The potential of carbon-based materials for photocatalytic application

Current Organic Chemistry

Volumn 18, Issue 10, 2014, Pages 1346-1364

  Wang, Jian ^a   Huang, Hengming ^a   Xu, Zhongzi ^a   Kou, Jiahui ^a   Lu, Chunhua ^a  

^a NANJING TECH UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Carbon materials; Decomposition of organic compounds; Nanocomposites; Photocatalysis

Indexed keywords

NANOCOMPOSITES; ORGANIC CARBON; PHOTOCATALYSIS; PHOTOCATALYSTS; YARN;

CARBON BASED MATERIALS; CARBON MATERIAL; CARBON NANODOTS; DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; ELECTROCONDUCTIVE; ENERGY PROBLEM; ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS; PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITIES; PHOTOCATALYTIC APPLICATION; PHOTOCATALYTIC NANOCOMPOSITES;

ACTIVATED CARBON;

EID: 84905578791     PISSN: 13852728     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1385272819666140424214022     Document Type: Review

References (190)

1. Osterloh, F.E. Inorganic materials as catalysts for photochemical splitting of water. Chem. Mater., 2007, 20(1), 35-54
2. Kudo, A.; Miseki, Y. Heterogeneous photocatalyst materials for water splitting. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009, 38(1), 253-278.
3. 2 surfaces: principles, mechanisms, and selected results. Chem. Rev., 1995, 95(3), 735-758.
4. 2 photocatalytic reactions: Design of new photocatalysts. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2007, 111(14), 5259-5275.
5. 2 photocatalyst with metals, nonmetals and metal oxides. Energ. Environ. Sci., 2010, 3(6), 715-726
6. Liu, G.; Wang, L.; Yang, H.G.; Cheng, H.M.; Lu, G.Q.M. Titania-based photocatalysts-crystal growth, doping and heterostructuring. J. Mater. Chem., 2010, 20(5), 831-843.
7. Tada, H.; Kiyonaga, T.; Naya, S.-i. Rational design and applications of highly efficient reaction systems photocatalyzed by noble metal nanoparticleloaded titanium (IV) dioxide. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009, 38(7), 1849-1858
8. 2 photocatalysis under UV/visible light: Selected results and related mechanisms on interfacial charge carrier transfer dynamics. J. Phys. Chem. A, 2011, 115(46), 13211-13241
9. 2 (M= Au, Pt, Ag) and evaluation of their photocatalytic oxidation of benzene to phenol. J. Mater. Chem., 2011, 21(25), 9079-9087.
10. 2 anatase nanocrystals: A probe to evaluate the role of crystal facets in photocatalytic processes. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133(44), 17652-17661
11. 2 facets and vital influences on photocatalytic activity. ACS Appl. Mat. Interfaces, 2012, 4(3), 1650-1655.
12. Matos, J.; Laine, J.; Herrmann, J.M. Synergy effect in the photocatalytic degradation of phenol on a suspended mixture of titania and activated carbon. Appl. Catal. B, 1998, 18(3), 281-291.
13. 2 by using carbon nanotubes. Appl. Catal. A, 2005, 289(2), 186-196.
14. 2-graphene nanocomposites. UVassisted photocatalytic reduction of graphene oxide. ACS Nano, 2008, 2(7), 1487-1491.
15. 2 photocatalysis. Carbon, 2011, 49(3), 741-772.
16. Mauter, M.S.; Elimelech, M. Environmental applications of carbon-based nanomaterials. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2008, 42(16), 5843-5859
17. Baughman, R.H.; Zakhidov, A.A.; de Heer, W.A. Carbon nanotubes--the route toward applications. Science, 2002, 297(5582), 787-792
18. Eder, D. Carbon nanotube-inorganic hybrids. Chem. Rev., 2010, 110(3), 1348-1385.
19. Georgakilas, V.; Gournis, D.; Tzitzios, V.; Pasquato, L.; Guldi, D.M.; Prato, M. Decorating carbon nanotubes with metal or semiconductor nanoparticles. J. Mater. Chem., 2007, 17(26), 2679-2694.
20. Lu, X.; Imae, T. Size-controlled in situ synthesis of metal nanoparticles on dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2007, 111(6), 2416-2420.
21. Wang, Q.; Yang, D.; Chen, D.; Wang, Y.; Jiang, Z. Synthesis of anatase titania-carbon nanotubes nanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic activity through a nanocoating-hydrothermal process. J. Nanopart. Res., 2007, 9(6), 1087-1096.
