Intelligence and deception

Military Deception and Strategic Surprise

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 122-154

  Handel, Michael I ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 84905615466     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203043394     Document Type: Chapter

References (81)

1. Barton Whaley, Stratagem: Deception and Surprise in War (Cambridge Mass.: MIT Center for International Studies, 1969), p. 135.
2. Sun Tzu, The Art of War, translated by Samuel B. Griffith (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 133.
3. Sun Tzu, The Art of War, p. 66.
4. Charles Cruickshank in Deception in World War II (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979)
5. Ewen Montagu, Beyond Top Secret U (London: Corgi Books, 1979)
6. Charles Cruickshank, Deception in World War II; J. C. Masterman, The Double-Cross System (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1972), chapter 11, pp. 145-63.
7. Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, Dokumente zur Vorgeschichte des Westfeldzuges 1939-1940 (Berlin: Musterschmidt July, 1956)
8. Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, Fall Gelb: Der Kampf um Den Deutschen Operationplan zur Westoffensive 1940 (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1957)
9. Ulrich Liss, Westfront 1939/1940 (Neckargemund: Kurt Vorwinkel, 1959)
10. Major L. F. Ellis, The War in France and Flanders 1939-1940 (London: HMSO, 1953)
11. Telford Taylor, The March of Conquest: The German Victories in Western Europe-1940 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1958).
12. Clausewitz, On War, p. 213.
13. R. V. Jones, Most Secret War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939-1945 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1978), p. 63.
14. Barton Whaley, Codeword Barbarossa (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1973)
15. John Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad. Stalin's War With Germany, Vol. I (New York: Harper and Row, 1975), Chapters 2 and 3
16. Gerhard L. Weinberg, Germany and the Soviet Union 1939-1941 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1954)
17. Vladimir Petrov, 'June 22,1941: Soviet Historians and the German Invasion (Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 1968).
18. R. V. Jones, Most Secret War, pp. 233-5.
19. Handel, Perception, Deception and Surprise.
20. Ralph Bennet, Ultra In the West: The Normandy Campaign of 1944-1945 (New York: Scribner's, 1980)
21. Patrick Beesly, Very Special Intelligence: The Story of the Admiralty's Operational Intelligence Centre 1939-1945 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1978)
22. Ronald Lewin, Ultra Goes to War (New York: McGraw Hill, 1978)
23. P. J. Calvocoressi, 'The Secrets of Enigma', The Listener (Vol. 97), pp. 70-71, 112-14, 135-7
24. David Kahn, 'Codebreaking in World Wars I and II: The Major Successes and Failures, Their Causes and Their Effects', The Historical Journal, Vol. 23, No. 2 (1980), pp. 618-39
25. Major-General I. S. O. Playfair, The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (Vol. 1). History of the Second World War (London: H.M.S.O., 1954), p. 274.
26. Anthony Cave Brown, Bodyguard of Lies (New York: Harper and Row, 1975)
27. Gilles Perrault, The Secret of D-Day (Boston: Little Brown, 1965)
28. Cornelius Ryan, The Longest Day (London: Gollancz, 1959). All are competent journalistic accounts. Hans Speidel, We Defended Normandy (London: Herbert Jenkins, 1951)
29. G. A. Harrison, Cross Channel Attack {Washington D.C.: The U.S. Army in World War II, European theater of Operations, 1951)
30. L. F. Ellis, Victory in the West (London: HMSO, 1962), Vol. I. The definitive history of Overlord in light of Ultra has still to be written.
31. Michael Handel, 'Strategic Surprise in Four Middle Eastern Wars', in Klaus Knorr (ed.), Strategic Surprise (forthcoming in the US, 1982).
32. Whaley, Stratagem, Deception and Surprise, p. 575.
33. Michael I. Handel, 'Strategic Surprise in Four Middle Eastern Wars' in Klaus Knorr (ed.), Strategic Surprise (forthcoming in the US, 1982).
34. Edward L. Homze, Arming the Luftwaffe: The Reich Air Ministry and the German Aircraft Industry 1919-1939 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1976), p. 169.
35. Williamson Murray, 'The Change in the European Balance of Power 1938-1939' (Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, 1975), Chapter 3, pp. 58-90
