Transgender service: The next social domino for the Army

Military Law Review

Volumn 220, Issue , 2014, Pages 191-217

  Milhiser, Mark R ^a  

^a United States Air Force   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84906260327     PISSN: 00264040     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (95)

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4. See also U.S. DEP'T OF ARMY, DIR. 2012-16, CHANGES TO ARMY POLICY FOR THE ASSIGNMENT OF FEMALE SOLDIERS (27 June 2012).
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7. See also On Quality of Life in the United States Army, 112th Cong. 2d Sess. (2012) (statement of Sergeant Major of the Army).
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9. See also Donna Miles & Army Sergeant First Class Tyrone C. Marshall, Jr., Dempsey: Hazing, Bullying 'Intolerable' in Military, AM. FORCES PRESS SERV., Dec. 23, 2011, available at http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx? id=66590.
10. Lieutenant Colonel Steve Loomis, A Difficult Fight Pays Off, OUTSERVE MAG., Nov. 2011, at 20.
11. See also Aaron McQuade, GLAAD Applauds Passage of DADT Repeal in House (Dec. 15, 2010), http://www.glaad.org/2010/12/15/glaad-applauds-passage-ofdadt- repeal-in-house.
12. Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD), http://www.glaad.org/about#mission.
13. See also Sheryl Gay Stolberg, Obama Signs Away 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell', N.Y. TIMES, Dec. 23, 2010.
14. Tom Vanden Brook, Transgender Troops Serve in Silence, USA TODAY, July 23, 2013. See also Press Release, Palm Center, Blueprints for Sound Public Policy, New Multi-Year Research Project to Address Transgender Military Service (July 30, 2013) (on file with author).
15. See Also Press Release, Palm Center, Blueprints for Sound Public Policy, New Multi-Year Research Project to Address Transgender Military Service (July 30, 2013) (On File with Author)
16. See also Tawani Foundation, Wells Fargo Award $1.35 Million for Research on Transgender Military Service, PHILANTHROPY NEWS DIG. (Aug. 1, 2013), http://www.philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/tawani-foundation-wells-fargo-award- 1.35-million-for-research-on-transgender-military-service.
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19. AM. PSYCHIATRIC ASSOC.: DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS 535 (4th ed., text rev. 2000) [hereinafter DSM-IV-TR].
20. See also AM. PSYCHIATRIC ASSOC.: DSM-5 DEVELOPMENT, Frequently Asked Questions, http://www.dsm5.org/about/Pages/faq.aspx#1 (last visited Mar. 14, 2014).
21. AM. PSYCHIATRIC ASSOC.: DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS 822 (5th ed. 2013) [hereinafter DSM-5].
22. AM. PSYCHIATRIC ASSOC., Frequently Asked Questions, available at http://www.dsm5.org/about/Pages/faq.aspx#8.
23. AM. PSYCHIATRIC ASSOC., GENDER DYSPHORIA (2013) [hereinafter GENDER DYSPHORIA FACT SHEET], available at http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/ Gender%20Dysphoria%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf.
24. DEP'T OF DEF. (2011) UNDERSTANDING TRANSITIONING GENDER IN THE WORKPLACE (Austl.) (Nov. 10, 2011) [hereinafter UNDERSTANDING TRANSITIONING GENDER IN THE WORKPLACE (Austl.)], available at http://www.defglis.com.au/resources/ UnderstandingTransition.pdf.
25. See also U.K.MINISTRY OF DEFENCE, DEFENCE INSTR. AND NOTICES (DIN) 2009DIN01-007, POLICY FOR THE RECRUITMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF TRANSSEXUAL PERSONNEL IN THE ARMED FORCES (Jan. 2009) [hereinafter DIN 01-007].
26. AIR FORCE DIVERSITY HANDBOOK: TRANSITIONING GENDER IN AIR FORCE 5 (Austl.) (Apr. 2013), available at http://defglis.com.au/guides/ GenderTransition.pdf.
27. AM. PSYCHIATRIC ASSOC., DSM: History of the Manual, available at http://www.www.psychiatry.org/practice/dsm/dsm-history-of-the-manual (last visited Feb. 28, 2014).
