Youth crime and youth culture in the inner city

Youth Crime and Youth Culture in the Inner City

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-228

  Sanders, Bill ^a  

^a Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84905139235     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203001660     Document Type: Book

References (229)

1. Ackroyd, S. and Hughes, J.A. (1992) Data Collection in Context. London, Longman.
2. Adler, P.A. and Adler, P. (1991) Membership Roles in Field Research. London, Sage.
3. Agnew, R. (1992) 'Foundation for a general theory of crime', Criminology 30(1) February: 47-88.
4. Aldridge, J., Parker, H. and Measham, F. (1999) Drug Trying and Drug Use Across Adolescence.
5. Alexander, C. (1996) The Art of Being Black: The Creation of Black British Youth Identities. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
6. Anderson, E. (1990) Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community. Chicago IL, Chicago University Press.
7. Anderson, E. (1999) Code of the Streets: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City. New York NY, W.W. Norton and Co.
8. Anderson, H. (1997) Contrasting London Incomes. London, London Research Centre.
9. Arksey, H. and Knight, P. (1999) Interviewing for Social Scientists: An Introductory Resource with Examples. London, Sage.
10. Armstrong, G. (1993) 'Like that Desmond Morris?', in D. Hobbs and T. May (eds), Interpreting the Field: Accounts of Ethnography, Oxford, Clarendon Press, p. 3.
11. Armstrong, G. (1998) Football Hooligans: Knowing the Score. Oxford, Berg.
12. Audit Commission (1996) Misspent Youth: Young People and Crime. London, Audit Commission.
13. Back, L. (1996) New Ethnicities and Urban Culture: Racism and Multiculturalism in Young Lives. London, University College London Press.
14. Barker, M. and Bridgeman, C. (1994) Preventing Vandalism: What Works? Police Research Group, Crime Detection and Prevention Series, paper 56, London, Home Office.
15. Becker, H. (1963) Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. London, Macmillan.
16. Becker, H. (1970) 'Practitioner of vice and crime', in R.W. Habenstein (ed.), Pathways to Data, Chicago IL, Aldine, p. 30.
17. Benyon, J. and Solomos, J. (eds) (1987) The Roots of Urban Unrest. Oxford, Pergamon.
18. Berger, P. and Luckman, T. (1967) The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. New York NY, Anchor.
19. Bourgois, P. (1995) In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
20. Braithwaite, J. and Daly, K. (1994) 'Masculinities, violence and communitarian control', in T. Newburn and E. Stanko (eds), Just Boys doing Business?, New York, Routledge, p. 189.
21. Brake, M. (1985) Comparative Youth Culture: The Sociology of Youth Cultures and Youth Subcultures in America, Britain and Canada. London, Routledge.
22. Britton, N.J. (2000) 'Race and policing: a study of police custody', British Journal of Criminology 40: 639-58.
23. Broidy, L. (2001) 'A test of general strain theory', Criminology 39(1) February: 9-36.
24. Burney, E. (1990) Putting Street Crime in its Place. A report to the Community/Police Consultative Group for Lambeth, London, Goldsmiths College.
25. Campbell, A. (1991) The Girls in the Gang. Oxford, Blackwell.
26. Campbell, B. (1993) Goliath: Britain's Dangerous Places. London, Methuen.
27. Cashmore, E.E. (1984) No Future: Youth and Society. London, Heinemann.
28. Chamberlain, M. (1989) Growing Up in Lambeth. London, Virago.
29. Clarke, J. (1976) 'Style', in S. Hall and T. Jefferson (eds), Resistance Through Rituals, London, Hutchinson, p. 175.
30. Cloward, R. and Ohlin, L. (1960) Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquent Gangs. London, Collier-Macmillan.
31. Coffield, F. (1991) Vandalism and Graffiti: The State of the Art. London, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.
32. Cohen, A. (1955) Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang. New York NY, Free Press.
33. Cohen, A., Short, J. (1958) 'Research in delinquent subcultures', The Journal of Social Issues 14: 20-37.
34. Cohen, P. (1972) 'Sub-cultural conflict and working class culture', Working Papers in Cultural Studies 2, Birmingham, University of Birmingham, pp. 5-51.
35. Cohen, S. (1972) Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers. London, MacGibbon and Kee.
36. Cohen, A. (1973) 'Property destruction: motives and meanings', in C. Ward (ed.), Vandalism, London, Architectural Press, p. 23.
37. Coleman, J.S. (1988) 'Social capital in the creation of human capital', American Journal of Sociology 94: S95-S120.