22. Sainsbury, T.; Fitzmaurice, D. Templated assembly of semiconductor and insulator nanoparticles at the surface of covalently modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Chem. Mater., 2004, 16(19), 3780-3790.
23. 2 nanoparticles/carbon nanotubes nanofibers: preparation, characterization and photocatalytic properties. J. Mater. Sci., 2007, 42(17), 7162-7170.
24. An, G.; Ma, W.; Sun, Z.; Liu, Z.; Han, B.; Miao, S.; Miao, Z.; Ding, K. Preparation of titania/carbon nanotube composites using supercritical ethanol and their photocatalytic activity for phenol degradation under visible light irradiation. Carbon, 2007, 45(9), 1795-1801.
25. 2 sol-gel matrix. J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 2002, 311(2), 130-137.
26. Zhao, L.; Gao, L. Coating of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with thick layers of tin(IV) oxide. Carbon, 2004, 42(8-9), 1858-1861.
27. Han, W.Q.; Zettl, A. Coating single-walled carbon nanotubes with tin oxide. Nano Lett., 2003, 3(5), 681-683.
28. Bai, J.; Xu, Z.; Zheng, Y. Microwave-polyol process for functionalizing carbon nanotubes with SnO2 and CeO2 coating. Chem. Lett., 2006, 35(1), 96-97.
29. Li, Y.; Ding, J.; Chen, J.; Xu, C.; Wei, B.; Liang, J.; Wu, D. Preparation of ceria nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes. Mater. Res. Bull., 2002, 37(2), 313-318.
30. 2O. Carbon, 2007, 45(4), 717-721.
31. Dechakiatkrai, C.; Chen, J.; Lynam, C.; Phanichphant, S.; Wallace, G. Photocatalytic oxidation of methanol using titanium dioxide/single-walled carbon nanotube composite. J. Electrochem. Soc., 2007, 154(5), A407-A411.
32. 2/carbon nanotube composites: synthesis and reactivity. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2008, 42(13), 4952-4957.
33. Kedem, S.; Rozen, D.; Cohen, Y.; Paz, Y. Enhanced stability effect in composite polymeric nanofibers containing titanium dioxide and carbon nanotubes. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2009, 113(33), 14893-14899.
34. 2 nanotube arrays: A novel functional material with tube-in-tube nanostructure. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2008, 112(24), 8939-8943.
35. Jiang, L.; Gao, L. Fabrication and characterization of ZnO-coated multiwalled carbon nanotubes with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Mater. Chem. Phys., 2005, 91(2), 313-316.
36. Wang, S.; Shi, X.; Shao, G.; Duan, X.; Yang, H.; Wang, T. Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic activity of multi-walled carbon nanotubesupported tungsten trioxide composites. J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 2008, 69(10), 2396-2400.
37. Wang, N.; Xu, J.; Guan, L. Synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic activity of tin oxide nanoparticles coated on multi-walled carbon nanotube. Mater. Res. Bull., 2011, 46(9), 1372-1376.
38. Kou, H.; Jia, L.; Wang, C. Electrochemical deposition of flower-like ZnO nanoparticles on a silver-modified carbon nanotube/polyimide membrane to improve its photoelectric activity and photocatalytic performance. Carbon, 2012, 50(10), 3522-3529.
39. Dai, K.; Dawson, G.; Yang, S.; Chen, Z.; Lu, L. Large scale preparing carbon nanotube/zinc oxide hybrid and its application for highly reusable photocatalyst. Chem. Eng. J., 2012, 191, 571-578.
40. Wang, L.; Shen, L.; Zhu, L.; Jin, H.; Bing, N.; Wang, L. Preparation and photocatalytic properties of SnO2 coated on nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes. J. Nanomaterial., 2012, 2012, 6 pages.
41. Wang, Z.; Yin, L.; Zhang, M.; Zhou, G.; Fei, H.; Shi, H.; Dai, H. Synthesis and characterization of Ag3PO4/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic activity and stability under visible light. J. Mater. Sci., 2013, 1-9.
42. Zhou, X.; Yu, J.; Zhang, Y.; Yu, D.; Lu, W. Enhancement in the photo-tocurrent efficiency by fabrication of CNT-BiVO4 composites. Rare Metals, 2011, 30(1), 199-202.
43. 2 composite under visible light. Int. J. Photoenergy, 2010, 2010, 5 pages.
44. Huang, Q.; Gao, L. Synthesis and characterization of CdS/multiwalled carbon nanotube heterojunctions. Nanotechnology, 2004, 15(12), 1855.
