Strange bedfellows: How late-night comedy turns democracy into a joke

Strange Bedfellows: How Late-Night Comedy Turns Democracy into a Joke

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-264

  Peterson, Russell L ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84906445135     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (568)

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3. The Arsenio Hall Show, syndicated, 1989-1994.
4. Bedtime for Bonzo, directed by Frederick de Cordova, Universal, 1951.
5. The Bernie Mac Show, Fox, 2001-2006
6. co-created by The Daily Show's Larry Wilmore.
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20. The Flip Wilson Show, NBC, 1970-1974.
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29. In Living Color, Fox, 1990-1994.
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32. Jackass, MTV, 2000-2002.
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38. Lateline, NBC, created by Al Franken, 1998-1999.
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41. Maude, CBS, 1974-1978.
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43. Mind of Mencia, 2005-present, Comedy Central
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45. My Name Is Earl, NBC, 2006-present.
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57. The Simpsons, Fox, 1989-present.
58. The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, CBS, 1967-1969 (original run)
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64. Rock, NBC, 2006-present.
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69. Daniel Kurtzman, http://politicalhumor.about.com/library/ bllatenightjokes2006.htm (accessed March 14, 2007).
70. Late Show with David Letterman, CBS, week of Feb. 19-25, 2006, ibid.
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78. Julie Millican, "For Third Day in a Row, Good Morning America Touted Bush's White House Correspondents Dinner Skit While Ignoring Colbert's Routine", Media Matters, May 3, 2006, both available at http://mediamatters.org.
79. Froomkin, "The Colbert Blackout";
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86. Leno and O'Brien, retrieved from About.com Political Humor, "Late-Night Jokes about John Kerry", comp. Daniel Kurtzman, http://politicalhumor.about.com/library/bljohnkerryjokes.htm (accessed June 1, 2006).
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88. Alex Strachan, "Maher Targets Left and Right in Comedy Special", Montreal Gazette, Nov. 1, 2003;
89. Doug Moore, "Williams' Act Has St. Louis Laughing at Itself", St. Louis Post-Dispatch Everyday Magazine, March 21, 2002;
90. Gary Budzak, "Outspoken Honduras Native an Equal-Opportunity Offender", Columbus Dispatch, Jan. 6, 2005;
91. Debra Pickett, "Middle East Duo Bets That Misery Loves Comedy", Chicago Sun-Times, June 6, 2003;
92. Duane Dudek, "Blinded by the Bite; Silverman Skewers All with a Smile in 'Jesus'", Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Dec. 16, 2005;
93. Bruce Westbrook, "Provocative Comedy: No Magic in Silverman's 'Jesus'", Houston Chronicle, Dec. 9, 2005, Lexis-Nexis, via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
94. Jason Zengerle, "The State of the George W. Bush Joke, "
95. and Sharon Waxman, "The Boys from 'South Park' Go to War", New York Times, Aug. 22, 2004, national ed., Arts and Leisure, 1.
96. Marshall Sella, "The Stiff Guy vs. the Dumb Guy", New York Times Magazine, Sept. 24, 2000, 74.
97. Toni Fitzgerald, "Sunrise Surprise: The CBS Early Show", Media Life, March 1, 2007, http://www.medialifemagazine.com/artman/publish/article- 10482.asp (accessed March 15, 2007);
98. Colbert Report viewership approximately 1.2 million, Daily Show's 1.6 million
99. per Julie Bosman, "Serious Book to Peddle? Don't Laugh, Try a Comedy Show", New York Times, Feb. 25, 2007, Lexis-Nexis, via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib. uiowa.edu.
100. Richard L. Berke, "Bush and Gore Stake Out Differences in First Debate", New York Times, Oct. 4, 2000.
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102. Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, 15th ed., ed. Emily Morrison Beck (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), 765.
103. Will Rogers, The Best of Will Rogers, ed. Bryan B. Sterling (New York: Crown Publishers, 1979), 55;
104. Leno, Tonight, Nov. 6, 2000;
105. South Park, episode 808
106. "Douche and Turd", first aired Oct. 27, 2004.
107. Louis D. Rubin, "The Great American Joke", in What's So Funny? Humor in American Culture, ed. Nancy A. Walker (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1998), 109-110.
108. Sigmund Freud, Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious, trans. James Strachey (New York: W. W. Norton, 1963).
109. Henri Bergson, Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic, trans. Cloudesley Brereton and Fred Rothwell (Los Angeles: Green Integer Books, 1999), 176.
110. Freud, Jokes, 105.
111. Abbie Hoffman (a.k.a. "Free"), Revolution for the Hell of It (New York: Dial Books, 1968).
112. Garry Wills, A Necessary Evil: A History of American Distrust of Government (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999).
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114. Zengerle, "The State of the George W. Bush Joke", 1.
115. John Dillin, "Perot Puts Spotlight on Free-Trade Issue", Christian Science Monitor, July 3, 1992, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com. proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
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118. Al Franken, The Truth, with Jokes (New York: Dutton, 2005).
119. Andy Borowitz's books include The Borowitz Report: Big Book of Shockers (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004)
120. and The Republican Playbook (New York: Hyperion, 2006)
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126. Biographical information on Larry the Cable Guy can be found at Answers.com, http://www.answers.com/topic/larry-the-cable-guy
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129. E. B. White, "Preface", in A Subtreasury of American Humor, ed. E. B. White and Katherine White (New York: Coward-McCann, 1941), xiv.
130. James C. Austin, Artemus Ward (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1964).
131. Artemus Ward (Charles Farrar Browne), "Interview with President Lincoln", in The Assault of Laughter: A Treasury of American Political Humor, ed. Arthur P. Dudden (New York: Thomas Yoseloff 1962), 94-99.
132. Ward, "The Show Is Confiscated", in The Assault of Laughter, 103.
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134. Petroleum V. Nasby (David Ross Locke), "The Assassination", in The Assault of Laughter, 132-134.
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138. John Dunning, On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 722-723.
139. Texaco Star Theater on CBS radio, 1940-1944
140. and The Fred Allen Show on NBC radio, 1945-1949.
141. Tony Hendra, Going Too Far (New York: Dolphin Books, 1987), 30.
142. David Marc, Comic Visions: Television Comedy and American Culture (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989).
143. J. Fred MacDonald, One Nation Under Television: The Rise and Decline of Network TV (Chicago: Nelson-Hall Publishers, 1994);
144. on Tonight, see 112.
145. Marc, "Planet Earth to Sitcom, Planet Earth to Sitcom", chap. 4 of Comic Visions, 121-156.
146. Kenneth Tynan's profile of Carson, "Fifteen Years of the Salto Mortale", in Life Stories: Profiles from the New Yorker, ed. David Remnick (New York: Modern Library, 2001), 331.
