Unconscious crime: Mental absence and criminal responsibility in Victorian London

Unconscious Crime: Mental Absence and Criminal Responsibility in Victorian London

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-223

  Eigen, Joel Peter ^a  

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References (430)

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14. and Eigen, Witnessing Insanity, 153-54.
15. OBSP, 1840, case 1877, 9th sess., 504-10.
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17. Walker, Crime and Insanity, 186-87.
18. OBSP, 1842-43, case 874, 5th sess., 761-63.
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30. OBSP, 1875-76, case 413, 11th sess., 496-97.
31. OBSP, 1876-77, case 246, 4th sess., 434-60.
32. Martin J. Wiener, "Judges v. Jurors: Courtroom Tensions in Murder Trials and the Law of Criminal Responsibility in Nineteenth Century England," Law and History Review 17 (1999): 467-506.
33. James Braid, Observation on Trance: Or, Human Hybernation (London, 1850)
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49. Roger Smith, Inhibition: History and Meaning in the Sciences of Mind and Brain (Berkeley, 1992).
50. Alfred Swaine Taylor, The Principles and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence [London, 1865], 765.)
51. OBSP, 1849-50, case 1893, 12th sess., 857.
52. Laycock, "Reflex, Automatic, and Unconscious Cerebration," 481.)
53. Carpenter, Doctrine of Human Automatism, 25-28.
54. Ralph Tymms, Doubles in Literary Psychology (Cambridge, 1949).
55. Traité du somnambulisme et des différentes modifications qu'il présente [Paris, 1823], 2).
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58. Forbes, Mesmerism True-Mesmerism False, 20.
59. The Lancet, 26 May 1838
60. Winter, Mesmerized, 76.
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62. Samuel L. Mitchill, "A Double Consciousness, or a Duality of Person in the same Individual: From a Communication of Dr. Mitchill to the Reverend Dr. Nott, President of Union College. Dated January 16,1816," in The Medical Repository of Original Essays and Intelligence Relative to Physic, Surgery, Chemistry, and Natural History, etc., n.s., Vol. 3 (18th from the beginning) (New York, 1817), 186.
63. Benjamin W. Dwight, "Facts Illustrative of the Powers and Operations of the Human Mind in a Diseased State," American Journal of Science 1 (1818): 431-33.
64. H. Dewar, "Report on a Communication of Dr. Dyce of Aberdeen, to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 'On Uterine Irritation, and Its Effects on the Female Constitution,'"" Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 9 (1823): 365-79.
65. Hacking, Double Consciousness, 136-37.
66. Hacking, Double Consciousness, 135-36.
67. J. Crichton Browne, "Personal Identity and Its Morbid Modifications," Journal of Mental Science 8 (1863): 537.
68. Eugène Azam, "Amnésie périodique, ou dédoublement de la vie," Annales médico-psychologiques, 5th series, Vol. 16 (1876): 5-35.
69. James I. Tucker, "Periodical Amnesia; or, Double Consciousness," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 3 (1876): see esp. 600-602.
70. Tucker, "Periodical Amnesia," 595-96.
71. Nigel Walker, Crime and Insanity in England, Vol. 1, The Historical Perspective [Edinburgh, 1968], 25-26).
72. Joel Peter Eigen, Witnessing Insanity: Madness and Mad-Doctors in the English Court (New Haven, 1995), esp. 82-107.
73. Joel Peter Eigen, "Delusion in the Courtroom: The Role of Partial Insanity in Early Forensic Testimony," Medical History 35 (1991): 25-49.
74. OBSP, 1838, case 499, 4th sess., 412.
75. OBSP, 1842-43, case 874, 5th sess., 763.
76. attorney C. R. Bree in response to J. G. Davey's, "Plea of Insanity," Association Medical Journal: Edited for the Provincial and Surgical Association [London, 1854]: 930).
77. Thomas Laycock, The Antagonism of Law and Medicine in Insanity and Its Consequences: An Introductory Lecture [Edinburgh, 1862], 14).
78. John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690), ed. Peter H. Nidditch (Oxford, 1975), bk 2, ch. 27, 342.
79. Mary Douglas, "The Person in an Enterprise Culture," in Shaun Hargreaves Heap and Angus Ross, eds., Understanding the Enterprise Culture: Themes in the Work of Mary Douglas (Edinburgh, 1992), 49.
80. Locke, An Essay, 342-43.
81. OBSP, 1842-43, case 874, 5th sess., 763.
82. Alfred Swaine Taylor, A Manual of Medical Jurisprudence (London, 1844), 657-58.
83. On Hallucinations: A History and Explanation of Apparitions, Visions, Dreams, Ecstasy, Magnetism, and Somnambulism, trans. Robert T Hulme (London, 1859), esp. 450-55.
