Observed intraseasonal and seasonal variability of the West India Coastal Current on the continental slope

Journal of Earth System Science

Volumn 123, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 1045-1074

  Amol, P ^a   Shankar, D ^a   Fernando, V ^a   Mukherjee, A ^a   Aparna, S G ^a   Fernandes, R ^a   Michael, G S ^a   Khalap, S T ^a   Satelkar, N P ^a   Agarvadekar, Y ^a   Gaonkar, M G ^a   Tari, A P ^a   Kankonkar, A ^a   Vernekar, S P ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY   (India)

Author keywords

Acoustic Doppler current profiler; Arabian Sea; Eastern boundary current; Indian Ocean; Intraseasonal variability; Seasonal cycle; Time series

Indexed keywords

EID: 84906061889     PISSN: 02534126     EISSN: 0973774X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12040-014-0449-5     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Amol P, Shankar D, Aparna S G, Shenoi S S C, Fernando V, Shetye S R, Mukherjee A, Agarvadekar Y, Khalap S and Satelkar N P 2012 Observational evidence from direct current measurements for propagation of remotely forced waves on the shelf off the west coast of India. J. Geophys. Res. 117.
2. Anonymous 1944 Atlas of Surface Currents, Indian Ocean. Technical Report Publication No. 566. U.S. Hydrographic Office. Washington DC.
3. Anonymous 1952 Indische Oceaan, oceanografische en meteorologische gegevenens. Technical Report Publication No. 135, 2nd edn, 2 vols. Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut.
4. Anonymous 1960 Monatskarten für den Indischen Ozean. Technical Report Publikation 2422. Deutsches Hydrographisches Institut. Hamburg.
5. Antony M K and Shenoi S S C 1993 On the flow, thermal field and winds along the western continental shelf of India. Cont. Shelf Res. 13 425-439.
6. AVISO 1996 AVISO User Handbook: Merged TOPEX/Poseidon Products. Technical report. Toulouse, France.
7. Banse K 1959 On upwelling and bottom-trawling off the southwest coast of India. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India 1 33-49.
8. Banse K 1968 Hydrography of the Arabian Sea shelf of India and Pakistan and effects on demersal fishes. Deep Sea Res. 15 45-79.
9. Behringer D W 2007 The Global Ocean Data Assimilation System (GODAS) at NCEP. In: 11th Symp. on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems for Atmosphere, Oceans, and Land Surface. volume 3.3. Amer. Meteor. Soc., San Antonio, TX.
10. Behringer D W, Ji M and Leetmaa A 1998 An Improved Coupled Model for ENSO prediction and implications for ocean initialization. Part I: The ocean data assimilation system. Mon. Wea. Rev. 126 1013-1021.
11. Behringer D W and Xue Y 2004 Evaluation of the global ocean data assimilation system at NCEP: The Pacific Ocean. In: Eighth Symposium on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems for Atmosphere, Oceans, and Land Surface. volume 2/3. 11-15. Amer. Meteor. Soc., Washington State Convention and Trade Cente, Seattle, Washington.
12. Bell C, Vassie J and Woodworth P L 1998 POL-PSMSL Tidal Analysis Software Kit 2000 (TASK-2000). Technical report. Proudman Oceanogr. Lab. Bidston Observatory, Merseyside, UK.
13. Birol F, Roblou L, Lyard F, Llovel W, Durand F, Renault L, Dewitte B, Morrow R and Mnard Y 2006 Towards using satellite altimetry for the observation of coastal dynamics. In: 15 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry Symposium. Venice, Italy.
14. Bonjean F and Lagerloef G S E 2002 Diagnostic model and analysis of the surface currents in the tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 32 2938-2954.
15. Bruce J G, Johnson D R and Kindle J C 1994 Evidence for eddy formation in the eastern Arabian Sea during the northeast monsoon. J. Geophys. Res. 99 7651-7664.
16. Bruce J G, Kindle J C, Kantha L H, Kerling J L and Bailey J F 1998 Recent observations and modeling in the Arabian Sea Laccadive High region. J. Geophys. Res. 103 7593-7600.
17. Chacko N, Ravichandran M, Rao R R and Shenoi S S C 2012 An anomalous cooling event observed in the Bay of Bengal during June 2009. Ocean Dynam. 62 671-681.