147. Neil Vidmar and Milton Rokeach, "Archie Bunker's Bigotry: A Study in Selective Perception and Exposure", Journal of Communication (Winter 1974).
148. Groove Tube (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001), 298, n. 59.
149. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, All the President's Men (New York: Warner Books, 1975)
150. and The Final Days (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1976).
151. "Watergate Wit", Time, June 25, 1973, 94;
152. "A Day That Will Live in Infamy", Newsweek, June 25, 1973, 20.
153. Laurence Leamer, King of the Night: The Life of Johnny Carson (New York: William Morrow, 1989), 267.
154. Doug Hill and Jeff Weingrad, Saturday Night: A Backstage History of Saturday Night Live (New York: Beech Tree Books, 1986), 179-180, 184-187.
155. Steven D. Stark, Glued to the Set: The 60 Television Shows and Events That Made Us Who We Are Today (New York: Free Press, 1997), 194;
156. Hill and Weingrad, Saturday Night, 183.
157. Gerald Nachman, Seriously Funny: The Rebel Comedians of the 1950s and 1960s (New York: Pantheon Books, 2003).
158. Hill and Weingrad, Saturday Night, 15-18.
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171. Jody Baumgartner and Jonathan S. Morris, East Carolina University, "The Daily Show Effect: Candidate Evaluations, Efficacy, and American Youth", American Politics Research 34, no. 3(2006):341-367;
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174. Marshall Sella, "The Stiff Guy vs. the Dumb Guy", New York Times Magazine, Sept. 24, 2000; 72-73 quoted below.
175. James Bennet, "Did You Hear the One about the '96 Campaign?" New York Times, July 9, 1996, A17.
176. Stark, Glued to the Set, 183.
177. Marc, Comic Visions, 17.
178. Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper, 1957).
179. Letterman, retrieved from About.com Political Humor, "Post-War Iraq Jokes", comp. Daniel Kurtzman, http://politicalhumor.about.com/library/ bllatenightjokes 2006-2.htm (accessed March 16, 2007);
180. Leno, Tonight
181. retrieved from About: Political Humor, "Jokes for the Week of April 2-8, 2006", Kurtzman, http://politicalhumor.about.com/library/ bllatenightjokes2006.htm (accessed March 16, 2007).
182. Leno, Tonight, Sept. 25, 2001.
183. The Dick Cavett Show ran on ABC, 1969-1972 (he may be better remembered for his 1975-1982 PBS series).
184. Michael Socolow, "A Fuzzy Picture", Boston Globe, April 28, 2005, Lexis-Nexis, via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib. uiowa.edu.
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186. Toni Fitzgerald, "For ABC, Gains Extend into Late-Night", Media Life, June 7, 2007, http://www.medialifemagazine.com/artman2/publish/Dayparts- update-51/dayparts.asp (accessed July 27, 2007).
187. Adam Bernstein, "For Decades, Comic Ruled Late-Night TV", New York Times, Jan. 24, 2005, Lexis-Nexis, via Infohawk, http://web. lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
188. Julie Bosman "Serious Book to Peddle? Don't Laugh, Try a Comedy Show", New York Times, Feb. 27, 2007, Lexis-Nexis, via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
189. Tim Cuprisin, "Outfoxing Other News Channels: Fox News Celebrates 10 Years of Knowing Its Audience", Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Oct. 15, 2006, Lexis-Nexis, via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
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191. Raymond Williams, Television: Technology and Cultural Form (New York: Schocken Books, 1975);
192. Roderick P. Hart, Seducing America: How Television Charms the Modern Voter (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 93.
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196. Bennet, "Did You Hear?"
197. William Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, Act I, Scene 1, in The Annotated Shakespeare, ed. A. L. Rowse (New York: Greenwich House, 1988), 1677;
198. "Russian Jokes", Wikipedia, http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/ Russian-joke (accessed March 16, 2007).
199. Bennet, "Did You Hear?"
200. Bergson, Laughter, 176-177.
201. "Vice President Al Gore on CNN's Late Edition", CNN, March 9, 1999, http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/03/09/president.2000/ transcript. gore/ (accessed March 16, 2007).
202. Eric Alterman, What Liberal Media? The Truth about Bias and the News (New York: Basic Books, 2003), 163-164;
203. Richard Wiggins, "Al Gore and the Creation of the Internet", First Monday 5, no. 10 (Oct. 2000), http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue5-10/ wiggins.
204. "Dick Armey [then House GOP leader] Faxed Out Some Internet Spin. The Press Corps Typed It Up", Daily Howler blog, March 26, 1999, http://www.dailyhowler.com/h032699-1.shtml (accessed May 4, 2007).
205. Letterman's "Top Ten Other Achievements Claimed by Al Gore", first broadcast Dec. 3, 1999.
206. Declan McCullagh, "The Mother of Gore's Invention", Wired News, Oct. 17, 2000, http://web.archive.org/web/20001027190912/http://www.wired.com/ news/politics/0, 1283, 39301, 00.html (accessed May 4, 2007).
207. " 'Yo Blair!' Bush Drops His Guard", Toronto Star, July 18, 2006, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
208. Cynthia Grenier, "Late Night Gurus", The World & I, Aug. 1, 1999, 103. http://www.elibrary.com/education (accessed Nov. 14, 2001).
209. Mark Twain, "The Mysterious Stranger", in The Complete Short Stories of Mark Twain (New York: Bantam Books, 1983), 674.
210. Freud, Jokes, 133.
211. Bennet, "Did You Hear?"
212. Richard Zoglin, "Politics, Late-Night Style: Talk-Show Hosts Are Looking to the Headlines for Laughs", Time, June 12, 1989, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0, 9171, 957930-2, 00.html (accessed March 15, 2007).
213. Charles R. Gruner, Understanding Laughter: The Workings of Wit and Humor (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1978), 201.
214. Julie Mason, "Campaign 2000: Campaign Notebook", Houston Chronicle, Oct. 19, 2000, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com. proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
215. Richard Benedetto, "Who's More Likeable: Bush or Kerry?" USA Today, Sept. 17, 2004, http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/columnist/benedetto/ 2004-09-17-benedetto-x.htm (accessed March 16, 2007).
