Flight to freedom: Escape from slavery among bonded Africans in the Indian Ocean world, c.1750-1962

Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 52-69

  Alpers, Edward A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84906175134     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203011256     Document Type: Chapter

References (37)

1. Notable contributions to this vast literature include Richard Price (ed.), Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas, 2nd edn. (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979);
2. Gad Heuman (ed.), Out of the House of Bondage: Runaways, Resistance and Marronage in Africa and the New World (London: Frank Cass, 1986).
3. Richard Price, 'Afterword', in Price (ed.), Maroon Societies, pp.417, 425.
4. James C.Armstrong and Nigel A.Worden, 'The Slaves, 1652-1834', in Richard Elphick and Hermann Giliomee (eds.), The Shaping of South African Society, 1652-1840, revised edn. (Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, 1989), p. 157.
5. Robert Ross, Adam Kok's Griquas: A Study in the Development of Stratification in South Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), p.17.
6. Sudel Fuma, L'esdavagisme à La Reunion, 1794-1848 (Paris/Saint-Denis:L'Harmattan/Université de La Reunion, 1992), pp.71-5.
7. Richard B.Allen, Slaves, Freedmen, and Indentured Labourers in Colonial Mauritius (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp.40-41.
8. Allen, 'Marronage and the Maintenance of Public Order in Mauritius, 1721-1835,' Slavery and Abolition, 4 (1983), pp.217-24.
9. L.Sylvio Michel, Esclaves Résistants ([Mauritius]: Quad Printers, 1998), p.5.
10. Anthony J.Barker, Slavery and Antislavery in Mauritius, 1810-33: The Conflict between Economic Expansion and Humanitarian Reform under British Rule (Houndsmills and London: Macmillan Press, 1996), pp.121-31.
11. Vijaya Teelock, Bitter Sugar: Sugar and Slavery in 19th Century Mauritius (Moka:Mahatma Gandhi Institute, 1998), p.203.
12. Claude Wanquet, 'Le peuplement des Seychelles sous l'occupation française, une experience de colonisation à la fin du XVIIIe siècle', Mouvements de Populations dans l'Océan Indien (Paris: Librarie Honoré Champion, 1979), p.191.
13. Owen quoted in Burton Benedict, 'Slavery and Indenture in Mauritius and Seychelles', in James L.Watson, ed., Asian and African Systems of Slavery (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1980), p.140.
14. Ignace Rakoto, 'L'esclavage historique et ses séquelles a Madagascar', paper presented at the Colloque international 'L'esclavage et ses séquelles'; chapter by Gwyn Campbell in Campbell (ed.), Abolition and Its Aftermath in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia (London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 2004).
15. Sophie Goedefroit, A l'ouest de Madagascar: Les Sakalava du Menabe (Paris:Éditions Karthala and ORSTOM, 1998), pp.133-4, 152.
16. Jean Martin, 'L'affranchissement des esclaves de Mayotte, décembre 1846-juillet 1847', Cahiers d'Études Africaines, 61-2 (1975), p.224.
17. Allen F.Isaacman, Mozambique: The Africanization of a European Institution, The Zambesi Prazos, 1750-1902 (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1972), pp.47-56;
18. M.D.D. Newitt, Portuguese Settlement on the Zambesi (London:Longman, 1973), pp.187-203.
19. António Alberto de Andrade, Relações de Moçambique Setecentista (Lisboa:Agência Geral do Ultramar, 1955), p.152.
20. Frederick Cooper, Plantation Slavery on the East Coast of Africa (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1977), pp.200-201.
21. Jonathan Glassman, The Bondsman's New Clothes: The Contradictory Consciousness of Slave Resistance on the Swahili Coast', Journal of African History, 32 (1991), p.292, also p.294.
22. John Lewis Burkhardt, Travels in Arabia, comprehending an account of those territories in Hedjaz which the Mohammedans regard as sacred (London, 1829, reprinted Beirut, 1972), p.115.
23. Alaine Hutson, 'Enslavement and Manumission in Saudi Arabia, 1926-38', Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies, 11/1 (2002), pp.49-70.
24. L.W.C.van den Berg, Le Hadhramaut et les Colonies Arabes dans l'archipel Indien (Batavia, 1886), p.70.
25. R.B.Serjeant, 'Some Observations on African Slaves in Arabia', paper presented at the workshop on the long-distance trade in slaves across the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea in the nineteenth century, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 17-19 Dec. 1987, p.2.
26. Harold Ingrams, Arabia and the Isles (London: John Murray, 1942), p.349.
27. A.Germain, 'Quelques mots sur l'Oman et le sultan de Maskate', Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris), 5e série, 6 (1868), p.351.
28. Percy Cox, 'Some Excursions in Oman', in Philip Ward, Travels in Oman, on the Track of the Early Explorers (New York: The Oleander Press, 1987), p.295.
29. Fredrik Barth, Sohar: Culture and Society in an Omani Town (Baltimore/London, 1983), pp.47-8.
30. Ernestina Carreira, 'India', in Valentim Alexandre and Jill Dias (eds.), O Imperio Africano 1825-1890, Vol.10 of Joel Serrão and A.H.de Oliveira Marques (gen. eds.), Nova História da Expansão Portuguesa (Lisboa: Editorial Estampa, 1998), p. 686.
31. Robert Ross, Cape of Torments: Slavery and Resistance in South Africa (London:Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983), pp.54-72.
32. Deryck Scarr, Slaving and Slavery in the Indian Ocean (Houndsmills: Macmillan, and New York: St Martin's Press, 1998), p.159.
33. See e.g., Fred Morton, Children of Ham: Freed Slaves and Fugitive Slaves on the Kenya Coast, 1873 to 1907 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1990), pp.40-49.
34. Lee V.Cassanelli, 'Social Construction on the Somali Frontier: Bantu Former Slave Communities in the Nineteenth Century', in Igor Kopytoff, ed., The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1987), pp.216-38;
35. Francesca Declich, '"Gendered Naratives," History, and Identity: Two Centuries along the Juba River among the Zigula and Shanbara', History in Africa, 22 (Aixen- provence, 1995), p.101.
36. Bernadin de Saint Pierre, Voyage à l'Île de France, ed. Robert Chaudenson (1773; Mauritius: Éditions de l'Océan, 1986), p.177.
37. Janet J.Ewald, 'Crossers of the Sea: Slaves, Freedmen, and Other Migrants in the Northwestern Indian Ocean, c.1750-1914', American Historical Review, 105 (2000), p.83.