84. Insanity and Crime: A Medico-Legal Commentary on the Case of George Victor Townley [London, 1864], 46-47).
85. Catherine Crawford, "The Emergence of English Forensic Medicine: Medical Evidence in Common Law Courts, 1730-1830" (Ph.D. diss., Oxford, 1987).
86. Both Lord Shaftsbury's comment and the judge's instructions are quoted in Thomas More Madden, On Insanity and the Criminal Responsibility of the Insane (Dublin, 1866), 21.
87. Eigen, Witnessing Insanity, esp. 63-79, 115-18, 216 n. 3, and 120-32, respectively.
88. Eigen, Witnessing Insanity, esp. 136-60.
89. OBSP, 1859-60, case 169, 4th sess.
90. OBSP, 1871-72, case 117, 3rd sess.
91. OBSP, 1871-72, case 117, 3rd sess., 181.
92. Taylor, Principles and Practice, esp. 1108-20
93. Alexander Morison, Outlines of Lectures of the Nature, Causes and Treatment of Insanity (London, 1848), 447-57.
94. Medical Testimony, 75-90.
95. OBSP, 1849-50, case 1300, 9th sess., 387.
96. OBSP, 1849-50, case 1893, 12th sess.
97. OBSP, 1876-77, case 2310,12th sess.
98. OBSP, 1876-77, case 246,4th sess., 457.
99. OBSP, 1855-56, case 263, 4th sess., 476-77. Chapter 2.
100. The Cardiff and Merthyr Guardian, 28 July 1854, 22
101. The Cardiff, 3).
102. The Silurian; Cardiff, Merthyr, and Brecon Mercury, 29 July 1854, 19, 3.
103. OBSP, 1853-54, case 1122,12th sess., 1561-71.
104. Times of London, 27 October 1854, 9b.
105. OBSP, 1853-54, case 1122,12th sess., 1361.
106. OBSP, 1833, case 815, 4th sess., 402).
107. OBSP, 1853-54, case 1122,12th sess., 1365
108. Times of London, 9c.
109. Richard Moran, "The Origin of Insanity as a Special Verdict: The Trial for Treason of James Hadfield (1800)," Law and Society Review 19 (1985): 487-519.
110. Jacques M. Quen, "James Hadfield and Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity," New York State Journal of Medicine 69 (1969): 1221-26
111. Nigel Walker, Crime and Insanity in England, Vol. 1, The Historical Perspective (Edinburgh, 1968), 74-81.
112. Joel Peter Eigen in The Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, in press).
113. Joel Peter Eigen, Witnessing Insanity: Madness and Mad-Doctors in the English Court (New Haven, 1995), 47-48.
114. James Fitzjames Stephen, A History of the Criminal Law of England, Vol. 2 (London, 1883), 159.
115. OBSP, 1853-54, case 1122,12th sess., 1365-66.
116. OBSP, 1813, case 11, 1st sess., 14).
117. OBSP, 1853-54, case 1122,12th sess., 1366-67.
118. Martin J. Wiener, "Judges v. Jurors: Courtroom Tensions in Murder Trials and the Law of Criminal Responsibility in Nineteenth-Century England," Law and History Review 17 (1999): esp. 481-88.
119. OBSP, 1853-54, case 1122,12th sess., 1369-71.
120. Eigen, Witnessing Insanity, esp. 174-78.
121. Times of London, 27 October 1854, 9c.
122. OBSP, 1859-60, case 120, 2nd sess., 157.
123. Times of London, 15 December 1859, 9c.
124. Wiener, "Judges v. Juries".
125. OBSP, 1854-55, case 464, 6th sess., 654.
126. The Lancet, parts 1 and 2,1 (1855): 518-19, 540-41.
127. Forbes Winslow, The Case of Luigi Buranelli: Medico-Legally Considered (London, 1855).
128. John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690), ed. Peter H. Nidditch (Oxford, 1975), bk. 2, ch. 27, 335-42. Chapter 3.
129. Times of London, 20 August 1847, 6c.
130. OBSP, 1846-47, case 1797,10th sess., 653-82.
131. OBSP, 1846-47, case 1797,10th sess., 660.
132. English Showalter, "Victorian Women and Menstruation," in Martha Vicinus, ed., Suffer and Be Still: Women in the Victorian Age, (Bloomington, 1973): 40.
133. OBSP, 1846-47, case 1797,10th sess., 667-70.
134. OBSP, 1869-70, case 76, 1st sess., 89.
135. OBSP, 1849-50, case 41, 1st sess., 49).
136. Joel Peter Eigen, Witnessing Insanity: Madness and Mad-Doctors in the English Court (New Haven, 1995), esp. 120-30.
137. Knowing Right from Wrong: The Insanity Defense of Daniel McNaughtan (New York, 1981), esp. 168-75.
138. OBSP, 1846-47, case 1797,10th sess., 681-82.
139. "On Pleading the Belly: A History of the Jury of Matrons," Criminal Justice History 6 [1985]: 1-64).