216. Michael Saul, "Gore Is Not Bridging the Guy Gap, Polls Show: Men Relate to Bush's Down-Home Image", Dallas Morning News, July 30, 2000:
217. Chris Matthews, Hardball
218. Simon Malloy, "Matthews on Bush and the Port Deal", Media Matters, Feb. 27, 2006, http://mediamatters.org/items/200602270010 (accessed March 16, 2007);
219. Patrick Healy, "For Clintons, Delicate Dance Of Married and Public Lives", New York Times, May 23, 2006, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
220. Tonya Reiman and Bill O'Reilly, The O'Reilly Factor
221. AI, "O'Reilly: 'Hillary Just Looks Like a Zombie' during SOTU", Media Matters, Jan. 31, 2007, http://mediamatters.org/items/200701310004 (accessed March 16, 2007);
222. Elisabeth Bumiller, "Running on a Campaign Trail Paved in Comfy Feathers", New York Times, March 22, 2004, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy. lib.uiowa.edu.
223. Josh Kalven, "Media Ignored Context of Kerry's Remarks and Acknowledgments by Prominent Republicans That Kerry Did Not Mean to Insult Troops", Media Matters, Nov. 1, 2006, http://mediamatters.org/items/ 200611010012 (accessed March 16, 2007).
224. R. M., "Broadcast Networks All Led with Kerry's 'Botched Joke', Entirely Ignored Bush's Statement That a Democratic Victory Means 'Terrorists Win and America Loses'", Media Matters, Nov. 1, 2006, http://mediamatters. org/items/200611010009 (accessed March 16, 2007);
225. Simon Malloy, "LA Times, Network News Hyped Kerry Comments, Downplayed Story about Kidnapped U. S. Soldier", Media Matters, Nov. 1, 2006, http://mediamatters.org/items/200611020004 (accessed March 16, 2007).
226. Kalven, "Media Ignored."
227. Chris Matthews, "Well, it's pretty standard fare in political discourse. You misconstrue what somebody said. You isolate a statement, you lend your interpretation to it and then feign moral outrage."
228. Fox's Hannity and Colmes.
229. Leno, Tonight, Nov. 4, 2006
230. Letterman, Late Show, Nov. 2, 2006
231. and O'Brien, Late Night, Nov. 2, 2006
232. all retrieved from About.com Political Humor, "2006 Late-Night Joke Archive", comp. Daniel Kurtzman, http://politicalhumor.about.com/library/ bllatenightjokesarchive.htm (accessed March 16, 2007).
233. Jon Stewart, The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, Comedy Central, Nov. 2, 2006. 10. Jon Stewart, interview by Maureen Dowd, "Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert: America's Anchors", Rolling Stone, Nov. 16, 2006, 56.
234. Retrieved from About.com Political Humor, "Jokes for the Week of March 12-18", comp. Daniel Kurtzman, http://politicalhumor.about.com/ library/bllatenight jokesarchive.htm.
235. Leno, Tonight, Sept. 27 and Dec. 11, 2006
236. and O'Brien, Late Night, Dec. 4, 2006, all retrieved from About:
237. Political Humor, "2006 Late-Night Joke Archive", comp. Daniel Kurtzman, http://politicalhumor.about.com/library/bllatenightjokesarchive.htm (accessed March 16, 2007).
238. Robert McKee, Story (New York: Regan Books, 1997), 375.
239. Bergson, Laughter, 134.
240. Phyllis Hartnoll, The Concise History of Theatre (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1968), 60-70.
241. "Humours", The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, ed. Christopher Baldick (Oxford University Press, 1996), Oxford Reference Online, http://www.oxfordreference.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu/views/ENTRY.html?subview= Main&entry=t56.e 468 (accessed May 4, 2007).
242. Bergson, Laughter, 32.
243. Sella, "Stiff Guy vs. Dumb Guy", 77.
244. Bob Elliot and Ray Goulding, Write If You Get Work: The Best of Bob and Ray (New York: Random House, 1975), 27-29.
245. Gertrude Stein, The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 1933, e-book available at http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0608711.txt (accessed March 18, 2007).
246. Michael Wines, "White House Wraps Christmas in Laughs", New York Times, Dec. 8, 1992, B12.
247. Bergson, Laughter, 39.
248. Nachman, Seriously Funny, 519.
249. The Columbia World of Quotations, no. 44191, 1996, http://www.bartleby. com/66/91/44191.html (accessed March 18, 2007).
250. Susan T. Fiske and Shelley E. Taylor, Social Cognition, 2nd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991), 13.
251. Freud, Jokes, 236.
252. Fiske and Taylor, Social Cognition, chaps. 4-6, 96-241.
253. Leno, Tonight, Nov. 27, 2000.
254. Leno, Tonight, retrieved from About.com Political Humor, "Republican Jokes: Late-Night Jokes and Funny Quotes about Republicans", comp. Daniel Kurtzman, http://politicalhumor.about.com/library/blrepublicanjokes.htm.
255. Letterman, Late Show, retrieved from About.com Political Humor, "Democrat Jokes", comp. Daniel Kurtzman, http://politicalhumor.about. com/library/bldemocratjokes.htm.
256. Leno on Bush, Tonight, Nov. 3, 2000;
257. on Bob Livingston, Tonight
258. John McQuaid, "Livingston Confession Adds to Atmosphere; Latest Dirt-Digging Pushes Washington Further into Bottomless Pit of Sex, Lies and Politics." New Orleans Times-Picayune, Dec. 19, 1998, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib. uiowa.edu.
259. Letterman, Late Show, Dec. 20, 2000.
260. Leno, Tonight, Dec. 18, 2000.
261. Fiske and Taylor, Social Cognition, 118.
262. Letterman, Late Show, Dec. 20, 2000.
263. "John C. Average Reporting for Duty", St. Petersburg Times (Florida), June 12, 2005, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com. proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
264. Leno, Tonight, Oct. 25, 2000.
265. Jimmy Kimmel, Jimmy Kimmel Live, ABC, retrieved from About.com Political Humor, "The Week's Best Late-Night Jokes", comp. Daniel Kurtzman, http://politicalhumor.about.com/b/a/256841.htm.
266. Leno, Tonight, week of Oct. 29-Nov. 4, 2004, ibid.
267. "Reagan the Mastermind", SNL, Dec. 6, 1986.
268. Tim Brooks and Earle Marsh, The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946-Present, 6th ed. (New York: Ballantine Books, 1995), 205-206.
269. Peter W. Kaplan, "David Letterman's Shtick Shift." Rolling Stone, Nov. 3, 1998, 70-75.
270. Duncan Strauss, "The Clubbing of America", 89-90.
271. Paul Brownfield, "Cheap Shots at a Steep Price?" Los Angeles Times, Aug. 27, 2000, Calendar, 3.
272. What a Waste It Is to Lose One's Mind: The Unauthorized Autobiography of Dan Quayle, by the editors of the Quayle Quarterly (Bridgeport, CT: Quayle Quarterly, 1992), xi;
273. Esquire, Aug. 1992.
274. Susan Trausch, "Quayles of Laughter", Boston Globe, Feb. 22, 1991, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
275. Dan Quayle, Standing Firm: A Vice-Presidential Memoir (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1994), 188.
