Civil society, the State and Democracy in Africa

Civil Society in Democratization

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 117-141

  Kasfir, Nelson ^a  

^a DARTMOUTH COLLEGE   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84906521997     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203493786     Document Type: Chapter

References (70)

1. Larry Diamond, 'Introduction: In Search of Consolidation', in Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu and Hung-mao Tien (eds.), Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Themes and Perspectives (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), p.xxx.
2. Michael Bratton, 'Civil Society and Political Transitions in Africa', in John W.Harbeson, Donald Rothchild and Naomi Chazan (eds.), Civil Society and the State in Africa (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994), p.76.
3. More recently, Bratton appears to have qualified his position. See Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p.255.
4. Quoted in Gary Hansen, 'Constituencies for Reform: Strategic Approaches for Donor-Supported Civic Advocacy Programs', USAID Program and Operations Assessment Report No. 12 (Washington, DC, February 1996), p.1.
5. For similar views of other donors, see Mark Robinson, 'Strengthening Civil Society Through Foreign Political Aid', ESCOR Research Report, R 6234, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex (Falmer, Brighton, UK, September 1996), pp.6-7.
6. Naomi Chazan, 'Africa's Democratic Challenge', World Policy Journal, Vol.9, No. 2 (Spring 1992), p.302. Also, 'the emergence of a civil society does not guarantee the development of a democracy; however, it is highly unlikely that a viable democracy can survive without a civil society'.
7. Dwayne Woods, 'Civil Society in Europe and Africa: Limiting State Power through a Public Sphere', African Studies Review, Vol.35, No.2 (Sept. 1992), p.94.
8. Chazan, 'Africa's Democratic Challenge', p.283. She immediately adds that 'parochial associations...are outside the bounds of civil society'.
9. Bratton and van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa, pp.3-9, pp.233-4.
10. Philippe C.Schmitter, 'More Liberal, Preliberal, or Postliberal?', Journal of Democracy, Vol.6, No.1 (Jan. 1995), p.15.
11. Thomas Carothers, 'Democracy Assistance: The Question of Strategy,' Democratization, Vol.4, No.3 (Autumn 1997), p.115. European donors, he adds, base their democratic aid on the pattern of liberal democracy in their countries, pp. 121-22.
12. Chazan, 'Africa's Democratic Challenge', p.282.
13. See, for example, the different types identified in David Held, Models of Democracy (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987).
14. Nelson Kasfir, 'Popular Sovereignty and Popular Participation: Mixed Constitutional Democracy in the Third World', Third World Quarterly, Vol.13, No. 4 (1992).
15. Philippe C.Schmitter, 'Civil Society East and West', in Diamond et al. (eds.), Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), p.240.
16. Virtually identical definitions are adopted by Bratton, Chazan, and Woods cited above, as well as by Michael Walzer, 'The Idea of Civil Society: A Path to Social Reconstruction', Dissent, Vol.38, No.2 (Spring 1991), p.293
17. Laurence Whitehead, 'Bowling in the Bronx: The Uncivil Interstices between Civil and Political Society', in Robert Fine and Shirin Rai (eds.), Civil Society: Democratic Perspectives (London: Frank Cass, 1997), pp.100-101.
18. Schmitter, 'Civil Society East and West', p.241.
19. Diamond, 'Introduction: In Search of Consolidation', p.xxx.
20. Gary Hansen, 'Constituencies for Reform: Strategic Approaches for Donor-Supported Civic Advocacy Programs', Assessment Report No. 12, Center for Development Information and Evaluation, United States Agency for International Development (February 1996), p.v (italics added).
21. This distinction between the internal effects on members and the external effects on policymaking overlaps but is not identical with the two versions identified in Michael W. Foley and Bob Edwards, The Paradox of Civil Society', Journal of Democracy, Vol.7, No.3 (July 1996), p.39.
22. Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).
23. For donors, see Mark Robinson, 'Strengthening Civil Society Through Foreign Political Aid', p.4.
24. 'The Idea of Civil Society', p.293.
25. See also Whitehead, 'Bowling in the Bronx', p. 109
26. Clive Tempest, 'Myths from Eastern Europe and the Legend of the West', in Fine and Rai (eds.), Civil Society: Democratic Perspectives, p.139.
27. Putnam, 'Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital', Journal of Democracy, Vol.6, No.1 (Jan. 1995), p.65.
28. Foley and Edwards, 'The Paradox of Civil Society', pp.43-4.
29. Putnam, 'Bowling Alone', p.72.
30. Larry Diamond, 'Toward Democratic Consolidation', Journal of Democracy, Vol. 5, No.3 (July 1994), p.12. Or, the claim that 'a serious pluralist connection linking civil society and the state' may be emerging in Botswana.
31. Patrick Molutsi and John D.Holm, 'Developing Democracy When Civil Society is Weak: The Case of Botswana', African Affairs, Vol.89, No.356 (July 1990), p.338.
