The pneumonia triad

European Respiratory Monograph

Volumn 63, Issue , 2014, Pages 13-24

  Ewig, Santiago ^a  

^a Thoraxzentrum Ruhrgebiet   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADALIMUMAB; ALEMTUZUMAB; AZATHIOPRINE; CYCLOSPORIN A; ETANERCEPT; FLUDARABINE; INFLIXIMAB; METHOTREXATE; RAPAMYCIN; RITUXIMAB; TACROLIMUS;

ARTICLE; COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; COMORBIDITY; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HEALTH PROGRAM; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; LENGTH OF STAY; NEUTROPENIA; NOSOCOMIAL PNEUMONIA; PNEUMONIA; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTOR; TRACHEOSTOMY; VENTILATION ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA; VIRUS TYPING;

EID: 84905749767     PISSN: 1025448X     EISSN: 20756674     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1183/1025448x.10003113     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Osler W. Principles and Practice in Medicine. New York, D. Appleton and Co., 1982.
2. Reimann HA. An acute infection of the respiratory tract with atypical pneumonia. A disease entity probably caused by a filtrable virus. JAMA 1984; 251: 936-944.
3. Fraser DW, Tsai TR, Orenstein W, et al. Legionnaires' disease: description of an epidemic of pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1977; 297: 1189-1197.
4. Grayston JT, Kuo CC, Wang SP, et al. A newChlamydia psittacistrain, TWAR, isolated in acute respiratory tract infections. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 161-168.
5. Kollef MH, Shorr A, Tabak YP, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of health-care-associated pneumonia: results from a large US database of culture-positive pneumonia. Chest 2005; 128: 3854-3862.
6. Micek ST, Kollef KE, Reichley RM, et al. Health care-associated pneumonia and community-acquired pneumonia: a single-center experience. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51: 3568-3573.
7. Venditti M, Falcone M, Corrao S, et al. Outcomes of patients hospitalized with community-acquired, health careassociated, and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150: 19-26.
8. American Thoracic Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171: 388-416.
9. Ewig S, Birkner N, Strauss R, et al. New perspectives on community-acquired pneumonia in 388 406 patients. Results from a nationwide mandatory performance measurement programme in healthcare quality. Thorax 2009; 64: 1062-1069.
10. Venkatesan P, Gladman J, Macfarlane JT, et al. A hospital study of community acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Thorax 1990; 45: 254-258.
11. Riquelme R, Torres A, El-Ebiary M, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: a multivariate analysis of risk and prognostic factors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 1450-1455.
12. Riquelme R, Torres A, El-Ebiary M, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Clinical and nutritional aspects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 1908-1914.
13. Lieberman D, Lieberman D, Schlaeffer F, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in old age: a prospective study of 91 patients admitted from home. Age Ageing 1997; 26: 69-75.
14. Marrie TJ. Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 1066-1078.
15. Kaplan V, Angus DC, Griffin MF, et al. Hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: age-and sexrelated patterns of care and outcome in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 766-772.
16. Zalacain R, Torres A, Celis R, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: Spanish multicentre study. Eur Respir J2003; 21: 294-302.
17. El-Solh AA, Sikka P, Ramadan F, et al. Etiology of severe pneumonia in the very elderly. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 645-651.
18. Fernández-Sabé N, Carratalà J, RosónB, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in very elderly patients: causative organisms, clinical characteristics, and outcomes. Medicine (Baltimore)2003; 82: 159-169.
19. Janssens JP, Krause KH. Pneumonia in the very old. Lancet Infect Dis 2004; 4: 112-124.
20. Klapdor B, Ewig S, Pletz MW, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in younger patients is an entity on its own. Eur Respir J2012; 39: 1156-1161.
21. Garb JL, Brown RB, Garb JR, et al. Differences in etiology of pneumonias in nursing home and community patients. JAMA 1978; 240: 2169-2172.
22. Marrie TJ, Durant H, Kwan C. Nursing home-acquired pneumonia. A case-control study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986; 34: 697-702.