45. Wu, H.; Wang, Q.; Yao, Y.; Qian, C.; Zhang, X.; Wei, X. Microwaveassisted synthesis and photocatalytic properties of carbon nanotube/zinc sulfide heterostructures. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2008, 112(43), 16779-16783.
46. Liu, X.; Zeng, P.; Peng, T.; Zhang, X.; Deng, K. Preparation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes/Cd0.8Zn0.2S nanocomposite and its photocatalytic hydrogen production under visible-light. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2012, 37(2), 1375-1384.
47. 2 composites. Adv. Mater., 2009, 21(21), 2233-2239.
48. 2 by using carbon nanotubes for the treatment of azo dye. Appl. Catal. B, 2005, 61(1), 1-11.
49. Lee, S.H.; Pumprueg, S.; Moudgil, B.; Sigmund, W. Inactivation of bacterial endospores by photocatalytic nanocomposites. Colloids Surf. B, 2005, 40(2), 93-98.
50. 2 composite catalysts prepared by a modified solgel method. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 2005, 235(1), 194-199
51. 2. Catal. Commun., 2008, 9(6), 1410-1413.
52. 2 by doping carbon nanotubes: A case study on degradation of benzene and methyl orange. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2010, 114(6), 2669-2676.
53. 2) nanocomposites prepared by conventional and novel surfactant wrapping sol-gel methods exhibiting enhanced photocatalytic activity. Appl. Catal. B, 2009, 89(3), 503-509.
54. 2 aggregates by embedding carbon nanotubes as electron-transfer channel. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2011, 13(8), 3491-3501.
55. 2 layer and their first application in photocatalysis. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A, 2008, 200(2), 301-306.
56. 2 thin films for photocatalytic applications. Catal. Today, 2011, 161(1), 91-96.
57. 2/carbon nanotube hybrid nanostructures: Solvothermal synthesis and their visible light photocatalytic activity. J. Solid State Chem., 2011, 184(6), 1465-1471.
58. 2 composite materials under visible light. J. Mater. Sci., 2010, 45(24), 6611-6616.
59. 2 with a high photocatalytic activity in photodegradation of methylene blue. New Carbon Mater., 2012, 27(3), 166-174.
60. 2) for visible light photocatalytic degradation of Eosin Yellow in water. J. Nanopart. Res., 2012, 14(4), 1-16.
61. 2 core/shell Nanowires for Visible Light Photocatalysis. ACS Nano, 2011, 6(1), 935-943.
62. Saleh, T.A.; Gondal, M.; Drmosh, Q.; Yamani, Z.; Al-Yamani, A. Enhancement in photocatalytic activity for acetaldehyde removal by embedding ZnO nano particles on multiwall carbon nanotubes. Chem. Eng. J., 2011, 166(1), 407-412.
63. Wang, X.; Yao, S.; Li, X. Sol-gel preparation of CNT/ZnO nanocomposite and its photocatalytic Property. Chin. J. Chem., 2009, 27(7), 1317-1320.
64. Peng, T.; Zeng, P.; Ke, D.; Liu, X.; Zhang, X. Hydrothermal preparation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/CdS nanocomposite and its efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production under visible light irradiation. Energy Fuels, 2011, 25(5), 2203-2210.
65. 4 via its nanocomposite formation with multiwall carbon nanotubes: Electronic and morphological effects. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2012, 37(12), 9584-9589.
66. 4 composite photocatalyst with enhanced visiblelight response photoactivity. Dalton Trans., 2013, 42(21), 7604-7613.
67. Yu, J.; Yang, B.; Cheng, B. Noble-metal-free carbon nanotube-Cd0.1Zn0.9S composites for high visible-light photocatalytic H2-production performance. Nanoscale, 2012, 4(8), 2670-2677.
68. Xu, Y.; Xu, H.; Yan, J.; Li, H.; Huang, L.; Zhang, Q.; Huang, C.; Wan, H. A novel visible-light-response plasmonic photocatalyst CNT/Ag/AgBr and its photocatalytic properties. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2013, 15(16), 5821-5830.
69. 2 hybrid materials for the photocatalytic oxidation of propene at low concentration. Appl. Catal. B, 2009, 92(3), 377-383.
70. 2. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2013, 398(0), 234-239.
71. Lan, M.; Fan, G.; Sun, W.; Li, F. Synthesis of hybrid Zn-Al-In mixed metal oxides/carbon nanotubes composite and enhanced visible-light-induced photocatalytic performance. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2013, 282(0), 937-946.
72. Ahmad, M.; Ahmed, E.; Hong, Z.L.; Jiao, X.L.; Abbas, T.; Khalid, N.R. Enhancement in visible light-responsive photocatalytic activity by embedding Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles on multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2013, 285 Part B(0), 702-712.