140. Oldham, "On Pleading the Belly," 37-38.
141. Eigen, Witnessing Insanity, 18-23.
142. George Rudé, Criminal and Victim: Crime and Society in Early Nineteenth-Century England (Oxford, 1985), esp. 50-64.
143. Leon Radzinowicz, A History of the English Criminal Law and Its Administration from 1750, Vol. 1, The Movement for Reform (London, 1948), 567-607.
144. Crime and Insanity in England Vol. 1, The Historical Perspective [Edinburgh, 1968], esp. 125-28).
145. Robert Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy (1621), ed. Floy Dell and Paul-John Smith (New York, 1927), 353.
146. Gilbert Geis and Ivan Bunn, A Trial of Witches: A Seventeenth-Century Witchcraft Prosecution (London, 1997)
147. Thomas Rogers Forbes, Surgeons at the Bailey: English Forensic Medicine to 1878 (New Haven, 1985), 168-69.
148. Vieda Skultans, English Madness: Ideas on Insanity, 1580-1890 (London, 1979), 83.
149. Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge, 1990).
150. Joel Peter Eigen, "Criminal Lunacy in Early Modern England: Did Gender Make a Difference?" International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 21 (1998): 409-19.
151. Trial by Medicine: Insanity and Responsibility in Victorian Trials [Edinburgh, 1981], esp. 146-68).
152. Shelley Day, "Puerperal Insanity: The Historical Sociology of a Disease" [Ph.D. diss., Cambridge University, 1985]).
153. Walker, Crime and Insanity, 125-26.
154. George K. Behlmer, "Deadly Motherhood: Infanticide and Medical Opinion in Mid-Victorian England," Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 34 (1979): 403-27.
155. Mark Jackson, "Suspicious Infant Deaths: The Statute of 1624 and Medical Evidence at Coroners' Inquests," in Michael Clark and Catherine Crawford, eds., Legal Medicine in History (Cambridge, 1994), 64-86.
156. Walker, Crime and Insanity, 128.
157. OBSP, 1871-72, case 156,3rd sess., 222.
158. OBSP, 1844-45, case 1180, 7th sess., 165-71.
159. London Medical Gazette, n.s., Vol. 1 (1845): 166-71.
160. OBSP, 1856-57, case 649, 7th sess., 138.
161. The Principles and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence (London, 1865), 1121-23.
162. OBSP, 1869-70, case 36, 1st sess., 35-36.
163. OBSP, 1862-63, case 890, 9th sess., 350-53.
164. OBSP, 1864-65, case 915, 11th sess., 498.
165. OBSP, 1856-57, case 480, 6th sess., 722-23.
166. OBSP, 1855-56, case 386, 5th sess., 689.
167. OBSP, 1870-71, case 579, 10th sess., 350.
168. OBSP, 1843-44, case 1013, 4th sess., 726-30.
169. George K. Behlmer, "Deadly Motherhood," 406.
170. William Burke Ryan, Infanticide: Its Law, Prevalence, Prevention, and History (London, 1862), 45.
171. M. A. Baines, "A Few Thoughts Concerning Infanticide," Journal of Social Science 1 (1865-October 1866): esp. 536.
172. "The Jury of Matrons Revived," London Medical Gazette, or Journal of Practical Medicine, n.s. Vol. 5 (1847): 597-98, 681, 861.
173. Felix Farley's Bristol Journal, ç October, PRO, HO 45/9316/15682).
174. Attorney Collier in his appellate defense to the Court of Crown Cases Reserved, Journal of Psychological Medicine and Mental Pathology 4 [1851], 441-42).
175. "Medical Trials and Inquests: Alleged Death of a Lunatic From Violence in an Asylum-Competency of the Insane to Give Evidence," London Medical Gazette, or Journal of Practical Medicine 12 (1851): 168.
176. "Evidence of a Lunatic Taken in a Case of Manslaughter in a Lunatic Asylum," Journal of Psychological Medicine and Mental Pathology 4 (1851): 279.
177. Adam Crabtree, Multiple Man: Explorations in Possession and Multiple Personality (London, 1988), 353.
178. "Medical Trials and Inquests," 168-69.
179. Times of London, 2 February 1851, 7 f.
180. OBSP, 1850-51, case 651, 4th sess., 626.
181. Dew v. Clark and Clark (1826), 3
182. OBSP, 1850-51, case 651, 4th sess., 628.
183. "Evidence of a Lunatic," 283.
184. Regina v. Samuel Hill (1851), 2
185. "Evidence of a Lunatic," 283.
186. Regina v. Samuel Hill, 258.
187. "Evidence of a Lunatic," 283.
188. OBSP, 1850-51, case 651, 4th sess., 624-33.
189. "Evidence of a Lunatic," 284.
190. "On the Admissibility of the Evidence of a Lunatic in a Court of Justice," Journal of Psychological Medicine and Mental Pathology 6 (1851): 437.