32. William Crotty, 'Interest Representation and Interest Groups: Promise and Potentialities', in Crotty, Mildred A.Schwartz and John C. Green (eds.), Representing Interests and Interest Group Representation (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1994), p.1.
33. Three of the leading texts shaping pluralist analysis are V.O.Key, Parties, Politics and Pressure Groups (New York, 1947);
34. David Truman, The Governmental Process (New York, 1951);
35. Robert Dahl, Who Governs? (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1961).
36. Chazan, 'Africa's Democratic Challenge', p.282.
37. Several points in this sketch of 'classic' pluralism are taken from Clarence N.Stone, 'Group Politics Reexamined: From Pluralism to Political Economy', in Lawrence C.Dodd and Calvin Jillson (eds.), The Dynamics of American Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992), pp.277-79.
38. Joseph R.Gusfield, 'Mass Society and Extremist Politics', American Sociological Review, Vol.27, No.1 (Feb. 1962), p.22.
39. James Madison, 'Federalist Number 51', in James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and Isaac Kramnick (eds.), The Federalist Papers (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987), pp.318-19.
40. Philippe C.Schmitter, The Consolidation of Democracy and Representation of Social Groups', American Behavioral Scientist, Vol.35, Nos 4 & 5 (March & June, 1992), pp.434-5.
41. Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965).
42. Further work developing the implications is discussed in Stone, 'Group Politics Reexamined', p.280.
43. Stone, 'Group Politics Reexamined', p.281.
44. Theodore Lowi, 'American Business, Public Policy, Case Studies and Political Theory', World Politics No.16 (1964) discussed in Stone, 'Group Politics Reexamined', pp.280-81.
45. Bratton and van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa, pp.61-8.
46. Carothers, 'Democracy Assistance, p.114.
47. For a discussion of the slow rate of progress toward privatization in Africa, see Roger Tangri, 'The Politics of Africa's Public and Private Enterprise', Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, Vol.33, No.2 (July 1995), pp.173-5.
48. Blair, 'Civil Society and Democratic Development', p.2.
49. For a description of the negative consequences on recipient organizations of the withdrawal of foreign financing from civil society even in a relatively wealthy African country, see John D. Holm, Patrick P. Molutsi and Gloria Somolekae, The Development of Civil Society in a Democratic State: The Botswana Model', African Studies Review, Vol.39, No.2 (Sept. 1966), pp.54-5.
50. For the explicit linkage of political patronage and ethnicity see Richard A.Joseph, Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria: The Rise and Fall of the Second Republic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp.58-63.
51. 'The Idea of Civil Society', pp.301-2.
52. Sheri Berman, 'Civil Society and Political Institutionalization,' American Behavioral Scientist, Vol.40, No.5 (March/April 1997), p.565.
53. Eboe Hutchful, 'The Civil Society Debate in Africa', International Journal, 51 (Winter 1995-96), pp.66-7.
54. 'The Paradox of Civil Society', Journal of Democracy, Vol.7, No.3 (July 1996), p.46.
55. 'Civil Society in Africa', in Larry Diamond, Marc F.Plattner, Yun-han Chu and Hung-mao Tien (eds.), Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Themes and Perspectives (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), p.280.
56. 'Beyond the State: Civil Society and Associational Life in Africa', World Politics, Vol.41, No.3 (April 1989), p.415.
57. Adam Przeworski et al., Sustainable Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp.20-21.
58. 'The Constitution of Civil Society in African History and Politics', in B.Caron, A.Gboyega and E.Osaghae (eds.), Democratic Transition in Africa (Ibadan: University of Ibadan Press, 1992) as discussed in Hutchful, The Civil Society Debate in Africa', p.61, see also p.71.
59. The Two Faces of Cvil Society: NGOs and Politics in Africa (West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press, 1996).
60. See Blair et al., 'Civil Society and Democratic Development', pp.4-10
61. Hansen, 'Constituencies for Reform', especially p.3 quoted in the text at footnote 45 above.
62. Whitehead, 'Bowling in the Bronx', pp.100-101.
63. Wachira Maina, 'Taking Stock of the Reforms', The CGD Reforms Digest (Nov. 1997), p.5.
64. Sheri Berman, 'Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic', World Politics, Vol.49, No.3 (April 1997).
65. Berman, 'Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic', p.411, p.414: 'civil society institutions often catered to member of a particular group: socialists, Catholics, and bourgeois Protestants each joined their own choral societies and birdwatching clubs', p.426.
66. Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968), p.21.
67. Making Democracy Work, p.176.
68. Foley and Edwards, 'The Paradox of Civil Society', p.49.
69. Hansen, 'Constituencies for Reform', p.3.
70. Carothers, 'Democracy Assistance', p.117.