18. Chatterjee A, Shankar D, Shenoi S S C, Reddy G V, Ravichandran M, Gopalkrishna V V, Rao E P R, Bhaskar TVSU and Sanjeevan VN 2012 Anewatlasoftemperature and salinity for the North Indian Ocean. J. Earth Syst. Sci. 121 559-593.
19. Cutler A N and Swallow J C 1984 Surface currents of the Indian Ocean (to 25°S, 100°E): Compiled from historical data archived by the Meteorological Office, Bracknell, UK. Technical Report Report No. 187. Institute of Oceanographic Sciences. Wormley.
20. Derber J and Rosati A 1989 A global oceanic data assimilation system. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 19 1333-1347.
21. Dileepkumar M 2006 Biogeochemistry of the North Indian Ocean. IGBP-WCRP-SCOPE Rep. Ser. 1. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad., New Delhi, India.
22. Dineshkumar P K and Srinivas K 2007 Variability in measured current structure on the southwest continental shelf of India. J. Coastal Res. 23 647-657.
23. Düing W 1970 The monsoon regime of the currents in the Indian Ocean. East-West Center Press.
24. Durand F, Shankar D, Birol F and Shenoi S S C 2008 Estimating boundary currents from satellite altimetry: A case study for the east coast of India. J. Oceanogr. 64 831-845.
25. Durand F, Shankar D, Birol F and Shenoi S S C 2009 Spatiotemporal structure of the East India Coastal Current from satellite altimetry. Geophys. Res. Lett. 114.
26. Findlater J 1969 A major low-level air current near the Indian Ocean during the northern summer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 95 362-380.
27. Francis P A, Vinayachandran P N and Shenoi S S C 2013 The Indian ocean forecast system. Curr. Sci. 104 1354-1368.
28. Gouveia A D and Varadachari V V R 1979 Coastal and nearshore circulation off Mangalore. Mahasagar 12 175-182.
29. Han W, McCreary J P, Anderson D L T and Mariano A J 1999 Dynamics of the eastern surface jets in the equatorial Indian Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 29 2191-2209.
30. Han W, McCreary J P and Kohler K E 2001 Influence of precipitation minus evaporation and Bay of Bengal rivers on dynamics, thermodynamics, and mixed layer physics in the upper Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 106 6895-6916.
31. Hareeshkumar P V, Joshi M, Sanilkumar K V, Rao A D, Anand P, Anilkumar K and Rao C V K P 2009 Growth and decay of the Arabian Sea mini warm pool during May 2000: Observations and simulations. Deep Sea Res. 56528-540.
32. Hareeshkumar P V and Mohankumar N 1996 On the flow and thermohaline structure off Cochin during pre-monsoon season. Cont. Shelf Res. 16 457-468.
33. Hastenrath S and Greischar L 1989 Climatic Atlas of the Indian Ocean. 3: Upper-Ocean Structure. Technical report. University of Wisconsin Press.
34. Hurlburt H E, Kindle J C and O'Brien J J 1976 A numerical simulation of the onset of El Niño. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 6 621-631.
35. Jensen T G 1993 Equatorial variability and resonance in a wind-driven Indian Ocean model. J. Geophys. Res. 98 22,533-22,552.
36. Jensen T G 2001 Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal exchange of salt and tracers in an ocean model. Geophys. Res. Lett. 283967-3970.
37. Johannessen O M, Subbaraju G and Blindheim J 1987 Seasonal variations of the oceanographic conditions off the southwest coast of India during 1971-1975. FiskDir. Skr. Ser. HavUnders 18 247-261.
38. Johnson E S, Bonjean F, Lagerloef G S E, Gunn J T and Mitchum G T 2007 Validation and error analysis of OSCAR sea surface currents. J. Atmos. Ocean Tech. 24 688-701.
39. Kurup P G, Joseph P S and Varadachari V R 1976 Nearshore circulation in the sea off Velsao, Goa. Mahasagar 9 7-10.
40. Kutsuwada K and McPhaden M 2002 Intraseasonal variations in the upper equatorial Pacific Ocean prior to and during the 1997-98 El Niño. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 32 1133-1149.
41. Lévy M, Shankar D, André J M, Shenoi S S C, Durand F and Boyer-Montégut C D 2007 Basin-wide seasonal evolution of the Indian Ocean'S phytoplankton blooms. J. Geophys. Res. 112.