36. John Edwin Wood, 'The Luftwaffe as a Factor in British Policy 1935-1939* (Ph.D. dissertation, Tulane University, 1965)
37. Murray, The Change in the European Balance of Power, pp. 71-2
38. Gerhard L. Weinberg, The Foreign Policy of Hitlers Germany: Starting World War II, 1937-1939 (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1980), for example pp. 22-3; 164-5
39. Quoted from Denis Mack Smith, Mussolini's Roman Empire, pp. 170; also pp. 174-5.
40. Alan S. Milward, War, Economy and Society 1939-1945 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), p. 175.
41. Mack Smith, Mussolini's Empire, pp. 174,177-8.
42. Williamson Murray, 'The Change in the European Balance of Power', p. 213.
43. Edgar Bottome, The Missile Gap: A Study of the Formulation of Military and Political Policy (Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1971)
44. Arnold L. Horelick and Myron Rush, Strategic Power and Soviet Foreign Policy (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1966) (from which the quotes were taken)
45. R. V. Jones, 'Intelligence and Deception', pp. 8-11.
46. Barry A. Leach, German Strategy Against Russia 1939-1941 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973), pp. 91-4 and Appendix IV, p. 270
47. Albert Seaton, The Russo-German War 1941-1945 (New York: Praeger, 1972), Chapter 3: 'A Little Knowledge', pp. 43-50
48. Śeweryn Dialer (ed.), Stalin and His Generals (New York: Pegasus, 1969)
49. Robert Cecil, Hitler's Decision to Invade Russia 1941 (London: Davis-Poynter, 1975)
50. David Kahn, Hitler's Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II (New York: Macmillan, 1978), pp. 457-61.
51. Seymour Reit, Masquerade: The Amazing Camouflage Deceptions of World War II (New York: Hawthorn, 1978)
52. G. Barkas, The Camouflage Story (London: Cassell, 1952).
53. Jack Anderson, Old Fashioned Spying Methods Often the Best', Washington Post, 24 November 1981, p. D-15.
54. R. V. Jones, Most Secret War; Alfred Price, Instruments of Darkness: The History of Electronic Warfare (New York: Scribner, 1978)
55. Alfred Price, Battle Over the Reich (New York: Charles Scribner, 1973)
56. Brian Johnson, The Secret War (London: Methuen, 1978).
57. A detailed case study of this problem can be found in Ralph Baldwin, The Deadly Fuze: Secret Weapons of World War II (San Rafael, Ca: Presido Press, 1980), 'Window' was also a classical case of the problem of timing in the introduction of new weapons.
58. L. C. Mayzisch, Operation Cicero (London: Fitzgibbon, 1950).
59. Montagu, Beyond Top Secret U, p. 60.
60. Ken Booth, Strategy and Ethnocentrism (London: Croom Helm, 1979).
61. Montagu, Beyond Top Secret U, pp. 138-9.
62. Whaley, Stratagem: Deception and Surprise in War, pp. 6-12, 11.
63. Whaley, Stratagem: Deception and Surprise in War, p. 147.
64. R. V. Jones, 'Intelligence and Deception', p. 23.
65. Goldhamer, Reality and Belief in Military Affairs
66. Mihalka, German Strategic Deception in the 1930s; and Michael I. Handel, The Diplomacy of Surprise: Hitler, Nixon, Sadat (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Center for International Affairs, 1981).
67. Nathan Leites, A Study of Bolshevism, Chapter 13. Deception, pp. 324-40.
68. Paul W. Blackstock, Agents of Deceit: Frauds, Forgeries and Political Intrigue Among Nations (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1966).
69. Patrick J. McGarvey, CIA: The Myth and the Madness (Baltimore: Penguin, 1974).
70. Christopher M. Andrew, The Mobilization of British Intelligence for the World Wars (Washington D.C.: International Security Studies No. 12, The Woodrow Wilson Center (no date, 1981?).
71. David Kahn, Hitler*s Spies, p. 533.
72. Ronald Lewin, Ultra Goes to War (New York: McGraw Hill, 1978)
73. Virginia Cowles, The Phantom Major (London)
74. Valadimir Peniakoff (Popski), Private Army (London: Jonathan Cape, 1950). German professionalism under Rommel clearly had its advantages too.
75. David Kahn, Hitler's Spies, p. 523.
76. Michael I. Handel, The Diplomacy of Surprise: Hitler, Nixon, Sadat (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Center for International Affairs, 1981).
77. Whaley, Stratagem: Deception and Surprise in War, p. 233.
78. Whaley, Stratagem, Deception and Surprise in War, p. 234.
79. Heuer, 'Strategic Deception: A Psychological Perspective', p. 47.
80. Handel, Perception, Deception and Surprise, p. 9.
81. David Dilks, 'Appeasement and Intelligence', in David Dilks (ed.), Retreat From Power, p. 169.