73. Chen, C.S.; Liu, T.G.; Lin, L.W.; Xie, X.D.; Chen, X.H.; Liu, Q.C.; Liang, B.; Yu, W.W.; Qiu, C.Y. Multi-walled carbon nanotube-supported metaldoped ZnO nanoparticles and their photocatalytic property. J. Nanopart. Res., 2012, 15(1), 1-9.
74. Yan, Y.; Sun, H.; Yao, P.; Kang, S.Z.; Mu, J. Effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes loaded with Ag nanoparticles on the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B under visible light irradiation. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2011, 257(8), 3620-3626.
75. Qu, J.; Cong, Q.; Luo, C.; Yuan, X. Adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A by low-cost carbon nanotubes synthesized using fallen leaves of poplar. RSC Adv., 2012, 3(3), 961-965.
76. 2 nanoparticles under visible light irradiation. Nanotechnology, 2009, 20(12), 125603.
77. 2:Ni composite catalyst: A new class of catalyst for photocatalytic H2 evolution from water under visible light illumination. Chem. Eng. J., 2006, 429(1-3), 199-203.
78. Kim, Y.K.; Park, H. Light-harvesting multi-walled carbon nanotubes and CdS hybrids: Application to photocatalytic hydrogen production from water. Energ. Environ. Sci., 2011, 4(3), 685-694.
79. Li, Q.; Chen, L.; Lu, G. Visible-light-induced photocatalytic hydrogen generation on dye-sensitized multiwalled carbon nanotube/Pt catalyst. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2007, 111(30), 11494-11499.
80. Shaham-Waldmann, N.; Paz, Y. Beyond charge separation: The effect of coupling between titanium dioxide and CNTs on the adsorption and photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI). Chem. Eng. J., 2013, 231(0), 49-58.
81. 2-CNTs composites synthesized via microwaveassisted reaction. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 2012, 363-364(0), 417-422.
82. Novoselov, K.S.; Geim, A.K.; Morozov, S.; Jiang, D.; Zhang, Y.; Dubonos, S.; Grigorieva, I.; Firsov, A. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science, 2004, 306(5696), 666-669
83. Geim, A.K. Graphene: status and prospects. Science, 2009, 324(5934), 1530-1534
84. Rao, C.e.N.e.R.; Sood, A.e.K.; Subrahmanyam, K.e.S.; Govindaraj, A. Graphene: The new two-dimensional nanomaterial. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2009, 48(42), 7752-7777.
85. Krishnamoorthy, K.; Mohan, R.; Kim, S.J. Graphene oxide as a photocatalytic material. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2011, 98(24), 244101-2441013.
86. An, X.; Jimmy, C.Y. Graphene-based photocatalytic composites. RSC Adv., 2011, 1(8), 1426-1434.
87. 2/graphene composites for photodegradation of methyl orange. Nano Res., 2011, 4(3), 274-283.
88. Dreyer, D.R.; Park, S.; Bielawski, C.W.; Ruoff, R.S. The chemistry of graphene oxide. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2010, 39(1), 228-240
89. 2-reduced graphene oxide sheets. J. Mater. Chem., 2011, 21(10), 3415-3421.
90. Zhang, H.; Lv, X.; Li, Y.; Wang, Y.; Li, J. P25-graphene composite as a high performance photocatalyst. ACS Nano, 2009, 4(1), 380-386.
91. 2 and reduced graphene oxide as efficient photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2011, 115(21), 10694-10701.
92. Nguyen-Phan, T.D.; Pham, V.H.; Shin, E.W.; Pham, H.D.; Kim, S.; Chung, J.S.; Kim, E.J.; Hur, S.H. The role of graphene oxide content on the adsorption-enhanced photocatalysis of titanium dioxide/graphene oxide composites. Chem. Eng. J., 2011, 170(1), 226-232.
93. 2-carbon composite materials? ACS Nano, 2010, 4(12), 7303-7314.
94. Nethravathi, C.; Nisha, T.; Ravishankar, N.; Shivakumara, C.; Rajamathi, M. Graphene-nanocrystalline metal sulphide composites produced by a one-pot reaction starting from graphite oxide. Carbon, 2009, 47(8), 2054-2059.
95. 2 nanocomposite and its improved photo-induced charge transfer properties. Nanoscale, 2011, 3(4), 1640-1645.
96. 2-reduced graphene oxide composites for the photocatalytic reduction of Cr (VI). RSC Adv., 2011, 1(7), 1245-1249.