42. Longhurst A R and Wooster W S 1990 Abundance of oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps) and upwelling on the southwest coast of India. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47 2407-2419.
43. Madden R A and Julian P R 1971 Detection of a 40-50 day oscillation in the zonal wind in the tropical Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci. 28 702-708.
44. Madden R A and Julian P R 1972 Description of global-scale circulation cells in the tropics with a 40-50 day period. J. Atmos. Sci. 29 1109-1123.
45. Madhupratap M, Nair K N V, Haridas T C G P, Nair K K C, Venugopal P and Gauns M 2001 Arabian Sea oceanography and fisheries of the west coast of India. Curr. Sci. 81 355-361.
46. Mariano A J, Ryan E H, Perkins B D and Smithers S 1995 The Mariano Global Surface Velocity Analysis 1.0. USCG Report CG-D-34-95. Office of Engineering, Logistics, and Development, U.S. Coast Guard.
47. Marshall J, Adcroft A, Hill C, Perelman L and Heisey C 1997 A finite-volume, incompressible Navier Stokes model for studies of the ocean on parallel computers. J. Geophys. Res. 102 5753-5766.
48. Masumoto Y, Hase H, Kuroda Y, Matsuura H and Takeuchi K 2005 Intraseasonal variability in the upper layer currents observed in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32.
49. Mathew B, Sanilkumar K V, Hareeshkumar P V, Madhusoodanan P and James V V 1991 Thermohaline and current structure off Cochin during December 1986. Indian J. Mar. Sci. 20 244-248.
50. McCreary J P 1976 Eastern tropical ocean response to changing wind systems with application to El Niño. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 6 632-645.
51. McCreary J P 1984 Equatorial beams. J. Mar. Res. 42 395-430.
52. McCreary J P, Han W, Shankar D and Shetye S R 1996 Dynamics of the East India Coastal Current: 2. Numerical solutions. J. Geophys. Res. 101 13,993-14,010.
53. McCreary J P, Kundu P K and Molinari R L 1993 A numerical investigation of the dynamics, thermodynamics and mixed-layer processes in the Indian Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr. 31 181-244.
54. McCreary J P, Murtugudde R, Vialard J, Vinayachandran P N, Wiggert J D, Shankar R R H D and Shetye S 2009 Biophysical processes in the Indian Ocean. Geoph. Monog. Series 185 9-32.
55. McCreary J P, Picaut J and Moore D W 1984 Effects of remote annual forcing in the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean. J. Mar. Res. 42 45-81.
56. McPhaden M J, Meyers G, Ando K, Masumoto Y, Murty V S N, Ravichandran M, Syamsudin F, Vialard J, Yu L and Yu W 2009 RAMA: The Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 90 459-480.
57. Menemenlis D, Hill C, Adcroft A, Campin J M, Cheng B, Ciotti B, Fukumori I, Koehl A, Heimbach P, Henze C, Lee T, Stammer D, Taft J and Zhang J 2005 NASA supercomputer improves prospects for ocean climate research. EOS Trans. AGU 86 86-89.
58. Meyers G, McIntosh P, Pigot L and Pook M 2007 The years of El Niño, La Niña, and interactions with the tropical Indian Ocean. J. Climate 20 2872-2880.
59. Moore D W 1968 Planetary-gravity waves in an equatorial ocean. Ph.D. thesis. Harvard Univeristy.
60. Mukherjee A, Shankar D, Fernando V, Amol P, Aparna S G, Fernandes R, Michael G S, Khalap S T, Satelkar N P, Agarvadekar Y, Gaonkar M G, Tari A P, Kankonkar A and Vernekar S Observed seasonal and intraseasonal variability of currents along east coast of India. under review.
61. Muraleedharan P M, RameshKumar M R and Rao L V G 1995 A note on poleward undercurrent along the south-west coast of India. Cont. Shelf Res. 15 165-184.
62. Nair K V K and Bhattathiri P M A 1968 A note on current measurements at Angria Bank in the Arabian Sea. Bull. Nat. Inst. Sci. 38 289-293.
63. Nair K V K, Neralla V R and Ganguly A K 1968 Current measurements off Mormugao. Bull. Nat. Inst. Sci. 38256-262.
64. Naqvi S W A, Jayakumar D A, Narvekar P V, Naik H, Sarma V V S S, D'Souza W, Joseph S and George M D 2000 Increased marine production of N2O due to intensifying anoxia on the Indian continental shelf. Nature 408 346-349.