276. Scott Shepard, "Political Humor: So Who's Laughing?" St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Everyday Magazine, Dec. 24, 1991, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu;
277. "Will the Jokes Ever Stop?" Newsweek, Nov. 28, 1988, 39.
278. Jonathan Alter, "Curbing the Quayle Hunt", Newsweek, Nov. 18, 1991, 37.
279. Brownfield, "Cheap Shots."
280. The Simpsons, "Treehouse of Horror VII", show 4F02, first aired Oct. 27, 1996, written by Ken Keeler, Dan Greaney, and David S. Cohen.
281. Sella, "Stiff Guy vs. Dumb Guy."
282. Sam Howe Verhovek, "The Nation: What Makes Ralph (and Pat) Run?" New York Times, Oct. 29, 2000, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com. proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
283. Maureen Dowd, "Playing the Jesus Card", New York Times, Dec. 15, 1999, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib. uiowa.edu.
284. Letterman, Late Show, Nov. 8, 2000;
285. Leno, Tonight, Nov. 13, 2000.
286. O'Brien, Late Night, Nov. 10, 2000.
287. Mark Memmott, "Kerry Rumor Tests Media's Standards", USA Today, Feb. 20, 2004, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib. uiowa.edu.
288. Melinda Henneberger, "The Other McCain: Unexpectedly, Cindy McCain Basks in a New Political Role", New York Times, March 3, 2000, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
289. Randy Kennedy, "Hey, That's (Not) Funny", New York Times, April 15, 2007, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa. edu.
290. Thomas Johnson, "The Decline of Television's Family Hour", USA Today Magazine, Nov. 1996, Academic Search Elite via Infohawk, http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
291. The Arsenio Hall Show, 1989-1994. The Joey Bishop Show lasted from April 1967 to December 1969 on ABC.
292. Will Kaufman, The Comedian as Confidence Man: Studies in Irony Fatigue (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1997), 194.
293. Hans Speier, "Wit and Politics: An Essay on Laughter and Power", trans. Robert Jackall, American Journal of Sociology 103, no. 5(March 1998):1386, 1393.
294. Marc, Comic Visions, 17.
295. Lawrence Mintz, "Stand-up Comedy as Social and Cultural Mediation", American Quarterly 37, no. 1(1985):71-80.
296. Marc, Comic Visions, 26.
297. Paul Farhi", 'Seinfeld' Comic Richards Apologizes for Racial Rant", Washington Post, Nov. 21, 2006, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib. uiowa.edu.
298. Ben Alba, Inventing Late Night: Steve Allen and the Original Tonight Show (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2005), 116-120.
299. Robert Metz, The Tonight Show (New York: Playboy Press, 1980), 108-167.
300. Richard Zoglin, "And What a Reign It Was", Time, March 16, 1992:66;
301. Harry F. Waters, with Lynda Wright and Jeanne Gordon, "Stranger in the Night", Newsweek, May 25, 1992, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy. lib.uiowa.edu;
302. B. Zehme and D. Cowles, "A Sad Day for Comedy", Rolling Stone, May 28, 1992, 63.
303. Rick DuBrow, "This Is It⋯ Maybe, Says Johnny Carson", Los Angeles Times, April 23, 1991, F1.
304. Carson's Life interview
305. Virginia Mann, "King of Late Night Leaves Us Laughing", Record (Bergen Co., NJ), May 17, 1992, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis- nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
306. Eirik Knutzen, "Last Curtain Call", Toronto Star, May 16, 1992, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
307. Leamer, King of the Night, 38.
308. Waters, "Stranger in the Night."
309. Colin McEnroe, Jon Lender, and Donna Larcen, "Yessss, It's⋯ Goodnight, Johnny! No Mere Comedian, Johnny Influenced Show Careers, Political Opinion", Hartford Courant, May 22, 1992, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
310. Andy Edelstein, "Say Good Night, Johnny", Newsday, May 10, 1992, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
311. Lawrence Goodwyn, The Populist Moment: A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978).
312. Melanie Hupfer, "Bridge Warriors, Abolitionists, and 'Sewer Socialism': Important Facts to Know about the History of Milwaukee", UMW Post, http://www.uwmpost.com/article/c58b6a040bf450fc010bfc2963b80007 (accessed March 17, 2007).
313. Leamer, King of the Night, 31.
314. Bernard Timberg, "Television Talk and Ritual Space: Carson and Letterman", Southern Speech Communication Journal 52(Summer 1987):390-402.
315. Our American Cousin, by Tom Taylor, 1858.
316. Royall Tyler's The Contrast, 1787.
317. Rourke, American Humor, 30.
318. Kaplan, "David Letterman's Shtick Shift", 71.
319. Alex Ross, "The Politics of Irony", New Republic, Nov. 8, 1993, 26.
320. Matthew Gilbert, "On TV: Bringing Up Daddy: Dave Delivers the Goods on His New Life", Boston Globe, Nov. 13, 2003, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexisnexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
321. Diane Werts, "A Regular Guy Ascends the Throne", Newsday, May 20, 1992, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa. edu.
322. Eric Idle, The Road to Mars (New York: Pantheon Books, 1999), 7.
323. Idle, Road to Mars, 145.
324. Paul Brownfield, "It's Not Just 'Tonight.' It's Every Night", Los Angeles Times, July 9, 2000, Calendar, 4, Electric Library, http://www.elibrary.com/education (accessed Nov. 14, 2001);
325. Tom Shales, "Jay Leno, Laughing Last: The Comedian's Bumpy Road to the Top of 'Tonight'", Washington Post, June 27, 1991, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
326. Ross, "The Politics of Irony", 30.
327. Werts, "A Regular Guy Ascends the Throne."
328. "Leno Leans on Politicians", USA Today, May 26, 1992, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
329. Tom Shales, "Jay Leno Missing His Funny Bone", Washington Post, July 30, 1992, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib. uiowa.edu.
330. Late Show with David Letterman, March 1, 2007.
331. Sella, "Stiff Guy vs. Dumb Guy." Letterman's denial, Late Show, Sept. 26, 2000.
332. John Limon, Stand-up Comedy in Theory, or, Abjection in America (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000), 68-69.