97. 2 nanorods on large graphene oxide sheets at a two-phase interface and their anti-recombination in photocatalytic applications. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2010, 20(23), 4175-4181.
98. Xu, T.; Zhang, L.; Cheng, H.; Zhu, Y. Significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance of ZnO via graphene hybridization and the mechanism study. Appl. Catal. B, 2011, 101(3), 382-387.
99. Li, B.; Cao, H. ZnO@ graphene composite with enhanced performance for the removal of dye from water. J. Mater. Chem., 2011, 21(10), 3346-3349.
100. An, X.; Jimmy, C.Y.; Wang, Y.; Hu, Y.; Yu, X.; Zhang, G. WO3 nanorods/graphene nanocomposites for high-efficiency visible-light-driven photocatalysis and NO2 gas sensing. J. Mater. Chem., 2012, 22(17), 8525-8531.
101. Li, Q.; Guo, B.; Yu, J.; Ran, J.; Zhang, B.; Yan, H.; Gong, J.R. Highly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen production of CdScluster-decorated graphene nanosheets. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133(28), 10878-10884.
102. Hu, H.; Wang, X.; Liu, F.; Wang, J.; Xu, C. Rapid microwave-assisted synthesis of graphene nanosheets-zinc sulfide nanocomposites: Optical and photocatalytic properties. Synth. Met., 2011, 161(5), 404-410.
103. Chen, L.Y.; Zhang, W.D.; Xu, B.; Yu, Y.X. A facile hydrothermal strategy for synthesis of SnO2 nanorods-graphene nanocomposites for high performance photocatalysis. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2012, 12(9), 6921-6929.
104. Gao, E.; Wang, W.; Shang, M.; Xu, J. Synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic performance of graphene-Bi2WO6 composite. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2011, 13(7), 2887-2893.
105. Zhou, F.; Shi, R.; Zhu, Y. Significant enhancement of the visible photocatalytic degradation performances of -Bi2MoO6 nanoplate by graphene hybridization. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 2011, 340(1), 77-82.
106. Ng, Y.H.; Iwase, A.; Kudo, A.; Amal, R. Reducing graphene oxide on a visible-light BiVO4 photocatalyst for an enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting. J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2010, 1(17), 2607-2612.
107. Ai, Z.; Ho, W.; Lee, S. Efficient visible light photocatalytic removal of NO with BiOBr-graphene nanocomposites. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2011, 115(51), 25330-25337.
108. Zhang, H.; Fan, X.; Quan, X.; Chen, S.; Yu, H. Graphene sheets grafted Ag@ AgCl hybrid with enhanced plasmonic photocatalytic activity under visible light. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2011, 45(13), 5731-5736.
109. Fu, Y.; Wang, X. Magnetically separable ZnFe2O4-graphene catalyst and its high photocatalytic performance under visible light irradiation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2011, 50(12), 7210-7218.
110. Zhang, X.; Quan, X.; Chen, S.; Yu, H. Constructing graphene/InNbO4 composite with excellent adsorptivity and charge separation performance for enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic ability. Appl. Catal. B, 2011, 105(1), 237-242.
111. Kamat, P.V. Graphene-based nanoarchitectures. Anchoring semiconductor and metal nanoparticles on a two-dimensional carbon support. J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2009, 1(2), 520-527.
112. Liu, J.; Wang, Z.; Liu, L.; Chen, W. Reduced graphene oxide as capturer of dyes and electrons during photocatalysis: Surface wrapping and capture promoted efficiency. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2011, 13(29), 13216-13221.
113. 2 nanoparticles wrapped by graphene. Adv. Mater., 2012, 24(8), 1084-1088.
114. 2 nanocrystals grown on graphene as advanced photocatalytic hybrid materials. Nano Res., 2010, 3(10), 701-705.
115. 2 nanocomposites: Synthesis, characterization and application in hydrogen evolution from water photocatalytic splitting. J. Mater. Chem., 2010, 20(14), 2801-2806.
116. 2 composites with p/n heterojunction. ACS Nano, 2010, 4(11), 6425-6432.
117. 2-graphene composite films: Improved mass transfer, reduced charge recombination, and their enhanced photocatalytic activities. ACS Nano, 2010, 5(1), 590-596.
118. Kim, I.Y.; Lee, J.M.; Kim, T.W.; Kim, H.N.; Kim, H.i.; Choi, W.; Hwang, S.J. A strong electronic coupling between graphene nanosheets and layered titanate nanoplates: A soft-chemical route to highly porous nanocomposites with improved photocatalytic activity. Small, 2012, 8(7), 1038-1048.