65. Naqvi S W A, Narvekar P V and Desa E 2006 Coastal biogeochemical processes in the North Indian Ocean (14, S-W). The Sea 14 723-780.
66. Nethery D and Shankar D 2007 Vertical propagation of baroclinic Kelvin waves along the west coast of India. J. Eath Syst. Sci 4 311-339.
67. O'Brien J J, Adamec D and Moore D W 1978 A simple model of upwelling in the Gulf of Guinea. Geophys. Res. Lett. 5 641-644.
68. Pacanowski R C and Griffies S M 1998 MOM 3.0 Manual. NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. Princeton, USA.
69. Pandey V K and Singh S K 2010 Comparison of ECCO2 and NCEP reanalysis using TRITON and RAMA data at the Indian Ocean Mooring Buoy point. Earth Sci. India 3 226-241.
70. Philander S G H 1983 El Niño southern oscillation phenomena. Nature 302 295-301.
71. Picaut J 1983 Propagation of seasonal coastal upwelling in the eastern equatorial Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 13 18-37.
72. Pillai V K, Abidi S A H, Ravindran V, Balachandran K K and Agadi V V 1996 Proceedings of the second workshop on scientific results of FORV Sagar Sampada. Department of Ocean Development, New Delhi.
73. Potemra J T, Luther M E and O'Brien J J 1991 The seasonal circulation of the upper ocean in the Bay of Bengal. J. Geophys. Res 96 12,667-12,683.
74. Raghukumar S and Anil A C 2003 Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: A perspective. Curr. Sci. 84 884-892.
75. Ramamirtham C P 1966 On the relative (geostrophic) currents in the south eastern Arabian Sea. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India 8 236-243.
76. Rao S A, Dhakate A R, Saha S K, Mahapatra S, Chaudhari H S, Pokhrel S and Sahu S K 2012 Why is Indian Ocean warming consistently? Climatic Change 110 709-719.
77. Rao R R, Kumar S S, Ravichandran M and Kumar M S G 2009 Atlas of the Tropical Indian Ocean from satellite observations. Vol. 3. Sea surface height anomaly and nearsurface circulation. Technical report. Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS). Hyderabad, India.
78. Rao R R, Molinari R L and Festa J F 1989 Evolution of the climatological near-surface thermal structure of the tropical Indian Ocean: 1. Description of mean monthly mixed layer depth, and sea surface temperature, surface current, and surface meteorological fields. J. Geophys. Res. 9410,801-10,815.
79. Rao A R, Rao G N, Sreenivas P and Hareeshkumar P V 2013 Role of meso-scale eddies on circulation in the south eastern Arabian Sea in 2009. Mar. Geod. 36 319-333.
80. Rao S A, Saha S K, Pokhrel S, Sundar D, Dhakate A R, Mahapatra S, Ali S, Chaudhari H S, Shreeram P, Vasimalla S, Srikanth A S and Suresh R R V 2011 Modulation of SST, SSS over northern Bay of Bengal on ISO time scale. J. Geophys. Res. 116.
81. Ratnam J V, Giorgi F, Kaginalkar A and Cozzini S 2009 Simulation of the Indian monsoon using the RegCM3-ROMS regional coupled model. Clim. Dynam. 33 119139.
82. Ravichandran M, Behringer D, Sivareddy S, Girishkumar M S, Chacko N and Harikumar R 2013 Evaluation of the global ocean data assimilation system at INCOIS: The Tropical Indian Ocean. Ocean Model 69 123-135.
83. Saji N H, Goswami B N, Vinayachandran P N and Yamagata T 1999 A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nature 401 360-363.
84. Sanil Kumar V, Dora G U, Philip C S, Pednekar P S and Jai Singh 2012 Nearshore currents along the Karnataka coast, west coast of India. Int. J. Ocean Clim. Syst. 3 71-84.
85. Sastry A A R and Myrland P 1959 Distribution of temperature salinity and density in the Arabian Sea along the south Malabar coast (south India) during the postmonsoon season. Indian J. Fish. 6 223-255.
86. Schott F A and McCreary J P 2001 The monsoon circulation of the Indian Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr. 51 1-120.
87. Schott F, Reppin J and Fischer J 1994 Currents and transports of the monsoon current south of Sri Lanka. J. Geophys. Res. 99 25,127-25,141.