191. Joel Peter Eigen, "Delusion in the Courtroom: The Role of Partial Insanity in Early Forensic Testimony," Medical History 35 (1991): 25-49.
192. Francis Willis's A Treatise on Mental Derangement, most probably the second edition (London, 1843)
193. Dew v. Clark and Clark, 91.
194. State Trials, 27: 1316-17.
195. Franz Anton Mesmer, Mémoire sur la découverte du magnétisme animal, trans. G. Franklin [Mesmerism; Being the First Translation to Appear in English] (London, 1848).
196. Henri F Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry (New York, 1970), esp. 57-81.
197. Alison Winter, Mesmerized: Powers of Mind in Victorian Britain (Chicago, 1998).
198. Ellenberger, Discovery of the Unconscious, 70-71.
199. Magic, Witchcraft, Animal Magnetism, Hypnotism, and Electro-Biology (London, 1852)
200. Observations on Trance: Or Human Hybernation (London, 1850).
201. Winter, Mesmerized, 185
202. Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory (Princeton, 1995), esp. 144, 148-49.
203. Crabtree, Multiple Man, 350.
204. From Mesmer to Freud: Magnetic Sleep and the Roots of Psychological Healing (New Haven, 1993).
205. L. W. Belden, Somnambulism: The Extraordinary Case of Jane C. Rider, the Springfield Somnambulist [London, 1834], 10).
206. Legrand du Saulle, "Le somnambulisme naturel: discussion médico-légale sur le crime et le suicide accomplis pendant le sommeil somnambulique," Annales Médico-Psychologiques (Paris, 1863)
207. Robert MacNish, The Philosophy of Sleep (Glasgow, 1830)
208. Henry Maudsley, Responsibility in Mental Disease (London, 1876).
209. Crabtree, Multiple Man, 97, 354.
210. "On the Admissibility," 446-47.
211. Medical Jurisprudence as It Relates to Insanity According to the Law of England [London, 1817], 15-19).
212. "Plea of Insanity," Association Medical Journal: Edited for the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association [London, 1854], 880).
213. "On the Admissibility," 447.
214. The Prosecution of a Medical Superintendent for Manslaughter," The Asylum Journal of Mental Science 2 (1856): 517-23
215. "Conviction of Two Attendants at a Lunatic Asylum for the Manslaughter of a Lunatic," London Medical Gazette, or Journal of Practical Medicine 4 (1847): 919-20.
216. OBSP 1850-51, case 1071, 7th sess., 21.
217. Arsenic. Symptoms of Acute Poisoning," The Principles and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence (London, 1865), 196-97.
218. OBSP, 1847-48, case 290, 2nd sess., 280-94.
219. The Plea of Insanity-Case of the Boy Allnutt," London Medical Gazette, or Journal of Practical Medicine n.s., Vol. 6 (1848): 475-77
220. Journal of Psychological Medicine and Mental Pathology (1848): 193-219
221. Times of London, 26 November 1847, 3a, 16 December 1847, 7f, 8a and b.
222. A Review of the Doctrine of a Vital Principle as Maintained by Some Writers on Phrenology: With Observations on Physical and Animal Life [London, 1829], 176).
223. A Treatise on Insanity and Other Disorders Affecting the Mind (London, 1835)
224. On the Different Forms of Insanity in Relation to Jurisprudence, Designed for the Use of Persons Concerned in Legal Questions Regarding Unsoundness of Mind (London, 1842).
225. OBSP 1840, case 1877, 9th sess., 506.
226. Thomas Mayo, Medical Testimony and Evidence in Cases of Lunacy; Being the Croonian Lectures (London, 1854), 82.
227. The Lancet, 2 (3 August 1850): 490-91.
228. OBSP, 1847-48, case 290, 2nd sess., 286.
229. A. L. Wigan, "A Few More Words on the Duality of Mind and on Some of Its Corollaries" [London, 1847], 11).
230. Times of London, 26 November, 1850, 3a and b.
231. OBSP, 1847-48, case 290, 2nd sess., 288.
232. OBSP, 1847-48, case 290, 2nd sess., 291-92.
233. James Fitzjames Stephen, A General View of the Criminal Law of England (London, 1863), 95.
234. Stephen's strong endorsement that such impulses may occur is cited two years later by Alfred Swaine Taylor, in The Principles and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence (London, 1865), 1102.
235. Jean-Etienne-Dominique Esquirol's Mental Maladies: A Treatise on Insanity, trans. E. K. Hunt (Philadelphia, 1845)
236. Etienne-Jean Georget's De la folie: considérations sur cette maladie (Paris, 1820)
237. Discussion médico-légale sur la folie ou aliénation mentale: suivie de l'examen du procès criminel d'Henriette Cornier et de plusieurs autres procès (Paris, 1826).
238. Georget, De la folie, 88.
239. Jan Goldstein, Console and Classify: The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nine-teenth Century (Cambridge, 1987).