119. Sun, J.; Zhang, H.; Guo, L.H.; Zhao, L. Two-dimensional interface engineering of a titania-graphene nanosheet composite for improved photocatalytic activity. ACS Appl. Mat. Interfaces, 2013, 5(24), 13035-13041.
120. 2 nanocomposites. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2013, 15(37), 15528-15537.
121. 2-reduced graphene oxide ternary composites with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Nanoscale, 2013, 5(11), 5093-5101.
122. Byeon, J.H.; Kim, Y.W. Gas-phase self-assembly of highly ordered titania@graphene nanoflakes for enhancement in photocatalytic activity. ACS Appl. Mat. Interfaces, 2013, 5(9), 3959-3966.
123. 2 nanoparticles on graphene sheet. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2011, 116(1), 1535-1543.
124. 2-reduced graphene oxide composites. Nano Res., 2011, 4(8), 795-806.
125. Yeh, T.F.; Syu, J.M.; Cheng, C.; Chang, T.H.; Teng, H. Graphite oxide as a photocatalyst for hydrogen production from water. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2010, 20(14), 2255-2262.
126. Zhang, Y.; Chen, Z.; Liu, S.; Xu, Y.J. Size effect induced activity enhancement and anti-photocorrosion of reduced graphene oxide/ZnO composites for degradation of organic dyes and reduction of Cr(VI) in water. Appl. Catal. B, 2013, 140-141(0), 598-607.
127. 2-reduced graphene oxide composites for the photocatalytic reduction of Cr (VI). RSC Adv., 2011, 1(7), 1245-1249.
128. Pawar, R.C.; Lee, C.S. Sensitization of CdS nanoparticles onto reduced graphene oxide (RGO) fabricated by chemical bath deposition method for effective removal of Cr (VI). Mater. Chem. Phys., 2013, 141(2), 686-693.
129. Ma, H.; Shen, J.; Shi, M.; Lu, X.; Li, Z.; Long, Y.; Li, N.; Ye, M. Significant enhanced performance for Rhodamine B, phenol and Cr (VI) removal by Bi2WO6 nancomposites via reduced graphene oxide modification. Appl. Catal. B, 2012, 121, 198-205.
130. Yang, M. Q.; Xu, Y.J. Selective photoredox using graphene-based composite photocatalysts. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2013, 15(44), 19102-19118.
131. 2 nanocomposite photocatalysts for selective oxidation: A comparative study. ACS Appl. Mat. Interfaces, 2013, 5(3), 1156-1164.
132. Xu, X.; Ray, R.; Gu, Y.; Ploehn, H.J.; Gearheart, L.; Raker, K.; Scrivens, W.A. Electrophoretic analysis and purification of fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube fragments. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126(40), 12736-12737.
133. Baker, S.N.; Baker, G.A. Luminescent carbon nanodots: emergent nanolights. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2010, 49(38), 6726-6744
134. Shen, J.; Zhu, Y.; Chen, C.; Yang, X.; Li, C. Facile preparation and upconversion luminescence of graphene quantum dots. Chem. Commun., 2011, 47(9), 2580-2582.
135. Cao, L.; Wang, X.; Meziani, M.J.; Lu, F.; Wang, H.; Luo, P.G.; Lin, Y.; Harruff, B.A.; Veca, L.M.; Murray, D. Carbon dots for multiphoton bioimaging. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129(37), 11318-11319.
136. Jiang, H.; Chen, F.; Lagally, M.G.; Denes, F.S. New strategy for synthesis and functionalization of carbon nanoparticles. Langmuir, 2009, 26(3), 1991-1995.
137. Hsu, P.C.; Chang, H.T. Synthesis of high-quality carbon nanodots from hydrophilic compounds: role of functional groups. Chem. Commun., 2012, 48(33), 3984-3986.
138. Li, H.; He, X.; Kang, Z.; Huang, H.; Liu, Y.; Liu, J.; Lian, S.; Tsang, C.H.A.; Yang, X.; Lee, S.T. Water-soluble fluorescent carbon quantum dots and photocatalyst Design. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2010, 49(26), 4430-4434
139. Ming, H.; Ma, Z.; Liu, Y.; Pan, K.; Yu, H.; Wang, F.; Kang, Z. Large scale electrochemical synthesis of high quality carbon nanodots and their photocatalytic property. Dalton Trans., 2012, 41(31), 9526-9531.