88. Schott F A, Xie S P and McCreary J P 2009 Indian Ocean circulation and climate variability. Rev. Geophys. 47.
89. Sengupta D, Senan R, Murty V S N and Fernando V 2004 A biweekly in the equatorial Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 109.
90. Shankar D, Aparna S G, McCreary J P, Suresh I, Neetu S, Durand F, Shenoi S S C and Saafani M A A 2010 Minima of interannual sea-level variability in the Indian Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr. 84 225-241.
91. Shankar D, McCreary J P, Han W and Shetye S R 1996 Dynamics of the East India Coastal Current: 1. Analytic solutions forced by interior Ekman pumping and local alongshore winds. J. Geophys. Res. 101 13,975-13,991.
92. Shankar D and Shetye S R 1997 On the dynamics of the Lakshadweep high and low in southeastern Arabian Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 102 12,551-12,562.
93. Shankar D, Vinayachandran P N and Unnikrishnan A S 2002 The monsoon currents in the North Indian Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr. 52 63-120.
94. Sharma G S 1968 Seasonal variation of some hydrographic properties of the shelf waters off the west coast of India. Bull. Nat. Inst. Sci. India 38 263-276.
95. Shenoi S S C and Antony M K 1991 Current measurements over the western continental shelf of India. Cont. Shelf Res. 11 81-93.
96. Shenoi S S C, Antony M K and Sundar D 1988 Nature of the observed oscillatory flows in shelf waters of the western continental shelf of India. J. Coastal Res. 4 617-626.
97. Shenoi S S C, Saji P and Almeida A 1999 Near-surface circulation and kinetic energy in the tropical Indian Ocean derived from Lagrangian drifters. J. Mar. Res. 57 885-907.
98. Shenoi S S C, Shankar D, Michael G S, Kurian J, Varma K K, Kumar M R R, Almeida A M, Unnikrishnan A S, Fernandes W, Barreto N, Gnanaseelan C, Mathew R, Praju K V and Mahale V 2005 Hydrography and water masses in the southeastern Arabian Sea during March-June 2003. J. Earth Syst. Sci. 5 475-491.
99. Shenoi S S C, Shankar D and Shetye S R 2002 Differences in heat budgets of the near-surface Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal: Implications for the summer monsoon. J. Geophys. Res. 107 5-1-5-14.
100. Shetye S R and Gouveia A D 1998 Coastal circulation in the North Indian Ocean: Coastal segment (14, S-W). The Sea 11523-556.
101. Shetye S R and Shenoi S S C 1988 Seasonal cycle of surface circulation in the coastal North Indian Ocean. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet Sci.) 97 53-62.
102. Shetye S R, Shenoi S S C, Antony M K and Kumar V K 1985 Monthly-mean wind stress along the coast of the North Indian Ocean. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet Sci.) 94129-137.
103. Shetye S R, Gouveia A D, Shenoi S S C, Sundar D, Michael G S, Almeida A M and Santanam K. 1990. Hydrography and circulation off the west coast of India during the southwest monsoon 1987. J. Mar. Res. 48 359-378.
104. Shetye S R, Gouveia A D, Shenoi S S C, Michael G S, Sundar D, Almeida A M and Santanam K 1991a The coastal current off western India during the northeast monsoon. Deep Sea Res. 38 1517-1529.
105. Shetye S R, Shenoi S S C, Gouveia A D, Michael G S, Sundar D and Nampoothiri G 1991b Wind-driven coastal upwelling along the western boundary of the Bay of Bengal during the southwest monsoon. Cont. Shelf Res. 111397-1408.
106. Shetye S R, Gouveia A D, Shenoi S S C, Sundar D, Michael GSandNampoothiriG1993Thewesternboundarycurrent of the seasonal subtropical gyre in the Bay of Bengal. J. Geophys. Res. 98 945-954.
107. Shetye S R, Gouveia A D and Shenoi S S C 1994 Circulation and water masses of the Arabian Sea, biochemistry of the Arabian Sea, present information and gaps. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci.) 103(2) 107-123.
108. Shetye S R, Gouveia A D, Shankar D, Shenoi S S C, Vinayachandran P N, Sundar D, Michael G S and Nampoothiri G 1996 Hydrography and circulation in the western Bay of Bengal during the northeast monsoon. J. Geophys. Res. 101 14,011-14,025.