240. Review of Elias Regnault, Degré de compétence," Annales d'hygiène publique et de médecine légale 1 (1829)
241. Charles-Chrétien-Henri Marc: Annales d'hygiène publique et de médecine légale 10 (1833): 357-474
242. De la folie, considérée avec les questions médico-judiciares, pt. 1 (Paris, 1840).
243. Goldstein, Console and Classify, 155-89.
244. Joel Peter Eigen, "A Mania for Diagnosis: Unraveling the Aims of Nineteenth-Century French Psychiatrists," Journal of the History of the Human Sciences 2 (1989): 41-51.
245. OBSP, 1847-48, case 290, 2nd sess., 293-94.
246. Eugen Bleuler, Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias, trans. Joseph Zinkin (New York, 1950), esp. 7-9.
247. Ian Hacking, Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory (Princeton, 1995), 128-34.
248. "Baron Rolfe's charge," 193.
249. Times of London, 16 December 1847, 9b.
250. "Baron Rolfe's charge," 215.
251. Times of London, 16 December 1847, 9b.
252. Baron Rolfe's charge," 212-15.
253. OBSP, 1850-51, case 1502, 9th sess., 368-69.
254. Hard Cash, by Charles Reade (London, 1864).
255. "A Victorian Alienist: John Conolly, FRCP, DCL [1794-1866]," in W. F. Bynum, Roy Porter, and Michael Shepherd, eds., The Anatomy of Madness: Essays in the History of Psychiatry, Vol. 1, People and Ideas [Tavistock, 1985]: 103-50).
256. I Answer as a Physician: Opinion as Fact in Pre-McNaughtan Insanity Trials," in Michael Clark and Catherine Crawford, eds., Legal Medicine in History (Cambridge, 1994), 167-99.
257. OBSP 1850-51, case 1502, 9th sess., 370-71.
258. Times of London, 12 July 1851, 7 f.
259. OBSP, 1861-62, case 745, 9th sess., 300-313.
260. Times of London, 10 July 1862, 12b.
261. Caleb Williams, M.D., Observations on the Criminal Responsibility of the Insane. Founded upon the Trials of James Hill and William Dove (London, 1856).
262. James Fitzjames Stephen, "The Case of William Dove," in A General View of the Criminal Law of England (London, 1863), 391-402
263. J. C. B. [presumably J. C. Bucknill], "Plea of Insanity-The Trial of William Dove," Asylum Journal of Mental Science 3 (1857): 125-34.
264. Williams, Observations on Criminal Responsibility, cxiii. Chapter 6.
265. The Principles and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence (London, 1865), 1131
266. William Mawdesley Best, A Treatise on the Presumptions of Law and Fact with the Theory and Rules of Presumptive and Circumstantial Proof in Criminal Cases (London, 1844), 282.
267. Taylor, Principles and Practice, and also his A Manual of Medical Jurisprudence (London, 1844), 657-58
268. Alexander Morison, Outlines of Lectures on the Nature, Causes and Treatment of Insanity (London, 1848), 439-42
269. James Cowles Prichard, Somnambulism and Animal Magnetism (London, 1834)
270. J. C. Bucknill and D. Tuke, A Manual of Psychological Medicine (London, 1862), 213-14.
271. Nigel Walker, Crime and Insanity in England, Vol. 1, The Historical Perspective (Edinburgh, 1968), 167.
272. OBSP 1852-53, case 725, 8th sess., 215.
273. Times of London, 17 June 1853, 7b and c.
274. Prichard, Somnambulism, 2.
275. Henry Maudsley, "States of Unconsciousness," Journal of Psychological Medicine and Mental Pathology, n.s., Vol. 3, pt. 2 (1877): 189.
276. Prichard, Somnambulism, 8.
277. James Fitzjames Stephen, A General View of the Criminal Law of England (London, 1863), 79.
278. Alexander Morison, Outlines of Lectures on the Nature, Causes, and Treatment of Insanity [London, 1848], 439-40).
279. Du sommeil et des états analogues: considérés surtout au point de vue de l'action du moral sur le physique [Paris, 1866], 523).
280. Regina v. Jackson (1847), Liverpool Autumn Assizes.
281. Taylor, Principles and Practice, 1131-32.
282. William B. Carpenter, The Doctrine of Human Automatism: A Lecture Delivered before the Sunday Lecture Society, 7 March 1875 (London, 1875), 23.
283. Elizabeth Carr, OBSP, 1875-76, case 413, 11th sess.
284. An Essay on Hysteria, Being an Analysis of Its Irregular and Aggravated Forms: Including Hysterical Hemorrhage, and Hysterical Ischuria [Philadelphia, 1840], 171).
285. Laycocks "Reflex, Automatic, and Unconscious Cerebration: A History and a Criticism", Journal of Mental Science 21 (1876): 477-98.