140. Yan, X.; Cui, X.; Li, L.-s. Synthesis of large, stable colloidal graphene quantum dots with tunable size. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132(17), 5944-5945
141. Hamilton, I.P.; Li, B.; Yan, X.; Li, L.-s. Alignment of colloidal graphene quantum dots on polar surfaces. Nano Lett., 2011, 11(4), 1524-1529.
142. Cao, L.; Sahu, S.; Anilkumar, P.; Bunker, C.E.; Xu, J.; Fernando, K.S.; Wang, P.; Guliants, E.A.; Tackett, K.N.; Sun, Y.P. Carbon nanoparticles as visible-light photocatalysts for efficient CO2 conversion and beyond. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133(13), 4754-4757.
143. Zhang, H.; Ming, H.; Lian, S.; Huang, H.; Li, H.; Zhang, L.; Liu, Y.; Kang, Z.; Lee, S.T. Fe2O3/carbon quantum dots complex photocatalysts and their enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light. Dalton Trans., 2011, 40(41), 10822-10825.
144. Zhang, H.; Huang, H.; Ming, H.; Li, H.; Zhang, L.; Liu, Y.; Kang, Z. Carbon quantum dots/Ag3PO4 complex photocatalysts with enhanced photocatalytic activity and stability under visible light. J. Mater. Chem., 2012, 22(21), 10501-10506.
145. Ma, Z.; Ming, H.; Huang, H.; Liu, Y.; Kang, Z. One-step ultrasonic synthesis of fluorescent N-doped carbon dots from glucose and their visible-light sensitive photocatalytic ability. New J. Chem., 2012, 36(4), 861-864.
146. Li, H.; Liu, R.; Liu, Y.; Huang, H.; Yu, H.; Ming, H.; Lian, S.; Lee, S.T.; Kang, Z. Carbon quantum dots/Cu2O composites with protruding nanostructures and their highly efficient (near) infrared photocatalytic behavior. J. Mater. Chem., 2012, 22(34), 17470-17475.
147. 2 nanotube arrays for photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation under visible light. Nanoscale, 2013, 5(6), 2274-2278.
148. Tang, D.; Zhang, H.; Huang, H.; Liu, R.; Han, Y.; Liu, Y.; Tong, C.; Kang, Z. Carbon quantum dots enhance the photocatalytic performance of BiVO4 with different exposed facets. Dalton Trans., 2013, 18(42), 6285-6289.
149. 2-based photocatalysts and dye-sensitized solar cells. Nano Energy, 2013, 2(5), 545-552.
150. Li, Y.; Zhang, B.P.; Zhao, J.X.; Ge, Z.H.; Zhao, X.K.; Zou, L. ZnO/Carbon quantum dots heterostructure with enhanced photocatalytic properties. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2013, 279, 367-373.
151. Yu, H.; Zhang, H.; Huang, H.; Liu, Y.; Li, H.; Ming, H.; Kang, Z. ZnO/carbon quantum dots nanocomposites: one-step fabrication and superior photocatalytic ability for toxic gas degradation under visible light at room temperature. New J. Chem., 2012, 36(4), 1031-1035.
152. Rodriguez-Reinoso, F. The role of carbon materials in heterogeneous catalysis. Carbon, 1998, 36(3), 159-175.
153. 2 activation by using activated carbon as a support: Part I. Surface characterisation and decantability study. Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 2003, 44(2), 161-172.
154. 2 nanoparticles prepared by a sol-gel method. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2007, 253(23), 9254-9258.
155. 2/AC composite photocatalyst with high activity and easy separation prepared by a hydrothermal method. J. Hazard. Mater., 2007, 143(1), 257-263.
156. 2 coatings of nanosized particles on activated carbon by AP-MOCVD. Carbon, 2005, 43(8), 1700-1708.
157. 2-coated activated carbon. Colloids Surf. A, 2008, 312(2), 125-130.
158. 2 by carbon and iron modifications. Int. J. Photoenergy, 2008, 2008, 15 pages.
159. 2 and ZnO mediated photo-assisted degradation of 2-propanol in gas-solid regime. Appl. Catal. B, 2010, 99(1), 170-180.
160. Velasco, L.F.; Parra, J.B.; Ania, C.O. Role of activated carbon features on the photocatalytic degradation of phenol. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2010, 256(17), 5254-5258.
161. Guldi, D.M.; Prato, M. Excited-state properties of C60 fullerene derivatives. Acc. Chem. Res., 2000, 33(10), 695-703
162. Gust, D.; Moore, T.A.; Moore, A.L. Photochemistry of supramolecular systems containing C60. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 2000, 58(2-3), 63-71.