23. Marrie TJ, Blanchard W. A comparison of nursing home-acquired pneumonia patients with patients with community-acquired pneumonia and nursing home patients without pneumonia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997; 45: 50-55.
24. El-Solh AA, Pietrantoni C, Bhat A, et al. Microbiology of severe aspiration pneumonia in institutionalized elderly. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167: 1650-1654.
25. El Solh AA, Pietrantoni C, Bhat A, et al. Indicators of potentially drug-resistant bacteria in severe nursing homeacquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39: 474-480.
26. Lim WS, Macfarlane JT. A prospective comparison of nursing home acquired pneumonia with community acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J2001; 18: 362-368.
27. Polverino E, Dambrava P, Cillóniz C, et al. Nursing home-acquired pneumonia: a 10 year single-centre experience. Thorax 2010; 65: 354-359.
28. Ewig S, Klapdor B, Pletz MW, et al. Nursing-home-acquired pneumonia in Germany: an 8-year prospective multicentre study. Thorax 2012; 67: 132-138.
29. Ewig S, Welte T, Chastre J, et al. Rethinking the concepts of community-acquired and health-care-associated pneumonia. Lancet Infect Dis 2010; 10: 279-287.
30. Ewig S, Welte T, Torres A. Is healthcare-associated pneumonia a distinct entity needing specific therapy?Curr Opin Infect Dis 2012; 25: 166-175.
31. Ewig S, Welte T. Adding fuel to the flames? It is time to leave HCAP. Respir Med 2012; 106: 1309-1310.
32. Carratalà J, Mykietiuk A, Fernández-Sabé N, et al. Health care-associated pneumonia requiring hospital admission: epidemiology, antibiotic therapy, and clinical outcomes. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 1393-1399.
33. Garcia-Vidal C, Viasus D, Roset A, et al. Low incidence of multidrug-resistant organisms in patients with healthcare-associated pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 1659-1665.
34. Chalmers JD, Taylor JK, Singanayagam A, et al. Epidemiology, antibiotic therapy, and clinical outcomes in health care-associated pneumonia: a UK cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53: 107-113.
35. Chalmers JD, Rother C, Salih W, et al. Healthcare associated pneumonia does not accurately identify potentially resistant pathogens: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis2013 [In press DOI: 10. 1093/cid/cit734].
36. Troitino AX, Porhomayon J, El-Solh AA. Guideline-concordant antimicrobial therapy for healthcare-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lung 2013; 191: 229-237.
37. Shorr AF, Zilberberg MD, Micek ST, et al. Prediction of infection due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria by select risk factors for health care-associated pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 2205-2210.
38. Shorr AF, Zilberberg MD, Reichley R, et al. Validation of a clinical score for assessing the risk of resistant pathogens in patients with pneumonia presenting to the emergency department. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54: 193-198.
39. Aliberti S, Di Pasquale M, Zanaboni AM, et al. Stratifying risk factors for multidrug-resistant pathogens in hospitalized patients coming from the community with pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54: 470-478.
40. Aliberti S, Cillóniz C, Chalmers JD, et al. Multidrug-resistant pathogens in hospitalised patients coming from the community with pneumonia: a European perspective. Thorax 2013; 68: 997-999.
41. Shindo Y, Ito R, Kobayashi D, et al. Risk factors for drug-resistant pathogens in community-acquired and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188: 985-995.
42. Ewig S. HCAP not busy being born is busy dying. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; (in press).
43. Brito V, Niederman MS. Healthcare-associated pneumonia is a heterogeneous disease, and all patients do not need the same broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy as complex nosocomial pneumonia. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009; 22: 316-325.
44. Maruyama T, Fujisawa T, Okuno M, et al. A new strategy for healthcare-associated pneumonia: a 2-year prospective multicenter cohort study using risk factors for multidrug-resistant pathogens to select initial empiric therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57: 1373-1383.
