Slavery at the end of the Ch'ing dynasty

Essays on China's Legal Tradition

Volumn , Issue , 2017, Pages 327-358

  Meijer, Marinus J ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84906165819     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (150)

1. Hou Han Shu [History of the Later Han Dyansty] edict of Kuang Wu Ti, annals, Chien-wu, 11th year. Also quoted by Shen Chia-pen, Commissioner for the Revision of the Laws, 1902–1910, in his Hsing-fafen-kK'ao [Detailed examination of the Criminal Law].
2. In Shen Chi-i hsien-sheng i-shu [Bequeathed Writings of Shen Chi-i], reprinted in Taipei, 1964, p. 173. Hereinafter cited as Shen Chia-pen.
3. cf. Arthur W. Hummel, Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1943–1944. Reprinted Taipei, 1964), p. 471.
4. Ch'ing-ch'ao hsii wen-hsien t'ung-k'ao [Compendium of Historical Records of the Ch'ing Dynasty, Supplement] (Wan-yu wen-k'u ed.), p. 7782.
5. cf. E. G. PuUeyblank, “The Origins and Nature of Chattel Slavery in China,” Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient (1958), pp. 184–220.
6. Cf. Martin Wilbur, Slavery in China during the Former Han Dynasty (Field Museum Press, 1943).
7. H. J. Nieboer, Slavery as an Industrial System (The Hague, 1912), p. 9.
8. H. J. Nieboer, Slavery as an Industrial System (The Hague, 1912), p. 10.
9. H. J. Nieboer, Slavery as an Industrial System (The Hague, 1912), p. 10.
10. H. J. Nieboer, Slavery as an Industrial System (The Hague, 1912), p. 29.
11. H. J. Nieboer, Slavery as an Industrial System The Hague, 1912p. 30.
12. Ta Ch'ing lii-li hui-t'ung hsin-tsuan [Comprehensive New Edition of the Great Ch'ing Code] (Taiwan ed., 1964), Vol. 4, pp. 2224–2226 and 2228–2231.
13. Hsiieh Υϋη-sheng's Tu-Ii ts'un-i [Concentration on Doubtful Matters while Perusing the Substatutes] (Peking, 1905), sections 275:5–275:9.
14. Derk Bodde and Clarence Morris, Law in Imperial China (Cambridge, Mass., 1967). In the appendixes I have left these terms untranslated.
15. Code, Vol. 3, p. 1867
16. cf. Guy Boulais, Manuel du code chinois (Shanghai, 1924), p. 1024.
17. cf. P.L.F. Philastre, Le Code annamite (Paris, 1909), Vol. 2, pp. 13–14.
18. Code, Vol. 3, p. 1872.
19. Code, Vol. 3, p. 1877.
20. Ts'ai-sheng che-kejen, Code, Vol. 4, p. 2479.
21. tsao hsii ku-tu sha-jen, Code, Vol. 4, p. 2489.
22. chien-tang, Code, Vol. 1, p. 747.
23. T'ang-lit shu-i [T'ang Code with Commentary] (Kuang-hsu ed., 1890), chap. 17.
24. Ta Ch'ing hui-tien shih-li [Collected Statutes of the Ch'ing Dynasty with Precedents] (Kuang-hsu ed., reprinted in Taiwan, 1963), chap. 728, p. 1448 (hereinafter cited as HTSL).
25. T'ung-k'ao (Wan-yu wen-k'u ed.), p. 6678.
26. Code, Vol. 1, p. 295 and 304.
27. TLTI, sections 15 and 15:1. 15.
28. Code, Vol. 3, p. 1867.
29. Code, Vol. 2, pp. 850–851.
30. TLTI, section 76:25.
31. Code, Vol. 1, p. 297.
32. TLTI, section 15:4.
33. Code, Vol. 1, p. 295.
34. Code, Vol. 1, p. 301.
35. TLTI, section 15:7.
36. Ta Ch'ing Kuang-hsu hsinfa-ling, Vol. 15, pp. 1–6.
37. Ta Ch'ing Kuang-hsu hsinfa-ling, Vol. 15, pp. 1–6.
38. TLTI, section 314:3.
39. Philastre is of the opinion that red contracts were only used for the sale of government slaves (Le Code annamite, Vol. 2, p. 325). From the text quoted and from Appendix 10.1 it appears that in China they could be used for the sale of private slaves as well.