333. Sella, "Stiff Guy vs. Dumb Guy", 74.
334. Jacqueline Cutler, "Believe in Yourself, and 'Late Night' Is Possible: Conan O'Brien Celebrates 10 Years of Talking and Following in His Heroes' Footsteps", Times-Picayune (New Orleans, LA), Sept. 14, 2003, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexisnexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
335. "Conan O'Brien Biography", Biography.com, http://www.biography. com/search/article.do?id=9542192 (accessed March 17, 2007).
336. Bill Carter, The Late Shift (New York: Hyperion, 1994), 240.
337. Tom Shales, "Better Never than Late: Conan O'Brien Not Worth a Hoot to the Night Owl", Washington Post, Sept. 15, 1993, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexisnexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
338. Late Night, Feb. 23, 2007.
339. Nathan Rabin, "Interview: Conan O'Brien", Onion AV Club, Aug. 30, 2006, http://www.avclub.com/content/node/52144 (accessed March 17, 2007).
340. George Hackett, "Can We Talk? (Crash, Click, Buzz)", Newsweek, May 19, 1986, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib. uiowa.edu.
341. The Stephanie Miller Show, debuted in September of 2004.
342. Dave Itzkoff, "The All Too Ready for Prime Time Players", New York Times, Jan. 2, 2005, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com. proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
343. New York Times, Jan. 9, 2005, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
344. Christopher Hitchens, "Why Women Aren't Funny", Vanity Fair, Jan. 2007, http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2007/01/hitchens200701 (accessed March 17, 2007).
345. Carter, Late Shift, 84.
346. Harry F. Waters and Michael Reese, "Arsenio Hall's Late Arrival", Newsweek, April 10, 1989, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
347. Michael Blowen, "Out of Respect for Johnny", Boston Globe, May 11, 1992, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa. edu.
348. "Arsenio Hall Says He's Ready to Take on Leno in TV War and 'Kick Jay's Ass'", Jet, May 4, 1992.
349. Mike McDaniel and Louis B. Parks, "CBS Fires First Shot in Late-Night War: Station Eagerly Awaits Letterman", Houston Chronicle, Jan. 15, 1993, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa. edu.
350. Carter, Late Shift, 86.
351. Denene Millner, "Standup Sensation: Four Black Jokers-Subject of Spike Lee's New Movie-Put On the Most Successful Comedy Tour in History. How Come Mainstream America Didn't Notice?" New York Daily News, Aug. 6, 2000, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
352. Michael Norman, "TV's Arsenio Hall: Late-Night Cool", New York Times, Oct. 1, 1989, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy. lib.uiowa.edu.
353. Lawrence Christon, "Grand Illusionist", Los Angeles Times, May 17, 1992, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa. edu.
354. "Black George Bush", Chappelle's Show, episode 27, first aired April 14, 2004.
355. Larry Wilmore, Daily Show, Aug. 22, 2006 ("Macaca"), and Oct. 18, 2006 (Madonna).
356. Phil Reeves, "Excuse Me, George Herbert⋯." Independent (London), June 21, 1992, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com. proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
357. Limon, Stand-up Comedy in Theory, 1.
358. Frank Rich, "So Long to Johnny, America's Sandman", New York Times, May 10, 1992, 5.
359. Limon, Stand-up Comedy in Theory, 80.
360. Kurt Jensen, "Stand-Up Veteran Is No Longer a Stand-In", USA Today, Jan. 11, 1999, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com. proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
361. David Segal, "The Seriously Funny Jon Stewart: Cable's 'Daily Show' Host Delivers Satire with Substance", Washington Post, May 2, 2002, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
362. Dick Kreck, "ESPN Classic Re-Creates Negro League Baseball Game", Denver Post, Feb. 23, 2006, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexisnexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
363. Frank Rich, "Jon Stewart's Perfect Pitch", New York Times, April 20, 2003, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com. proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
364. Stewart, Daily Show, Nov. 1, 2004.
365. Stephen Cox, Here's Johnny: Thirty Years of America's Favorite Late Night Entertainment (New York: Harmony Books, 1992), 174;
366. "Johnny Carson Sets Us Straight", Nation, June 18, 1977, 746.
367. James Poniewozik, "The American Bald Ego", Time, Nov. 6, 2005, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0, 9171, 1126747, 00.html (accessed March 17, 2007).
368. Timberg, "Television Talk and Ritual Space", 402.
369. Jason Horowitz, "Senator McCain Worked Blue on New York Stage", New York Observer, May 29, 2006, http://observer.com/20060529/20060529-Jason- Horowitz-pageone-newsstory1.asp (accessed Marchch 17, 2007).
370. Steven Wright, I Have a Pony [CD], Rhino Flashback, 2005 (originally released 1985).
371. George Orwell, "Funny, but Not Vulgar", in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell: As I Please, 1943-1945, vol. 3, ed. Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968), 284.
372. Kaufman, Comedian as Confidence Man, 13.
373. Mark Twain, The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson: And the Comedy, Those Extraordinary Twins (1894).
374. Kaufman, Comedian as Confidence Man, 217-229.
375. Comedian as Confidence Man, 189.
376. Hendra, Going Too Far, 170-171.
377. Robert Rice, "The Fury", New Yorker, July 30, 1960, 31-52.
378. Hendra, Going Too Far, 39.
379. Nachman, Seriously Funny, 80.
380. Mort Sahl, Heartland (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976), 93.
381. Nachman, Seriously Funny, 53; 80-86.
382. Bambi Haggins, Laughing Mad: The Black Comic Persona in Post-Soul America (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007), 230-231;
383. Lola Ogunnaike, "Dave Chappelle, Alive and Well", New York Times, May 16, 2005, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy. lib.uiowa.edu;
384. "Everyone around me, "
385. Christopher John Farley, "Dave Speaks", Time, May 14, 2005, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0, 9171, 1061512-3, 00.html;
386. Anderson Cooper 360, CNN, July 7, 2006, http://transcripts.cnn.com/ TRANSCRIPTS/0607/07/acd.01.html (accessed March 17, 2007).
387. Haggins, Laughing Mad, 14-24.
388. Howard Kurtz, "No Kidding: On Iraq, Janeane Garofalo Fights to Be Taken Seriously", Washington Post, Jan. 27, 2003, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexisnexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
389. Al Franken, Rush Limbaugh Is a Big Fat Idiot (and Other Observations) (New York: Delacorte Press, 1996).
390. Al Franken, Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right (New York: Dutton, 2003).
391. Al Franken, The Truth, with Jokes (New York: Dutton, 2005), cover copy quoted.
392. Maher interviewed by Paul Begala and Tucker Carlson on Crossfire, CNN, Nov. 27, 2002, http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0211/27/cf.00.html (accessed March 17, 2007).
