, K. (1976) 'The "Athletic Heart." Prevalence and physiological significance of left ventricular enlargement in distance runners', JAMA, 236, 158-62.
55. Reeves, J.T., Groves, B.M., Sutton, J.R., Wagner, P.D., Cymerman, A., Malconian, M.K., Rock, P.B., Young, P.M. and Houston, C.S. (1987) 'Operation Everest II: Preservation of cardiac function at extreme altitude', J Appl Physiol, 63, 531-9.
56. Resink, T.J., Gevers, W., Noakes, T.D. and Opie, L.H. (1981a) 'Increased cardiac myosin ATPase activity as a biochemical adaptation to running training: Enhanced response to catecholamines and a role for myosin phosphorylation', J Molec Cell Cardiol, 13, 679-94.
57. Resink, T.J., Gevers, W. and Noakes, T.D. (1981b) 'Effects of extracellular calcium concentrations on Myosin P light chain phosphorylation in hearts from running trained rats', J Molec Cell Cardiol, 13, 753-65.
58. Richardson, R.S., Noyszewski, E.A., Leigh, J.S. and Wagner, P.D. (1998) 'Lactate efflux from exercising human skeletal muscle: Role of intracellular PO2', J Appl Physiol, 85, 627-34.
59. Richardson, R., Leigh, J.S., Wagner, P.D. and Noyszewski, E.A. (1999) 'Cellular pO2 as a measure of mitochondrial O2 consumption in the trained human muscle', J Appl Physiol, 87, 325-31.
60. Rowell, L.B. (1993) Human Cardiovascular Control, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
61. St Clair Gibson, A. and Noakes, T.D. (2004) 'Evidence for complex system integration and dynamic neural regulation of skeletal muscle recruitment during exercise in humans', Br J Sports Med, in press.
62. St Clair Gibson, A., Schabort, E.J. and Noakes, T.D. (2001) 'Reduced neuromuscular activity and force generation during prolonged cycling', Am J Physiol 281, R187-R196.
63. St Clair Gibson, A., Baden, D.A., Lambert, M.I., Lambert, E.V., Harley, Y.X.R., Hamson, N D., Russell, V. and Noakes, T.D. (2003) 'The conscious perception of the sensation of fatigue', Sports Med, 33, 167-76.
64. Suarez, J., Alexander, J.K. and Houston, C.S. (1987) 'Enhanced left ventricular systolic performance at high altitude during Operation Everest II', Am J Cardiol, 60, 137-42.
65. Sutton, J.R., Reeves, J.T., Wagner, P.D., Groves, B.M., Cymerman, A., Malconian, M.K., Rock, P.B., Young, P.M., Walter, S.D. and Houston, C.S. (1988) 'Operation Everest II: Oxygen transport during exercise at extreme simulated altitude', J Appl Physiol, 64, 1309-21.
66. Swales, J.D. (1985) Platt versus Pickering, An Episode in Recent Medical History, The Keynes Press/British Medical Association, Cambridge University Press.
67. Taylor, H.L., Buskirk, E. and Henschel, A. (1955) 'Maximal oxygen intake as an objective measure of cardio-respiratory performance', J Appl Physiol, 8, 73-80.
68. Thomas, L. (1985) 'Medicine as a very old profession', In: Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 17th edn, 9-11.
69. Tucker, R., Rauch, L., Harley, Y.X.R. and Noakes, T.D. (2004) 'Impaired exercise performance in the heat is associated with an anticipatory reduction in skeletal muscle recruitment', Pflugers Archiv, 448, 422-430.
70. Van Der Werff, T.J., Noakes, T.D. and Douglas, R.J. (1985) 'The effects of changes in heart rate and atrial filling pressure on the performance characteristics of isolated perfused pumping rat hearts', Clin Phys Physiol Meas, 6, 205-19.
71. Wagner, P.D. (2000) 'New ideas on limitations to VO2 max', Exerc Sports Sci Rev, 28, 10-14.
72. Waller, J. (2002) Fabulous Science. Fact and Fiction in the History of Scientific Discovery, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
73. Will, C.M. (1986) Was Einstein Right? New York: Basic Books.