40. Cf. Pierre Hoang, Melanges sur !'administration (Shanghai, 1902), p. 116.
41. Code, Vol. 2, p. 847.
42. Code, Vol. 4, p. 2735.
43. Niida Noboru, Chugoku Hoseishi Kenkyu.
44. Tochihd, Torihikihd [A Study of Chinese Legal History — Law of Land and Law of Transactions] (Tokyo, 1960), p. 379.
45. Code, Vol. 4, pp. 2737–2739.
46. TLTI, section 314:4.
47. This fact was noted in an approved memorial from a censor, submitted to the Wan-li emperor; the rule was also there laid down that slaves of commoners were to be considered commoners or hired laborers.
48. nd ed.), Taipei, 1965, p. 577.
49. Ming-lii chi-chiehfu-li (Taiwan reprint of 1908) pp. 554 and 557 as compared with Code, Vol. 2, p. 876.
50. Code, Vol. 3, p. 2213 and 2231; Boulais, sections 1178 and 1186.
51. Code, Vol. 3, p. 2214.
52. Code, Vol. 3, pp. 2214–2215.
53. Code, Vol. 1, p. 221; Boulais, section 1182: namely, for sale without consent, 80 blows of the heavy bamboo and two years of penal servitude; and with consent, one degree less.
54. Code, Vol. 4, p. 3198.
55. Code, Vol. 3, p. 2219.
56. Philastre, Vol. 2, p. 115.
57. Code, Vol. 2, p. 1021.
58. Code, Vol. 2, pp. 1023–1024.
59. Code, Vol. 3, p. 2313.
60. The Code mentions slaves who had sold only themselves (tan-shen) in contrast to those who came with their wives and children Code, Vol. 2, p. 845.
61. TLTI, section 76:2.
62. Code, Vol. 2, p. 1081.
63. Code, Vol. 4, p. 2736.
64. Code, Vol. 2, p. 858.
65. cf. Ch'ii T'ung-tsu, Law and Society in Traditional China (Paris and The Hague, 1961), pp. 131–132n.
66. Hsing-an hui-lan [Conspectus of Penal Cases], (T'u-shu chi-ch'eng chii, Shanghai, 1886; reprinted Taipei, 1968), Vol. 6, p. 2457 (hereinafter cited as HAHL).
67. Max Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, p. 431, 98.
68. Cf. Also E. H. Parker, China (New York, 1901), p. 286.
69. Code, Vol. 4, p. 2738
70. Code, Vol. 2, p. 1095.
71. Code, Vol. 4, p. 3251.
72. For example, Hsueh Yiin-sheng noted “even though a slave's wife is a low person, she nevertheless has a reputation to lose” (TLTl, section 370:1). (Code, Vol. 4, p. 2739).
73. Code, Vol. 2, p. 922.
74. Code, Vol. 4, p. 2746.
75. Code, Vol. 4, p. 730.
76. Code, Vol. 4, pp. 2729–2730; Boulais, sections 1390 and 1391. Note the discussion in the section on private slavery earlier in this chapter.
77. Code, Vol. 4, p. 2279.
78. Philastre, Vol. 2, p. 315.
79. Code, Vol. 3, p. 2451.
80. Code, Vol. 4, p. 2742.
81. In fact the group enjoymg this authority included all persons for whom the master had to observe mourning of the first and second degrees (Code, Vol. 4, p. 2727 and passim through the section on “Slaves beating their Masters”).
82. Concubines who had borne children received a lighter punishment than those who had not. Code, Vol. 4, p. 2747; HTSL, p. 15274.
83. In Re Hsu Erh-chieh, HAHL, Vol. 6, pp. 2459–2460 (chap. 39, p. 7a-7b). The woman was sentenced to immediate strangulation.
84. E. Alabaster, Notes and Commentaries on Chinese Criminal Law (London, 1899), p. 33.
85. Code, Vol. 4, p. 2709
86. Code, Vol. 3, p. 2092.
87. Code, Vol. 4, p. 2723.
88. Code, Vol. 2, p. 1067.
89. Code, Vol. 3, p. 2372, and Vol. 4, p. 2727.
90. Code, Vol. 4, pp. 2735 and 2539;
91. Code, Vol. 4, p. 2727.
92. Code, Vol. 4, p. 2881.
93. Code, Vol. 4, p. 3249; section 1608.
94. Code, Vol. 4, p. 3251; section 1611.
95. Alabaster, Notes and Commentaries, pp. 207–215;
96. Ch'ii T'ung-tsu, Law and Society, pp. 188 ff.
97. Tom Pippon, Beitrag zum Chinesischen Sklavensystem (Tokyo, 1936), pp. 52 ff.
98. Code, Vol. 2, p. 921.
99. Cf. below, the eleventh recommendation of Shen Chia-pen.
100. Code, Vol. 4, p. 2743.
101. Pippon, Beitrag, p. 75. Pippon's work is based on Wang Shih-chieh, “Chung-kuo nu-pi chih-tu” [The Legal Existence of Slavery in the History of Chma], She-hui kO-hsiieh chi-k'an, Vol. 3 (1925), pp. 303–328.