393. The polygraph image was also featured on the show's Web site: http://www.hbo.com/billmaher/?ntrack-para1=leftnav-category0-show6 (accessed May 5, 2007).
394. Maher interviewed by Larry King, Larry King Live, July 31, 2003, http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0307/31/lk1.00.html (accessed Marchch 17, 2007).
395. Zay N. Smith, "Whatever It Takes to Sell Those Books", Chicago Sun-Times, June 8, 2006, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com. proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
396. Dave Kargol, "Chris Rock Speaks with Echo", EchoOnline, May 24, 2005, http://www.easternecho.com/cgi-bin/story.cgi?7260 (accessed March 17, 2007).
397. J. D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye (Boston: Little, Brown, 1951).
398. Gail Shister, "Dennis Miller Preps for New HBO Series", Philadelphia Inquirer, April 7, 1994, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
399. Series writing credits for Dennis Miller Live obtained from the Internet Movie Database, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0108742/fullcredits#writers (accessed March 17, 2007).
400. James Wolcott, Attack Poodles and Other Media Mutants: The Looting of News in a Time of Terror (New York: Miramax Books, 2004), 263-264.
401. "Say What You Want about Dennis Miller: But Is He Funny?" Buffalo News, Jan. 23, 2004, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis. com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
402. Dennis Miller on Leno, Tonight, Feb. 25, 2003, transcript retrieved from About.com Political Humor, http://politicalhumor.about.com/library/ bldennismiller-rant.htm (accessed March 17, 2007).
403. Wolcott, Attack Poodles, 266.
404. Miller on The O'Reilly Factor, Jan. 25, 2007, transcript retrieved from http://www.foxnews.com/story/0, 2933, 246742, 00.html (accessed March 17, 2007).
405. Wolcott, Attack Poodles, 267-268.
406. Associated Press, "Dennis Miller: '9/11 Changed Me': Comedian Defends Bush, Will Open Fire on Others on New Show", CNN.com, Monday, Jan. 26, 2004, http://www.cnn.com/2004/SHOWBIZ/TV/01/26/tv.dennismiller.ap/ (accessed March 17, 2007).
407. Justin Cole, "Daily Ror-Shocked: Is CNBC's Dennis Miller Funny?" Media Matters, July 7, 2004, http://mediamatters.org/items/ 200407070004 (accessed March 17, 2007).
408. Catherine Seipp "Dr. D & DM", National Review Online, May 12, 2004, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa. edu.
409. "CNBC Cancels 'Dennis Miller'", CNN Money.com, May 12, 2005, http://money.cnn.com/2005/05/12/news/newsmakers/cnbc-miller/ (accessed March 17, 2007).
410. "Funnyman Dennis Miller Returns to FNC!" Fox.com, Friday, Sept. 22, 2006, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0, 2933, 215178, 00.html (accessed March 17, 2007).
411. The Dennis Miller Show, CNBC, April 30, 2004, interview with Amy Goodman, transcript, http://book.democracynow.org//articles/miller.html (accessed March 17, 2007).
412. "Biography for George Burns", International Move Database, http://imdb.com/name/nm0122675/bio (accessed March 17, 2007).
413. Jon Stewart, Daily Show, April 24, 2007;
414. Sella, "Stiff Guy vs. Dumb Guy", 74.
415. Philip Shenon, "Five Senators Struggle to Avoid Keating Inquiry Fallout", New York Times, Nov. 22, 1989, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com. proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
416. Ann McFeatters, "Politicos' Finances Full of Surprises: Abstemious Ralph Nader Wonders Why His Assets Aren't Bigger", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, June 25, 2000, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib. uiowa.edu.
417. David Sanford, Me & Ralph: Is Nader Unsafe for America? (Washington: New Republic Books, 1976), 23-26.
418. Jack W. Germond, Fat Man in a Middle Seat: Forty Years of Covering Politics (New York: Random House, 2002), 278.
419. Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005).
420. Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), 190-195.
421. J. M. Lawrence, "Clinton's 'Slick' Statement Circumvents Legal Definition", Boston Herald, Jan. 27, 1998, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
422. The Colbert Report, Jan. 16, 2007.
423. Nathan Rabin, "Interview: Stephen Colbert", Onion AV Club, Jan. 25, 2006, http://www.avclub.com/content/node/44705 (accessed March 17, 2006).
424. Frank Rich, "Truthiness 101: From Frey to Alito", New York Times, Jan. 22, 2006, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com. proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
425. Harlan Howard, co-writer (with Hank Cochran) of "I Fall to Pieces" and other country hits: http://www.quotegarden.com/music.html (accessed March 18, 2007).
426. George Carlin, Class Clown (sound recording), Little David/Atlantic Records, released Sept. 1972.
427. The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson: The Ultimate Collection, Volume 1, DVD, R2 Entertainment.
428. Freud, Jokes, 101.
429. Tad Friend, "Hostile Acts", New Yorker, Feb. 5, 2007, 76.
430. The Sarah Silverman Program, "Positively Negative", Comedy Central, first aired Feb. 15, 2007.
431. Anthony Corsello, "There's Something about Morons", GQ, June 1999, 230;
432. Warren Berger, "Where Have Yo u Gone, Standards and Practices?" New York Times, Sept. 20, 1998, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis- nexis.com.proxy.lib. uiowa.edu.
433. Laurence Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988).
434. Robert Toll, The Entertainment Machine (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 227-228
435. Marc, Comic Visions, 12.
436. Keith Phipps, "Interview: Conan O'Brien", Onion AV Club, May 9, 2001, http://www.avclub.com/content/node/22745 (accessed March 17, 2007).
437. Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964).
438. "Jay Leno's Greatest Hits", Center for Media and Public Affairs (CMPA) press release, April 30, 2002, http://www.cmpa.com/pressReleases/ JayLenosGreatestHits.htm (accessed March 17, 2007).
439. "September 11th Joke Targets: Can We Go and Do Shows Now?" CMPA, April 30, 2002, http://www.cmpa.com/politicalHumor/September11Jokes.htm (accessed March 17, 2007).
440. Letterman, Late Show, Jan. 28, 2000.
441. Tynan, "Fifteen Years", 343.
442. Werts, "A Regular Guy."
443. "Washington Wire", Wall Street Journal, Jan. 30, 1998, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
444. Leno, Tonight, March 1, 1999.
445. Bin Ladin. "'Deb Reichman, "Monica and Osama: Two Separate Issues", Newark Star-Ledger (AP), July 25, 2004, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web. lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
446. Leno, Tonight, Jan. 28, 1998.
447. Leno, Tonight, March 2, 1999.
448. Aldous Huxley, Brave New World (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1946).
449. Letterman, Late Show, Oct. 26, 1999.
450. Leno, Tonight, Nov. 10, 1999; Oct. 25, 2000; Nov. 3, 2000.
451. Kenneth Anderson, "The American Inquisition", in Left Hooks, Right Crosses: A Decade of Political Writing, ed. Christopher Hitchens and Christopher Caldwell (New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 2002), 301.