109. Shetye S R, Suresh I, Shankar D, Sundar D, Jayakumar S, Mehra P, Prabhudesai R G and Pednekar P S 2008 Observational evidence for remote forcing of the West India Coastal Current. J. Geophys. Res. 113.
110. Sikhakolli R, Sharma R, Basu S, Gohil B S, Sarkar A and Prasad K V S R 2013 Evaluation of OSCAR ocean surface current product in the tropical Indian Ocean using in-situ data. J. Earth Syst. Sci 122(1) 187-199.
111. Sindhu B, Suresh I, Unnikrishnan A S, Bhatkar N V, Neetu A and Michael G S 2007 Improved bathymetric datasets for the shallow water regions in the Indian Ocean. J. Earth Syst. Sci. 116 261-274.
112. Sreenivas P, Chowdary J S and Gnanaseelan C 2012a Impact of tropical cyclones on the intensity and phase propagation of fall Wyrtki jets. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39.
113. Sreenivas P, Gnanaseelan C and Prasad K V S R 2012b Influence of El Niño and Indian Ocean Dipole on sea level variability in the Bay of Bengal. Global Planet. Change 80-81 215-225.
114. Stammer D, Wunsch C, Fukumori I and Marshall J 2002a State estimation in modern oceanographic research. EOS Trans. AGU 83 289, 294-295.
115. Stammer D, Wunsch C, Giering R, Eckert C, Heimbach P, Marotzke J, Adcroft A, Hill C N and Marshall J 2002b The global ocean circulation during 1992-1997, estimated from ocean observations and a general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. 107 3118.
116. Stramma L, Fischer J and Schott F 1996 The flow field off southwest India at 8N during the southwest monsoon of August 1993. J. Mar. Res. 54 55-72.
117. Suresh I, Vialard J, Lengaigne M, Han W, McCreary J, Durand F and Muraleedharan P M 2013 Origins of wind-driven intraseasonal sea level variations in the North Indian Ocean coastal waveguide. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40 5740-5744.
118. Swamy G N, Kolhatkar V M and Fernandes A A 1980 Currents and siltation at Dharamtar creek, Bombay. Mahasagar 13 191-203.
119. Unnikrishnan A S and Antony M K 1990 On vertical velocity fluctuations and internal tides in an upwelling region off the west coast of India. Estuarine Coast. Shelf Sci. 31 865-873.
120. Varadachari V V R and Sharma G S 1967 Circulation of the surface waters in the North Indian Ocean. J. Indian Geophys. Union 4 61-73.
121. Varkey M J 1980 Power spectra of currents off Bombay. Indian J. Mar. Sci. 9 278-280.
122. Varkey M J, Premchand K and Sastry J S 1978 Current measurements off Bombay during March 1976. Mahasagar 11115-123.
123. Vialard J, Shenoi S S C, McCreary J, Shankar D, Durand F, Fernando V and Shetye S R 2009 Intraseasonal response of the Northern Indian Ocean coastal waveguide to the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36.
124. Vinod Kumar K, Aboobacker V M, Saheed P P and Vethamony P 2012 Coastal circulation along the central west coast of India during cyclone Phyan: Measurements and numerical simulations. Nat. Hazards 64 259-271.
125. Webster P J, Moore A M, Loschnigg J P and Leben R R 1999 Coupled ocean-atmosphere dynamics in the Indian Ocean during 1997-1998. Nature 401 356-360.
126. Wu G, Guan Y, Liu Y, Yan J and Mao J 2012 Air-sea interaction and formation of the Asian summer monsoon onset vortex over the Bay of Bengal. Clim. Dynam. 38 261-279.
127. Wyrtki K 1971 Oceanographic atlas of the International Indian Ocean Expedition. Washington DC: National Science Foundation.
128. Wyrtki K 1973 Physical oceanography of the Indian Ocean: The Biology of the Indian Ocean (ed.) B Zeitzschel, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
129. Wyrtki K 1975 El Niño the dynamic response of the equatorial Pacific ocean to atmospheric forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 5 572-584.
130. Yu L, O'Brien J J and Yang J 1991 On the remote forcing of the circulation in the Bay of Bengal. J. Geophys. Res. 9620,449-20,454.
131. Zhang C and Dong M 2004 Seasonality in the Madden Julian Oscillation. J. Climate 17 3169-3180.