Energy security and democracy promotion in the Middle East: A Bush-Obama continuum?

American Democracy Promotion in the Changing Middle East: From Bush to Obama

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 82-100

  Piggott, Leanne ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84906159286     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203074916     Document Type: Chapter

References (40)

1. The White House, 'Remarks by the President on the Middle East and North Africa,' Washington: The United States Department, 19 May 2011 .
2. The White House, 'Remarks by the President on the Middle East and North Africa'.
3. The White House, 'Remarks by the President on the Middle East and North Africa'.
4. This means the amount of energy required to generate the country's economic output.
5. T. Houser and S. Mohan, 'America's Energy Security Options', Policy Brief PB11-10, Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2 June 2011.
6. For a history of the oil industry see D. Yergin, The Prize: the Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power, New York: Free Press, 2008.
7. In 2011 the US was ranked the third largest producer after Saudi Arabia and Russia.
8. The percentage of net imports to domestic consumption reached a peak of 60 percent in 2005. For a complete data set see .
9. BP, Statistical Review of World Energy 2011, June 2011, pp. 9, 18.
10. Energy Information Administration, 'Energy Use for Transportation', Washington: US Energy Information Administration .
11. Hamilton's foundational paper was published in 1983 and his most recent in 2011 as recorded in the footnote above.
12. J.D. Hamilton, 'Historical Oil Shocks', University of California San Diego Working Paper, 2011.
13. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2011, 2011
14. Energy Information Administration, 'Over 90% of Syrian crude oil exports go to European countries',Washington: US Energy Information Administration
15. BP, BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2011, pp. 6, 8.
16. For a good assessment of the impact that state owned oil companies have had on the global oil market see R. Pirog, The Role of National Oil Companies in the International Market, CRS Report for Congress RL34137, Washington: Congressional Research Service, 2007.
17. J. Carter, 'State of the Union Address', 23 January 1980,
18. Formed in May 1981, the GCC is a political and economic union of the Arab littoral states of Arabian/Persian Gulf: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.
19. N.J. Brown and A. Hawthorne, 'New Wine in Old Bottles? American Efforts to Promote Democracy in the Arab World' in N.J. Brown and E. El-Din Shin (eds), The Struggle over Democracy in the Middle East, London: Routledge, 2010, p. 18.
20. N.J. Brown and E. El-Din Shin, 'Introduction' in The Struggle over Democracy in the Middle East, London: Routledge, 2010, p. 2.
21. United Nations Development Program, Arab Human Development Report2009: Challenges to Human Security in the Arab Countries, New York: United Nations, 2009, p. 6.
22. Quoted on About.com, 'Iraq: Oil and Economy' Quoted in M. Danner, Stripping Bare the Body: Politics, Violence, War, New York: Black Inc., 2010, p. 474.
23. Quoted in M. Danner, Stripping Bare the Body: Politics, Violence, War, New York: Black Inc., 2010, p. 474.
24. The White House, 'Remarks by the President at Colorado Victory 2006 Rally', 4 November 2006 .
25. P. Baker, 'Bush Says US Pullout Would Let Iraq Radicals Use Oil As a Weapon', The Washington Post, Washington, 5 November 2006 .
26. Quoted in P. Beaumont and J. Walters, 'Greenspan Admits Iraq Was about Oil, as Deaths Put at 1.2m', The Guardian, UK, 16 September 2007 .
27. B. Woodard, 'Greenspan: Ouster of Hussein Crucial for Oil Security', The Washington Post, Washington, 17 September 2007 .
28. K. Dalacoura, 'US Democracy Promotion in the Arab Middle East since 11 September 2001: A Critique', International Affairs, 81, 2005, p. 963.
29. N.J. Brown and A. Hawthorne, 'New Wine in Old Bottles? American Efforts to Promote Democracy in the Arab World' 2010.
30. M.P. Leffler, 'Bush's Foreign Policy', Foreign Policy, 144, 2004, p. 27.
31. The stand-out response was Morocco, where constitutional reform was passed by a general election in July 2011 with parliamentary elections scheduled for November 2011.
32. C.A. Murdock and B. Smith, 'The Libyan Intervention: A Study in US Grand Strategy' in C. Cohen and J. Gabel (eds), Global Forecast 2011: International Security in a Time of Uncertainty, Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2011, p. 61.
33. For a synopsis of the debate see C. Risen, 'Obama's Non-Doctrine Doctrine', The New York Times, New York, 26 August 2011
34. For an analysis of the most recent dynamics of US-Bahraini relations see K. Katzman, Bahrain: Reform, Security, and US Policy, Washington: Congressional Research Service, 2011.
35. United Nations Development Program, Arab Human Development Report 2009: Challenges to Human Security in the Arab Countries, New York: United Nations, 2009, p. 111.
36. Arab Labor Organisation, The First ALO Report on Employment and Unemployment in Arab States: Towards Effective Policies and Mechanisms, 2008. .
37. M.M. Achoui, 'Human Resource Development in Gulf Countries: An Analysis of the Trends and hallenges in Saudi Arabia', Human Resource Development International, 12, 2009, p. 36.
38. United Nations Development Program, Arab Human Development Report 2009: Challenges to Human Security in the Arab Countries, New York: United Nations, 2009, p. 36.
39. J.D. Goodman, 'Bahrain Court Hands Down Harsh Sentences to Doctors and Protesters', The New York Times, 29 September 2011 .
40. M. Hafez, Why Muslims Rebel: Repression and Resistance in the Islamic World, Boulder: Lynne Reinner, 2003, p. 71.