452. Bill Maher, Politically Incorrect, ABC, Nov. 3, 2000.
453. Werts, "A Regular Guy."
454. Neal Justin, "Horror or Humor? Whoever Tells the Joke Decides", Minneapolis Star Tribune, July 3, 1994, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexisnexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
455. Nathan Rabin, "Interview: Conan O'Brien (Part 2)", Onion AV Club, Aug. 30, 2006, http://www.avclub.com/content/node/52144/3 (accessed March 18, 2007); "too frat"
456. Phipps, "Interview."
457. Oxford English Dictionary online, http://dictionary.oed.com.proxy.lib. uiowa.edu (accessed May 5, 2007).
458. Martin Luther King Jr., "Address at the March on Washington, August 28, 1963", in A Patriot's Handbook: Songs, Poems, Stories, and Speeches Celebrating the Land We Love, ed. Caroline Kennedy (New York: Hyperion, 2003), 323.
459. Brian C. Anderson, South Park Conservatives: The Revolt against Liberal Media Bias (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2005), 88.
460. P. J. O'Rourke, Republican Party Reptile: Essays and Outrages (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1987), xiii on "pants-down Republicans";
461. Give War a Chance: Eyewitness Accounts of Mankind's Struggle against Tyranny, Injustice and Alcohol-Free Beer (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1992);
462. Age and Guile Beat Youth, Innocence, and a Bad Haircut: Twenty-five Years of P. J. O'Rourke (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1995).
463. Taro Gomi, Everyone Poops, trans. Amanda Mayer Stinchecum (Brooklyn, NY: Kane/Miller Publishers, 1993).
464. Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, trans. Helene Iswolsky (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1968), 21.
465. Mind of Mencia, "Stereotype Olympics", season 2, episode 11, first aired July 23, 2006, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0833779/ (accessed March 18, 2007);
466. The Sarah Silverman Program, "Batteries", Comedy Central, first aired Feb. 1, 2007.
467. Nick Madigan, "Imus' Lucrative Franchise Could Be in Peril", Baltimore Sun, April 11, 2007, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis. com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
468. Andrew Ironside, "Kurtz: 'Imus made fun of blacks, Jews, gays, politicians. He called them lying weasels. This was part of his charm'", Media Matters, April 13, 2007, http://mediamatters.org/items/200704140001 (accessed Aug. 31, 2007).
469. Adam H. Shah, "Limbaugh on Obama: 'Halfrican American'", Media Matters, Jan. 24, 2007, http://mediamatters.org/items/200701240010 (accessed March 18, 2007);
470. The Half Hour News Hour, Fox News Channel, Feb. 18, 2007;
471. Brad Stine, Tolerate This, DVD, Word Distribution, 2005.
472. Charles E. Schutz, Political Humor: From Aristophanes to Sam Ervin (London: Associated University Press, 1977), 50.
473. Corsello, "Something about Morons", 231;
474. on Silverman, Friend, "Hostile Acts", 76.
475. Stand Up and Cheer, directed by Hamilton MacFadden, dialogue by Ralph Spence, story by Lew Brown, from an idea by Will Rogers, 20th Century Fox, 1934.
476. Steven Winn, "Jack Paar: Affable, Emotional TV Host Turned Viewers On to Late-Night Talk", San Francisco Chronicle, Jan. 28, 2004. Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
477. E. B. White, "The Humor Paradox", in Writings from the New Yorker: 1927-1976, ed. Rebecca Dale (New York: Harper Perennial, 1991) 35.
478. Morris K. Udall, Too Funny to Be President (New York: Henry Holt, 1988).
479. David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York: Touchstone, 1996), 259.
480. The Kennedy Wit, ed. Bill Adler (New York: Carol Pub Group: 1991).
481. Cannon, Lou. President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 120.
482. Jack Germond and Jules Witcover, Wake Us When It's Over: Presidential Politics of 1984 (New York: Macmillan, 1985).
483. The Reagan Wit: The Humor of the American President, ed. Bill Adler and Bill Adler Jr. (New York: William Morrow, 1998).
484. Germond and Witcover, Wake Us When It's Over, 32.
485. "Reagan Gets 'Laryngitis'", St. Petersburg Times (Florida), March 12, 1987, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib. uiowa.edu.
486. Germond and Witcover, Wake Us When It's Over, 468-469;
487. Lou Cannon, "Reagan Eyes Sweep, Visits Minnesota", Washington Post, Nov. 5, 1984, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy. lib. uiowa.edu.
488. Jerry Krupnik, "What It Takes to Be President Subject of 'Character' Forum", Newark Star-Ledger, May 29, 1996, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
489. Nixon intoned the catchphrase, "Sock it to me?" on Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In, NBC, Sept. 16, 1968.
490. Tony Hendra in Going Too Far.
491. Paula Span, "Abbie Hoffman's Radical Cheek: The Eternal Revolutionary As Comedian of Conscience", Washington Post, April 14, 1989, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
492. Ron Nessen, It Sure Looks Different from the Inside (Chicago: Playboy Press, 1978), 172-173.
493. Hill and Weingrad, Saturday Night Live, 180-184.
494. Ibid., Saturday Night, 180.
495. Nessen, It Sure Looks Different, 176.
496. "Fighting the 'Wimp' Factor", Newsweek, Oct. 19, 1987, cover.
497. Hank Burchard, "Caricature Assassination", Washington Post, April 6, 1990, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib. uiowa.edu.
498. David E. Rosenbaum, "Capital Press and Officials Jab, but in Jest", New York Times, April 2, 1990, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com. proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
499. Mark Katz, Clinton and Me: A Real Life Political Comedy (New York: Hyperion Books, 2003), 181.
500. Katz, Clinton and Me, 352-371.
501. David Cassel, "Up Close and Presidential?" AlterNet, posted May 16, 2000, http://alternet.org/story/9166/ (accessed March 18, 2007).
502. Susan Silver, "Funny Leaders Aren't So Funny", Ottawa Citizen, May 8, 2000, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib. uiowa.edu.
503. Karen Crummy, "Jokes in Hand, Politicians Work to Win in a Laugher", Denver Post, April 23, 2007, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
504. "Hillary Clinton 'Truly Regrets' Gandhi Joke", CNN.com, Jan. 6, 2004, http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLI-TICS/01/06/elec04.s.mo.farmer.clinton. ap (accessed May 4, 2007).