28. GENDER IDENTITY RESEARCH AND EDUCATION SOCIETY (GIRES), GENDER VARIANCE (DYSPHORIA), vers. 2.0 (rev. Aug. 31, 2008), available at http://www.gires.org. uk/assets/gdev/gender-dysphoria.pdf.
29. See also GLAAD MEDIA REFERENCE GUIDE TRANSGENDER GLOSSARY OF TERMS, available at http://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender (last visited Feb. 28, 2014).
30. DSM-V Self-Exam: Gender Dysphoria, PSYCHIATRY ONLINE (Oct. 30, 2013), http://psychnews.psychiatryonline.org/newsArticle.aspx?articleid= 1764484&RelatedWid.
31. Id. See also Kelly Winters, Gender Dysphoria Diagnosis to be Moved Out of Sexual Disorders Chapter of DSM-5 (The Bilerico Project), Dec. 9, 2012, available at http://www.bilerico.com/2012/12/gender-dysphoria-diagnosis-to-be- moved-out-of-sexu.php (last visited Mar. 2, 2014).
32. Sharon Begley, Psychiatrists Unveil Their Long-Awaited Diagnostic "Bible," REUTERS, May 17, 2013, available at http://www.reuters.com/ article/2013/05/17/usscience-psychiatry-dsm-idUSBRE94G04420130517 (last visited Mar. 2, 2014).
33. GARY GREENBERG, THE BOOK OF WOE 287 (2013).
34. Gary Greenberg is the author of four books, a contributing writer for Mother Jones, and a contributing editor for Harper's. Gary Greenberg, Biography, http://www.garygreenbergonline.com/pages/bio.php.
35. ALLEN FRANCES, SAVING NORMAL: AN INSIDER'S REVOLT AGAINST OUT OF CONTROL PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS, DSM-5, BIG PHARMA, AND THE MEDICALIZATION OF ORDINARY LIFE, at xiii (2013).
36. Allen Frances, M.D., was the chairman of the DSM-IV Task Force and part of the leadership group for DSM-III and DSM-III-R. He is Professor Emeritus and Chair of the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science at Duke University School of Medicine. The following websites provide further details on the Duke faculty and Allen Frances: http://psychiatry.duke.edu/faculty/details/0098224, http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/authors/allen-frances-md.
37. U.S. DEP'T OF DEF., INSTR. 5025.01, DOD DIRECTIVES PROGRAM para. 3c (26 Sept. 2012) (C1, 20 Aug. 2013).
38. See also U.S. DEP'T OF ARMY, REG. 635-200, ACTIVE DUTY ENLISTED ADMINISTRATIVE SEPARATIONS chs. 3-5 (6 June 2005) (RAR 6 Sept. 2011).
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41. The Australian Defence Force (ADF) is comprised of the Royal Australian Air Force, the Royal Australian Navy, and the Australian Army. See DEFENCEJOBS.GOV, http://www.defencejobs.gov.au/.
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43. Australia Ends a Prohibition on Homosexuals in Military, N.Y. TIMES, Nov. 24, 1992, http://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/24/world/australia-ends-a-prohibition- on-homosexuals-in-military.html.
44. THE AUSTRALIAN DEFENCE LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANSGENDER AND INTERSEX INFORMATION SERV. (DEFGLIS), ADMIN. INSTR. NO. 01/2012, amend. 1 (Feb. 21, 2013).
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46. AIR FORCE DIVERSITY HANDBOOK: TRANSITIONING GENDER IN AIR FORCE 5 (Austl.) (Apr. 2013), available at http://defglis.com.au/guides/ GenderTransition.pdf.
47. AIRFORCE.GOV.AU, http://www.airforce.gov.au/Our-People/Our-Leaders/Chief- of-Air-Force/?RAAF-cIPygzYc/Fwxxi5dCKVD3g8SFEpfUGXS.
48. Ian McPhedran, Transgender Lieutenant Colonel Cate McGregor Speaks Out About Abuse and Support, NEWS.COM.AU, July 5, 2013, http://www.news.com.au/ national/transgender-lieutenant-colonel-cate-mcgregor-speaks-out-about-abuse- andsupport/story-fncynjr2-1226674523255.