102. Tu Ch'ing Shih-tsung huang-ti shih-lu [Veritable Records of the Emperor Shih-tsung of the Great Ch'ing dynasty], Vol. 2, pp. 768–769. (Collected in the Ta Ch'ing li-ch'ao shih-lu [Veritable Records of Successive Reigns of the Great Ch'ing Dynasty], reprinted Taipei, 1964.).
103. Code, Vol. 4, p. 2719, especially the general commentary on p. 2721.
104. Philastre, Vol. 2, p. 382.
105. Niida Noboru, Shina Mihunhoshi [History of the Law of Status in China] (Tokyo, 1943), p. 919.
106. Code, Vol. 2, p. 854.
107. TLTI, section 76.16.
108. Code, Vol. 2, p. 854.
109. TLTI, sections 76:2 and 76:5.
110. Code, Vol. 2, pp. 844–845.
111. Code, Vol. 2, pp. 845–846.
112. TLTI, section 76:3.
113. Code, Vol. 2, pp. 844–845.
114. Code, Vol. 2, pp. 854–855.
115. TLTI, sections 76:2 and 76:16.
116. Code, Vol. 2, pp. 847, 845.
117. Code, Vol. 2, p. 854.
118. Edict of 1783, mentioned by Hsdeh Υϋη-sheng in comment to TLTI, section 76:5.
119. Code, Vol. 2, p. 846.
120. Code, Vol. 2, p. 846.
121. Code, Vol. 2, p. 853.
122. Code, Vol. 2, p. 853.
123. Niida, Mibunhoshi, p. 893.
124. Tu Ch'ing Shih-tsung huang-ti shih-lu [Veritable Records of the Emperor Shih-tsung of the Great Ch'ing dynasty], Vol. 2, pp. 768–769.
125. cf. Immanuel Hsu, The Rise of Modern China (Oxford, 1970), p. 489.
126. Brunnert and Hagelstrom, Present Day Political Organization in China (Shanghai, 1912), p. 140.
127. cf. Immanuel Hsu, The Rise of Modern China (Oxford, 1970), p. 489.
128. Brunnert and Hagelstrom, Present Day Political Organization in China (Shanghai, 1912), pp. 887–889.
129. Code, Vol. 4, pp. 2737–2739.
130. TLTI, section 314:4.
131. M. J. Meijer, The Introduction of Modern Criminal Law in China (Batavia, 1949), pp. 22–24.
132. For a list of “mean” people cf. Hoang, pp. 120–124.
133. Cf. Ta Ch'ing Hsiian-t'ung hsin-faling [New Laws and Ordinances of the Hsiian-t'ung Period of the Great Ch'ing Dynasty], 12:22a.
134. Established in 1907, cf. Brunnert and Hagelstrom, p. 47.
135. An approximation may be made for early January 1910, when the Constitution Committee said it had already discussed it. See Ta Ch'ing hsien-hsing hsing lii [The Criminal Law of the Great Ch'ing Dynasty Currently in Force] (Fang chu chen Co., 1910), n.p., chap, tsou-shu memorials, p. 13a.
136. cf. Jonathan Spence, Ts'ao Yin and the K'ang-hsi Emperor, Bondservant and Master (New Haven, 1966), pp. 2–18.
137. For thepu-ch'ii cf. Wang Yi-t'ung, “Slaves and other Comparable Social Groups in the Northern Dynasties (386–618),” HJAS, Vol. 16 (1953), pp. 314f.
138. Niida, Mibunhoshi, pp. 859ff.
139. Ta Ch'ing Hsiian-t'ung hsinfa-ling, 12:22a–24a.
140. HAHL, Vol. 6, pp. 2457–2459 (39:6a-7a)
141. Code, Vol. 4, p. 2730.
142. HAHL, Vol. 2, pp. 745–746 (9:17a–b).
143. Code, Vol. 2, pp. 1064–1065.
144. Code, Vol. 2, pp. 1064–1065.
145. Hsing-pu tsou-ting chang-ch'eng [Regulations Established Through Memorials of the Board of Punishments], Kwangsi, section l:76a-80b.
146. Code, Vol. 1, p. 277.
147. Code, Vol. l, p. 389.
148. Code, Vol. 1, p. 483.
149. Code, Vol. 4, p. 2740.
150. TLTI, section 314:7.