286. Taylor, Principles and Practice, 1132.
287. Taylor, A Manual, 657.
288. Times of London, 5 January 1859, 11d
289. Regina v. Hodges [1838], 8 Carrington and Payne 195).
290. Walker, Crime and Insanity, 168-69.
291. J. C. Bucknill and David Tuke, A Manual of Psychological Medicine (London, 1862), 213-14.
292. Outlines of Lectures, 439-42.
293. Responsibility in Mental Disease (London, 1876), 249-53.
294. HM Adv. v. Fraser (1878), 4 Couper 78: pp. 70-78.
295. Homicide by a Somnambulist," Journal of Mental Science 24 (1878): 451-58.
296. HM Adv. v. Fraser, 73-75.
297. Walker, Crime and Insanity, 169-70.
298. Joel Peter Eigen, Witnessing Insanity: Madness and Mad-Doctors in the English Court (New Haven, 1995), 21-22.
299. Yellowlees, "Homicide," 458.
300. Prichard, Somnambulism, 18.
301. OBSP, 1844-45, case 1061,7th sess.)
302. OBSP, 1847-48, case 948)
303. OBSP, 1849-50, case 1645, 11th sess.).
304. OBSP, 1849-50, case 1893, 12th sess.)
305. OBSP, 1874-75, case 93, 2nd sess.).
306. OBSP, 1859-60, case 893, 12th sess.
307. "States of Unconsciousness," 198).
308. Stephen, General View, 78.
309. "De l'état mental des épileptiques," Archives Générales de Médecine 16, Vol. 2, 5th series (1860), esp. 428-30.
310. Lectures on Clinical Medicine, delivered at the Hôtel-Dieu, Paris, trans. P. Victor Bazire [London, 1867]).
311. Mental Pathology and Therapeutics, trans. C. Lockhart Robertson and James Rutherford [London, 1867], 77).
312. "De l'état mental," 18, Vol, Vol. 2, 5th series [1861], 436).
313. Joel Peter Eigen, "Delusion in the Courtroom: The Role of Partial Insanity in Early Forensic Testimony," Medical History 35 (1991): 25-49.
314. W. A. F. Browne, Epileptics: Their Mental Condition (London, 1865)
315. Louis-Jean-François Delasiauve, Traité de l'épilepsie: histoire, traitement, médecine légale (Paris, 1854)
316. Jean-Etienne-Dominique Esquirol, Des maladies mentales, considérées sous les rapports medical, hygénique, et médico-légale (Brussels, 1833)
317. Edward H Sieveking, Analysis of Fifty-two Cases of Epilepsy Observed by the Author (London, 1857)
318. M. Gonzalez Echeverria, On Epilepsy: Anatomo-Pathological and Clinical Notes (New York, 1870)
319. "On the Relation of Epilepsy to Criminal Responsibility," Journal of Mental Science 23 (1877): 141-47
320. G. E. Berrios: "Epilepsy and Insanity during the Early Nineteenth Century: A Conceptual History," Archives of Neurology 41 (1984): 978-81
321. "Insanity and Epilepsy in the Nineteenth Century," in Martin Roth and Valerie Cowie, eds., Psychiatry, Genetics and Pathography (London, 1979), 161-71.
322. Falret, "De l'état mental," Trousseau, Lectures on Clinical Medicine
323. Esquirol, Des maladies mentales.
324. Epileptics: Their Mental Condition [London, 1865], 14-15).
325. Falret, quoted in Browne, Epileptics, 14.
326. Trousseau, Lectures on Clinical Medicine, 56.
327. Carpenter, Doctrine, 25.
328. Gonzalez Echeverria, On Epilepsy, 368-69.
329. Lectures on Criminal Medicine, esp. 51-71.
330. OBSP, 1875-76, case 413, 11th sess., 495.
331. Daily Telegraph, 21 September 1876, 2).
332. OBSP, 1876-77, case 246, 4th sess., 435-38.
333. Times of London, 9 February 1877, 5f.
334. Browne, Epileptics, 7-8. Conclusion
335. Ian Hacking, Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory (Princeton, 1995), 174.
336. Joel Peter Eigen, Witnessing Insanity: Madness and Mad-Doctors in the English Court (New Haven, 1995), esp. 106-7.
337. Hacking, Rewriting the Soul, 149.
338. OBSP, 1875-76, case 400, 8th sess., 154.
339. Eigen, Witnessing Insanity, 161-81.
340. J. M. Beattie, "Scales of Justice: Defense Counsel and the English Criminal Trial in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," Law and History Review 9 (1991), esp. 236-44.
341. John Haslam, Medical Jurisprudence as It Relates to Insanity According to the Law of England [London, 1817], 4).
342. George Edward Male, Elements of Juridical or Forensic Medicine: For the Use of Medical Men, Coroners, and Barristers (London, 1818).
343. Control and Classify: The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, 1987).
344. Carol A. G. Jones, Expert Witnesses: Science, Medicine, and the Practice of Law (Oxford, 1994).
345. Robert K. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure (New York, 1968), 73-138.
346. Leon Radzinowicz, A History of the English Criminal Law and Its Administration from 1750, Vol. 1, The Movement for Reform (London, 1948).