505. Xuan Thai and Ted Barrett, "Biden's Description of Obama Draws Scrutiny", CNN.com, Feb. 9, 2007, http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLI-TICS/01/31/ biden.obama/ (accessed May 4, 2007).
506. Bill Nichols, "The Heir Apparent Has Solid Record and Stolid Image", USA Today, Aug. 29, 1996, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
507. Gore appeared on Tonight Sept. 19, 2000
508. and on Late Show, Sept. 14, 2000.
509. Caryn James, "Bush Flunks Letterman's Late-Night Examination", New York Times, March 2, 2000, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis. com.proxy. lib.uiowa.edu.
510. Peter Marks, "The 2000 Campaign: The Comedian; Letterman Invites Candidates to Late-Night Debate", New York Times, July 21, 2000, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
511. "The 2000 Campaign: Bush to Appear Again on Letterman", New York Times, Oct. 3, 2000, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com. proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
512. Jake Tapper, "Meet the Press, with David Letterman", Salon, Oct. 20, 2000 (online).
513. Late Show, Oct. 19, 2000.
514. Late Show, Oct. 20, 2000.
515. Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life (New York: Vintage Books, 1963), 225.
516. Speier, "Wit and Power", 1388.
517. SNL, season 28, episode 8, Dec. 14, 2002.
518. Late Show, Nov. 15, 2002.
519. Katz, Clinton and Me, 340-341.
520. Alterman, What Liberal Media? 164.
521. Walter Shapiro", 'Untruthful' Label Could Dog Al Gore", USA Today, Sept. 20, 2000, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com. proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
522. "The Al Gore Quiz", U. S. News and World Report, Oct. 9, 2000, http://www.usnews.com/usnews/issue/001009/9john.htm.
523. Ron Suskind, The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul O'Neill (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 283.
524. Speier, "Wit and Power", 1388.
525. Gene Lyons, "For Bush, Administration Powers Increasing", Arkansas Democrat-Gazette (Little Rock), Nov. 28, 2001
526. Frank Bruni, "Word for Word/Bushspeak; The President's Sense of Humor Has Also Been Misunderestimated", New York Times, April 1, 2001, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu;
527. Bushisms: President George Herbert Walker Bush, in His Own Words, comp. by the editors of The New Republic (New York: Workman, 1992).
528. Frank Rich, "Paar to Leno, J. F. K. to J. F. K.", New York Times, Feb. 8, 2004, AR1, 22.
529. Late Show Top Ten Lists: Gephardt, Jan. 12, 2004;
530. Sharpton hosted SNL Dec. 6, 2003.
531. Harley onto the Tonight stage Nov. 11, 2003.
532. Adam Nagourney, "In Newly Usual Way, McCain Says He'll Run", New York Times, March 1, 2007, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis. com. proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
533. Triumph, the Insult Comic Dog, Come Poop with Me (audio recording), Warner Bros., 2003;
534. Triumph (Robert Smigel) on Tonight, Nov. 11, 2003.
535. Dean interviewed on Hardball with Chris Matthews, Dec. 1, 2003;
536. Charles Krauthammer, "The Delusional Dean", Washington Post, Dec. 5, 2003, http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A37125-2003Dec.4? language=printer (accessed March 18, 2007).
537. Leno's Tonight, Aug. 6, 2003.
538. Rick Lyman, "The California Recall: The Candidates; California Voters Wonder: Is Anyone Not Running?" New York Times, Aug. 16, 2003, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
539. David Bauder (AP), "The Late Show Joke's on Arnold", Boston Globe, Oct. 22, 2003, http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2003/10/ 22/the-late-show-jokes-on-arnold (accessed July 25, 2007);
540. Reuters, "Gubernatorial Guests", Toronto Sun, Aug. 14, 2003, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
541. Bill Carter, "NBC Supports Politically Partisan Leno", New York Times, Oct. 10 2003, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com. proxy.lib.uiowa.edu;
542. Letterman, Late Show, Oct. 8, 2003.
543. Edward Epstein, "Two Proposals in Congress Would Let Foreign-Born Become President; Constitutional Amendments Unlikely to Pass", San Francisco Chronicle, Aug. 12, 2003, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
544. Rich, "Paar to Leno. "
545. Jeff Daniel, "Cynicism and Irony Have Fallen Out of Favor", St Louis Post-Dispatch, Sept. 23, 2001;
546. Michiko Kakutani, "Critic's Notebook: The Age of Irony Isn't Over After All", New York Times, Oct. 9, 2001;
547. Sam Allis, "Irony's Death Greatly Exaggerated", Boston Globe, Sept. 29, 2001;
548. Phil Kloer, "Edgy Pop Culture Will Be Right Back", Atlanta Constitution, Sept. 16, 2001, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexisnexis. com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
549. Letterman, Late Show, Sept. 17, 2001.
550. Leno, Tonight, Sept. 18, 2001.
551. O'Brien, Late Night, Sept. 18, 2001.
552. Letterman, Late Show, Sept. 18, 2001.
553. Gail Pennington, "People in the News", St Louis Post-Dispatch, Sept. 29, 2001, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib. uiowa.edu.
554. Leno, Tonight, Sept. 18, 2001.
555. Mark Crispin Miller, Boxed In: The Culture of TV (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1988), 15.
556. Andy Seiler, "Are We Laughing Yet?" USA Today, Oct. 5, 2001, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
557. Letterman, Late Show, Oct. 1, 2001.
558. Leno, Tonight, Sept. 20, 2001.
559. "September 11th Joke Targets: Can We Go and Do Shows Now?" CMPA, http://www.cmpa.com/politicalHumor/September11Jokes.htm (accessed July 25, 2007).
560. Richard Reeves, "Patriotism Calls Out the Censor", New York Times, Oct. 1, 2001, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy. lib.uiowa.edu.
561. Paul Farhi, "Take Iraq. Please: For Letterman, Leno and Company, the Mideast Is a Comedy Winner", Washington Post, March 13, 2003, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
562. Richard Benedetto, "Poll: Most Back War, but Want U. N. Support", USA Today, March 16, 2003, Lexis-Nexis via Infohawk, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu.
563. Farhi, "Take Iraq."
564. Leno, Tonight, Oct. 10, 2001.
565. The Great Thoughts, ed. George Seldes (New York: Ballantine Books, 1996), 409.
566. Harry G. Frankfurt, On Bullshit (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005);
567. Tennessee Williams, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (New York: New Directions, 1955).
568. James Madison, "Federalist Fifty-one", in Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers, ed. Clinton Rossiter (New York: Signet, 1961), 322.