45. Arancibia F, Bauer TT, Ewig S, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia due to gram-negative bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: incidence, risk, and prognosis. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 1849-1858.
46. von Baum H, Welte T, Marre R, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia throughEnterobacteriaceaeand Pseudomonas aeruginosa: diagnosis, incidence and predictors. Eur Respir J2010; 35: 598-605.
47. Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, Cruzado JM, et al. Epidemiology, clinical features and outcomes of pneumonia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26: 2899-2906.
48. Di Yacovo S, Garcia-Vidal C, Viasus D, et al. Clinical features, etiology, and outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia in patients with diabetes mellitus. Medicine (Baltimore)2013; 92: 42-50.
49. Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, Castellote J, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in patients with liver cirrhosis: clinical features, outcomes, and usefulness of severity scores. Medicine (Baltimore)2011; 90: 110-118.
50. Torres A, Ewig S, Lode H, et al. Defining, treating and preventing hospital acquired pneumonia: European perspective. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 9-29.
51. Langer M, Cigada M, Mandelli M, et al. Early onset pneumonia: a multicenter study in intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 1987; 13: 342-346.
52. Sirvent JM, Torres A, El-Ebiary M, et al. Protective effect of intravenously administered cefuroxime against nosocomial pneumonia in patients with structural coma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 1729-1734.
53. Ewig S, Torres A, El-Ebiary M, et al. Bacterial colonization patterns in mechanically ventilated patients with traumatic and medical head injury. Incidence, risk factors, and association with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 188-198.
54. Sirvent JM, Torres A, Vidaur L, et al. Tracheal colonisation within 24 h of intubation in patients with head trauma: risk factor for developing early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26: 1369-1372.
55. Ibrahim EH, Ward S, Sherman G, et al. A comparative analysis of patients with early-onsetvslate-onset nosocomial pneumonia in the ICU setting. Chest 2000; 117: 1434-1442.
56. Verhamme KM, De Coster W, De Roo L, et al. Pathogens in early-onset and late-onset intensive care unit-acquired pneumonia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28: 389-397.
57. Gastmeier P, Sohr D, Geffers C, et al. Early-and late-onset pneumonia: is this still a useful classification? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53: 2714-2718.
58. Agusti C, Torres A, eds. Pulmonary Infection in the Immunocompromised Patient: Strategies for Management. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
59. Chakinala MM, Trulock EP. Pneumonia in the solid organ transplant patient. Clin Chest Med 2005; 26: 113-121.
60. Küpeli E, Eyüboǧlu FÖ, Haberal M. Pulmonary infections in transplant recipients. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2012; 18: 202-212.
61. Godbole G, Gant V. Respiratory tract infections in the immunocompromised. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2013; 19: 244-250.
62. st century. Eur Respir J2012; 39: 730-745.
63. Capocci S, Lipman M. Respiratory infections in HIV-infected adults: epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2013; 19: 238-243.
64. Maschmeyer G, Beinert T, Buchheidt D, et al. Diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy of lung infiltrates in febrile neutropenic patients: guidelines of the infectious diseases working party of the German Society of Haematology and Oncology. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45: 2462-2472.
65. Wolfe F, Caplan L, Michaud K. Treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of hospitalization for pneumonia: associations with prednisone, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, and anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 628-634.
66. Reid AB, Chen SC, Worth LJ. Pneumocystis jiroveciipneumonia in non-HIV-infected patients: new risks and diagnostic tools. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2011; 24: 534-544.
67. Tasaka S, Tokuda H. Pneumocystis jiroveciipneumonia in non-HIV-infected patients in the era of novel immunosuppressive therapies. J Infect Chemother 2012; 18: 793-806.
68. Gan J, Manadan AM, Sequiera W, et al. Tuberculosis infections and tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists. Am J Ther 2013; 20: 73-78.