49. Lieutenant Colonel McGregor is the highestranking transgender person in the ADF. She is a published author, MALCOLM MCGREGOR, AN INDIAN SUMMER OF CRICKET: REFLECTIONS ON AUSTRALIA'S SUMMER GAME (2012)
50. Cate McGregor, Pointing to the End of a Legendary Generation, AUSTRALIAN FIN. REV., Dec. 1, 2012;
51. Clark Wins Struggle for Acceptance, AUSTRALIAN FIN. REV., Nov. 24, 2012;
52. Australia Questions Cricket, AUSTRALIAN FIN. REV., Nov. 17, 2012;
53. Too Early to Tell, AUSTRALIAN FIN. REV., Nov. 13, 2012.
54. See also Australian Associated Press, ADF Officers Allegedly Emailed Sex Films, HERALD SUN (Austl.), June 14, 2013 available at http://www.heraldsun.com. au/news/breaking and speech emphasized the ADF's intolerance for the denigrating behavior.
55. Chief of Army Message Regarding Unacceptable Behavior (June 12, 2013), http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QaqpoeVgr8U&list=UUSXqARiuZFpFaRDE- 056y3w&feature=c4-overoverview.
56. Jane Hutcheon, Australian Broadcasting Corp. (ABC) journalist and host of One Plus One, with Lieutenant Colonel Cate McGregor, Speechwriter to Australian Chief of Army Lt Gen David Morrison, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-07-05/one- plus-one-lieutenantcolonel-cate-mcgregor/4802564.
57. Thaddeus Baklinski, Canadian Military Established Dress Rules for Transsexuals, LIFESITENEWS.COM. (Dec. 8, 2010, 16:59 EST), http://www. lifesitenews.com/news/canadian-military-establishes-dress-rules-for- transsexuals?utm-tm-source=LifeSiteNews.com+Daily+Newsletter&utm-campaign= 7cf5fdde7e-LifeSiteNews-com-US-Headlines12-08-2010&utm-medium=email.
58. Cheryl K. Chumley, Israel Drafts First Transgender Female Soldier, WASH. TIMES, Aug. 15, 2013, available at http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/aug/ 15/israeldrafts-first-transgender-female-soldier/.
59. The Tawani Foundation was founded by Colonel Jennifer N. Pritzker (IL) ARNG (Retired). Formerly known as James Pritzker, Jennifer Pritzker announced on August 16, 2013, that she identifies as a woman (Tawani Foundation). See also Press Release, Palm Ctr., New Multi-Year Research Project to Address Transgender Military Service (July 30, 2013), http://www.palmcenter.org/files/July-30-13- release.pdf.
60. British Ministry of Defence, the U.S. Military Acad. at West Point, the U.S. Naval Acad., the U.S. Air Force Acad., the Army War Coll. and the Nat'l Def. Univ., available at http://www.palmcenter.org/dadt-project (last visited June 16, 2014).
61. Press Release, Ind. Univ. Bloomington, Kinsey Institute Receives Grant to Study Transgender Issues in the U.S. Military (Aug. 22, 2013), http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/24519.html.
62. KRISTEN BECK & ANNE SPECKHARD, WARRIOR PRINCESS: A U.S. NAVY SEAL'S JOURNEY TO COMING OUT TRANSGENDER (2013).
63. TAVA (Transgender American Veterans Association), http://tavausa.org/ (last visited Mar. 2, 2014).
64. See also OutServe-Servicemembers Legal Defense Network, http://www.sldn.org/ (last visited Mar. 2, 2014);
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66. Nat'l Ctr. for Transgender Equal., http://transequality.org/ (last visited Mar. 2, 2014).
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72. Macy v. Holder, EEOC No. 0120120821 (Apr. 20, 2012).
73. A dissatisfied party to an EEOC decision may file a civil action in U.S. District Court. Frequently Asked Questions About the Federal Sector Hearing Process, http://eeoc.gov/federal/fed-employees/faq-hearing.cfm#q38 (last visited Mar. 13, 2014).
74. See also DANA BEYER & JILLIAN T. WEISS WITH RIKI WILCHINS, NEW TITLE VII AND EEOC RULINGS PROTECT TRANSGENDER EMPLOYEES 3 (2014), http://transgenderlawcenter.org/wpcontent/uploads/2014/01/TitleVII-Report- Final012414.pdf.
75. EQUAL EMP'T OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION, Overview, Authority and Role, available at http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/index.cfm.