163. Park, Y.; Singh, N.; Kim, K.S.; Tachikawa, T.; Majima, T.; Choi, W. Fullerol-titania charge-transfer-mediated photocatalysis working under visible light. Chem. Eur. J., 2009, 15(41), 10843-10850.
164. Krishna, V.; Noguchi, N.; Koopman, B.; Moudgil, B. Enhancement of titanium dioxide photocatalysis by water-soluble fullerenes. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2006, 304(1), 166-171.
165. 2 nanorods. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2009, 113(31), 13899-13905.
166. 2 composites derived from titanium (IV) n-butoxide and C60. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 2009, 15(6), 791-797.
167. Fu, H.; Xu, T.; Zhu, S.; Zhu, Y. Photocorrosion inhibition and enhancement of photocatalytic activity for ZnO via hybridization with C60. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2008, 42(21), 8064-8069.
168. Zhu, S.; Xu, T.; Fu, H.; Zhao, J.; Zhu, Y. Synergetic effect of Bi2WO6 photocatalyst with C60 and enhanced photoactivity under visible irradiation. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2007, 41(17), 6234-6239.
169. 2: Synthesis, characterization, and visible photocatalytic performance. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2009, 114(2), 933-939.
170. 2 hollow microspheres. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2009, 113(30), 13317-13324.
171. 2@ C core-shell composite nanoparticles and evaluation of their photocatalytic activities. Chem. Mater., 2006, 18(9), 2275-2282.
172. Hardin, B.E.; Hoke, E.T.; Armstrong, P.B.; Yum, J.H.; Comte, P.; Torres, T.; Fréchet, J.M.; Nazeeruddin, M.K.; Grätzel, M.; McGehee, M.D. Increased light harvesting in dye-sensitized solar cells with energy relay dyes. Nat. Photonics, 2009, 3(7), 406-411.
173. Zhang, Y.; Mori, T.; Ye, J. Polymeric carbon nitrides: Semiconducting properties and emerging applications in photocatalysis and photoelectrochemical energy conversion. Sci. Adv. Mater., 2012, 4(2), 282-291.
174. 4 fabricated by directly heating melamine. Langmuir, 2009, 25(17), 10397-10401.
175. Wang, X.; Maeda, K.; Thomas, A.; Takanabe, K.; Xin, G.; Carlsson, J.M.; Domen, K.; Antonietti, M. A metal-free polymeric photocatalyst for hydrogen production from water under visible light. Nat. Mater., 2008, 8(1), 76-80.
176. 4-Fe3O4 hybrid nanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic performance under visible-light irradiation. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2013, 117(49), 26135-26143.
177. 4/Ag2O heterostructured photocatalysts with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity. ACS Appl. Mat. Interfaces, 2013, 5(23), 12533-12540.
178. 4 for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water. ChemSusChem, 2013, 6(12), 2263-2268.
179. 4 nanowires. ACS Appl. Mat. Interfaces, 2013, 5(20), 10317-10324.
180. 4/rGO nanocomposites with tunable band structure and enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. Small, 2013, 9(19), 3336-3344.
181. 4 composite photocatalyst for enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity. Appl. Catal. B, 2013, 142, 1-7.
182. 4 photocatalysts with enhanced photocatalytic activities. Appl. Catal. B, 2013, 142, 414-422.
183. 4 via ZnO modification and the mechanism study. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 2013, 368, 9-15.
184. 4 (X = Br, I) hybrid materials with synergistic photocatalytic activity. Appl. Catal. B, 2013, 129, 182-193.
185. 4/BiOBr visible-light-driven composite: synthesis via a reactable ionic liquid and improved photocatalytic activity. RSC Adv., 2013, 3(42), 19624-19631.
186. 4-Ag3PO4 hybrid nanocomposite photocatalyst and study of the photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2013, 1(17), 5333-5340.
187. 4-CdS composite photocatalysts with organic-inorganic heterojunctions: in situ synthesis, exceptional activity, high stability and photocatalytic mechanism. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2013, 1(9), 3083-3090.
188. Li, G.; Yang, N.; Wang, W.; Zhang, W.F. Synthesis, photophysical and photocatalytic properties of N-doped sodium niobate sensitized by carbon nitride. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2009, 113(33), 14829-14833.
189. Wang, X.; Chen, X.; Thomas, A.; Fu, X.; Antonietti, M. Metal-containing carbon nitride compounds: A new functional organic-metal hybrid material. Adv. Mater., 2009, 21(16), 1609-1612
190. 4-catalyzed oxidation of benzene to phenol using hydrogen peroxide and visible light. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131(33), 11658-11659.