347. Advocacy and the Making of the Criminal Trial, 1800-1865 (Oxford, 1998), esp. 5-15.
348. Thomas Andrew Green, Verdict According to Conscience: Perspectives on the English Criminal Trial, 1200-1800 (Chicago, 1985), esp. 378-83.
349. Peter King, Crime, Justice and Discretion in England, 1740-1820 (Oxford, 2000), esp. 238-46
350. J. M. Beattie, Crime and the Courts in England, 1660-1800 (Oxford, 1986).
351. Cairns, Advocacy, esp. 56-60.
352. Beattie, Scales of Justice, 236).
353. Barbara J. Shapiro, "'To a Moral Certainty': Theories of Knowledge and Anglo-American Juries, 1600-1850," Hastings Law Journal 38 (1986): 153-93.
354. John H. Langbein, "Historical Foundations of the Law of Evidence: A View from the Ryder Sources," Columbia Law Review 96 (1996): 1168-1202.
355. John H. Langbein, "The Criminal Trial before the Lawyers," University of Chicago Law Review 45 (winter 1978): 263-316
356. "Shaping the Eighteenth-Century Criminal Trial: A View from the Ryder Sources," University of Chicago Law Review 50 (winter 1983): 1-136
357. Cairns, Advocacy, esp. 43-53.
358. Beattie, Scales of Justice
359. Langbein, Historical Foundations.
360. Nigel Walker, Crime and Insanity in England, Vol. 1, The Historical Perspective (Edinburgh, 1968), 74-81.
361. Martin J. Wiener, Reconstructing the Criminal: Culture, Law, and Policy in England, 1830-1914 (Cambridge, Mass., 1990)
362. Bruce Haley, The Healthy Body and Victorian Culture (Cambridge, 1978)
363. Roger Smith, Trial by Medicine: Insanity and Responsibility in Victorian Trials (Edinburgh, 1981).
364. Martin Wiener, "Judges v. Jurors: Courtroom Tensions in Murder Trials and the Law of Criminal Responsibility in Nineteenth-Century England," Law and History Review 17 (1999): 467-506
365. "The Sad Story of George Hall: Adultery, Murder, and the Politics of Mercy in Mid-Victorian England," Social History 24 (1999): 174-95.
366. Bernard Brown, "The 'Ordinary Man' in Provocation: Anglo-Saxon Attitudes and 'Unreasonable Non-Englishmen,'" International and Comparative Law Quarterly 13 (1964): 203-35.
367. Bureaucratic Mercy: The Home Office and the Treatment of Capital Cases in Victorian Britain [New York, 1992]).
368. Wiener, "Judges v. Jurors," esp. 497-505.
369. Lawrence Rosen, "Intentionality and the Concept of the Person," in J. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman, eds., Criminal Justice, Nomos 27 (New York, 1985), 52-77.
370. John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690), ed. Peter H. Nidditch (Oxford, 1975), bk 2, ch. 27.
371. Nigel Walker's discussion of Locke's ideas on questions of criminal responsibility, Aggravation, Mitigation, and Mercy in Criminal Justice (Oxford, 1979), 208-9.
372. Mary Douglas, "The Person in an Enterprise Culture," in Shaun Hargreaves Heap and Angus Ross eds., Understanding the Enterprise Culture: Themes in the Work of Mary Douglas (Edinburgh, 1992), 41-62.
373. J. Crichton Browne, "Personal Identity and Its Morbid Modifications," Journal of Mental Science 8 (1863): 395.
374. Samuel L. Mitchill, "A Double Consciousness, or a Duality of Person in the same Individual: From a Communication of Dr. Mitchill to the Reverend Dr. Nott, President of Union College. Dated January 16,1816," in The Medical Repository of Original Essays and Intelligence Relative to Physic, Surgeons, Chemistry, and Natural History, etc., n.s., Vol. 3 (18th from the beginning) (New York, 1817), 186 (emphasis in the original).
375. Traité du somnambulisme et des différentes modifications qu'il présente (Paris, 1823), 97-109.
376. William Hamilton, Lectures on Metaphysics and Logic, ed. H. L. and John Veitch (Edinburgh, 1859), 347-48.
377. OBSP, 1846-47, case 430, 3rd sess.
378. OBSP, 1864-65, case 667, 9th sess.
379. OBSP, 1845-46, case 1445, 9th sess.
380. OBSP, 1849-50, case 189, 3rd sess.
381. OBSP, 1847-48, case 2310,12th sess.
382. OBSP, 1856-57, case 649, 7th sess.
383. OBSP, 1871-72, case 117, 3rd sess.
384. OBSP, 1872-73, case 516, 10th sess.
385. Locke, An Essay, 353.
386. Hacking, Rewriting the Soul, 128.
387. Epilepsy and Insanity during the Early 19th Century: A Conceptual History," Archives of Neurology 41 (1984): 978-81
388. M. Gili, "Will and Its Disorders: A Conceptual History," History of Psychiatry 6 (1995): 87-104.
389. Elizabeth F. Loftus, "The Reality of Repressed Memories," American Psychologist 48 (1993): 518-37.
390. Frederick Crews in "The Revenge of the Repressed," New York Review of Books, pt. 1: 17 November 1994, 54-60; pt. 2: 2 December 1994, 49-58.