76. Press Release, Transgender Law Ctr., Historic! ENDA Passes in Senate (Nov. 7, 2013), available at http://transgenderlawcenter.org/archives/9396.
77. See also Press Release, Human Rights Campaign, ENDA Passes Senate 64-32 (Nov. 7, 2013), available at http://www.hrc.org/press-releases/entry/enda- passes-senate-64-32.
78. See also The Journey to Passing ENDA in the Senate, Human Rights Campaign, available at http://www.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/ENDA- Accomplishments-HRC.pdf.
79. JODY FEDER & CYNTHIA BROUGHER, CONG. RESEARCH SERV., R40934, SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER IDENTITY DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT: A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE EMPLOYMENT NON-DISCRIMINATION ACT (ENDA) 1 (2013).
80. Chris Johnson, Boehner Tells LGBT Caucus 'No Way' ENDA Will Pass, WASH. BLADE (Jan. 29, 2014), http://www.washingtonblade.com/2014/01/29/boehner-tells- lgbtcaucus-way-enda-will-pass/ (reporting on a closed-door meeting between U.S. House of Representatives Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio) and the LGBT Equality Caucus).
81. Presidential Statement on Senate Passage of Legislation to Prevent Employment Discrimination Against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Persons, DAILY COMP. PRES. DOC. (Nov. 8. 2013).
82. Steve Contorno, Army Won't Pay for Bradley Manning's Sex Change Therapy, WASH. EXAM. (Aug. 22, 2013), http://washingtonexaminer.com/army-wont-pay-for- bradleymannings-sex-change-therapy/article/2534581#null.
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84. Shortly after sentencing, he publicly identified as a female and wanted to be addressed as Chelsea Manning. Today: Bradley Manning: I Want to Live as a Woman (NBC television broadcast Aug. 22, 2013).
85. Missy Ryan, Pentagon Considers Options for Chelsea Manning Detention, REUTERS, May 14, 2014, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/14/us-usa- military-idUSBREA4 D09220140514.
86. Helene Cooper, Pentagon Weighs Transfer of Chelsea Manning to Civilian Facility, N.Y. TIMES, May 14, 2014, http://nyti.ms/1qC9a5A.
87. U.S. DEP'T OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, DIR. 2013-003, PROVIDING HEALTH CARE FOR TRANSGENDER AND INTERSEX VETERANS para. 1 (Feb. 8, 2013).
88. See also CONN. INS. COMM'R. BULL., GENDER IDENTITY NONDISCRIMINATION REQUIREMENTS (Dec. 19, 2013) [hereinafter CONN. GENDER IDENTITY NONDISCRIMINATION REQ'S], available at http://www.ct.gov/cid/lib/cid/Bulletin- IC-37-Gender-Identity-Nondiscrimination-Requirements.pdf.
89. See also MD. INS. COMM'R BULL. 14-02, CLARIFICATION OF COVERAGE FOR TRANSGENDER INDIVIDUALS (Jan. 27, 2014), available at http://www.mdinsurance. state.md.us/sa/docs/documents/insurer/bulletins/bulletin-1402-transgender.pdf.
90. Exec. Order No. 1 (2014), available at https://governor.virginia.gov/ policy/executiveorders/eo-1-equal-opportunity
91. John Doe et al. v. Reg'l. Sch. Unit 26 (Me. S. Ct., Jan. 30, 2014).
92. Interview by Martha Raddatz, American Broadcasting Co. (ABC) News, Host of This Week, with SecDef Hagel (May 11, 2014), http://abcnews.go.com/ThisWeek/ week-transcript-defense-secretary-chuck-hagel-sen-marco/story?id=23667691.
93. The Flag & General Officers for the Military, Statement to President Barack Obama and Members of Congress (Mar. 31, 2009) available at http://www.flagandgeneral officersforthemilitary.com/.
94. See also http://cmrlink.org/data/sites/85/CMRDocuments/FGOM-SigList(1087) -033109.pdf
95. AARON BELKIN ET AL., ONE YEAR OUT: AN ASSESSMENT OF DADT REPEAL'S IMPACT ON MILITARY READINESS 4 (Sept. 20, 2012), available at http://www.palmcenter. org/files/One%20Year%20Out-0.pdf.