391. Elyn R. Saks, with Stephen H. Behnke, Jekyll on Trial: Multiple Personality Disorder and Criminal Law (New York, 1997)
392. Ralph B Allison, "Difficulties Diagnosing the Multiple Personality Syndrome in a Death Penalty Case," International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 32 (1984): 102-17
393. Alfred P. French and Bryan R. Shechmeister, "The Multiple Personality Syndrome and Criminal Defense," Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law 11 (1983): 17-25
394. Paul S. Applebaum and Alexander Greer, "Who's on Trial? Multiple Personalities and the Insanity Defense," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 45 (1994): 965-66
395. Elyn R Saks, "Does Multiple Personality Disorder Exist? The Beliefs, the Data, and the Law," International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 17 (1994): 43-78
396. Irwin N Perr, "Crime and Multiple Personality Disorder: A Case History and Discussion," Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 19 (1991): 203-14
397. Stanley Abrams, "The Multiple Personality: A Legal Defense," American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 25 (1983): 225-31
398. Martin T. Orne, David F. Dinges, and Emily Carota Orne, "On the Differential Diagnosis of Multiple Personality in the Forensic Context," International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 32 (1984): 118-69.
399. Rewriting the Soul, esp. 39-68, 113-27.
400. Hollida Wakefield and Ralph Underwager, "Recovered Memories of Alleged Sexual Abuse: Lawsuits Against Parents," Behavioral Sciences and the Law 10 (1992): 483-507.
401. Divided Minds and Successive Selves: Ethical Issues in Disorders of Identity and Personality (Cambridge, Mass., 1996), esp. 34-107.
402. United States v. Denny-Shaffer, 2 F 3 d 999 (10th In Cir 1993)
403. State v. Grimsley, 444 NE2d 1071 (Ohio Ct App 1982)
404. Commonwealth v. Roman, 606 NE2d 1333 (Mass 1993)
405. State v. Milligan, 530 NE2d 965 (Ohio Ct App 1988).
406. Allison, "Difficulties Diagnosing," 102-17.
407. John G. Watkins, "The Bianchi (L.A. Hillside Strangler) Case: Sociopath or Multiple Personality?" International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 32 (1984): 67-101.
408. Daniel Keyes, The Minds of Billy Milligan (New York, 1981).
409. State v. Grimsley, 444 NE2d 1071 (Ohio Ct App 1982).
410. Kirkland v. State, 304 SE2d 561 (Ga Ct App 1983).
411. Applebaum and Greer, "Who's on Trial," 966.
412. People v. Newton, 3 3d 357, 377 (Cal App 1960).
413. Assessing the Criminal Responsibility of Individuals with Multiple Personality Disorder: Legal Cases, Legal Theory," Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law 25 (1997): 392.
414. J. W. C. Turner, "The Mental Element in Crimes at Common Law," in P. H. Winfield, ed., The Modern Approach to Criminal Law, Collected Essays (London, 1945), 195-261.
415. Dorothy Otnow Lewis and Jennifer S. Bard, "Multiple Personality and Forensic Issues," Psychiatric Clinics of North America 14 (1991): 741-56
416. French and Shechmeister, "Multiple Personality Syndrome," 20.
417. Eugène Azam, "La double conscience," Revue scientifique, 2nd series, 8 (1878): 185-86.
418. Hypnotisme, double conscience, et altérations de la personnalité (Paris, 1887).
419. Jill O. Radwin, "The Multiple Personality Disorder: Has This Trendy Alibi Lost Its Way?" Law and Psychology Review 15 (1991): 367-69.
420. French and Shechmeister, "Multiple Personality Syndrome," 22.
421. Behnke, "Assessing the Criminal Responsibility," 393-94.
422. Behnke, "Assessing the Criminal Responsibility," 394-96.
423. OBSP, 1800-1801, case 446, 5th sess., 319-20.
424. Radwin, "Multiple Personality Disorder," 355.
425. Seymour Halleck, "Dissociative Phenomena and the Question of Responsibility," International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 38 (1990): 307.
426. Multiple Personality," 746.
427. Rewriting the Soul, 173).
428. "Dissociative Phenomena," 300-303).
429. "Divided Memories," Frontline, Documentary Consortium of Public Television Stations, 1992).
430. Ian Hacking, "Double Consciousness in Britain, 1815-1875," Dissociation 4 (1991): 136.