38. Coleman, J.S., and Fararo, T.J. (eds) (1992) Rational Choice Theory: Advocacy and Critique. London, Sage.
39. Collins, R. (1982) Sociological Insight: An Introduction to Non-obvious Sociology. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
40. Connell, R.W. (1987) Gender and Power: Society, the Person, and Sexual Politics. Stanford CA, Stanford University Press.
41. Cooley, C.H. (1964) Human Nature and Social Order. New York NY, Schocken Books.
42. Cornish, R. and Clarke, R. (1987) 'Understanding crime displacement: the applicability of Rational Choice Theory', Criminology 25(4) November: 933-48.
43. Corrigan, P. (1979) Schooling the Smash Street Kids. London, Macmillan Press.
44. Cromwell, P.F., Olson, J.N. and Avary, D.W. (1991) Breaking and Entering: An Ethnographic Analysis of Burglary. London, Sage.
45. Cromwell, P.F., Olson, J.N. and Avary, D.W. (1996) 'Who buys stolen property?: a new look at criminal receiving', in P. Cromwell (ed.), In Their Own Words: Criminals on Crime: An Anthology. Los Angeles CA, Roxbury, p. 47.
46. Davidson, J. (1997) Gangsta. London, Vision.
47. Davies, N. (1997) Dark Heart: The Shocking Truth about Hidden Britain. London, Chatto and Windus.
48. Decker, S. and Van Winkle, B. (1996) Life in the Gang: Family, Friends and Violence. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
49. Denzin, N.K. (1970) The Research Act in Sociology. London, Butterworth.
50. Downes, D. (1966) The Delinquent Solution: A Study of Subcultural Theory. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul.
51. Downes, D. (1998) 'Back to the future: the predictive value of social theories of delinquency', in P. Rock and S. Holdaway (eds), Thinking about Criminology, London, University College London Press, p. 99.
52. Downes, D. and Rock, P. (1988) Understanding Deviance: A Guide to the Sociology of Crime and Rule Breaking. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
53. Dunaway, G.R., Cullen, F.T., Burton Jr, V.S. and Evans, T.D. (2000) 'The myth of social class and crime revisited: an examination of class and adult criminality', Criminology 28(2) May: 589-632.
54. Fagan, J. (1996) 'Gangs, drugs, and neighborhood change', in C.R. Huff (ed.), Gangs in America, Thousand Oaks CA, Sage Publications, p. 39.
55. Fernando Jr, S.H. (1994) The New Beats. New York NY, Payback Press.
56. Ferrell, J. (1993) Crimes of Style: Urban Graffiti and the Politics of Criminality. Boston MA, Northeastern University Press.
57. Ferrell, J. (1995) 'Style matters: criminal identity and social control', in J. Ferrell and C. Sanders (eds), Cultural Criminology, Boston MA, Northeastern University Press, p. 169.
58. Ferrell, J., Sanders C. (1995) 'Culture, crime, and criminology', in J. Ferrell and C. Sanders (eds), Cultural Criminology, Boston MA, Northeastern University Press, p. 3.
59. Finestone, H. (1957) 'Cats, kicks and color', Social Problems 5: 3-13.
60. Fitzgerald, M. (1998) 'Race and the criminal justice system', in T. Blackstone, B. Parekh and P. Sanders (eds), Race Relations in Britain, London, Routledge, p. 158.
61. Flood-Page, C., Campbell, S., Harrington, V. and Miller, J. (2000) Youth Crime: Findings from the 1998/99 Youth Lifestyles Survey. Home Office Research Study 209, London, Home Office.
62. Foster, J. (1990) Villains: Crime and Community in the Inner City. London, Routledge.
63. Foster, J. (2002) '"People pieces": the neglected but essential elements of community crime prevention', in G. Hughes and A. Edwards (eds), Crime Control and Community: The New Politics of Public Safety, Cullompton, Devon, Willan Publications, p. 167.
64. Fraser, S. (ed.) (1995) The Bell Curve Wars: Race, Intelligence and the Future of America. New York NY, Basic Books.
65. Fyvel, T.R. (1963) The Insecure Offenders. Harmondsworth, Penguin.
66. Geason, S. and Wilson, P.R. (1990) Preventing Graffiti and Vandalism. Canberra, Australian Institute of Criminology.
67. Geis, G. (2002) 'On cross-disciplinary qualitative research: some homilies', The Criminologist 27(3) May/June: 1-5.
68. Gibbons, D. (1971) 'Observations on the study of crime causation', American Journal of Sociology 77: 262-78.
69. Gilroy, P. (1987) Ain't no Black in the Union Jack: The Cultural Politics of Race and Nation. London, Hutchinson.
70. Gilroy, P. (1993) The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness. London, Verso.
71. Glass, R. (1960) Newcomers: The West Indians in London. London, George Allen and Unwin.
72. Glassner, B. and Loughlin, J. (1990) Drugs in Adolescent Worlds: Burnouts to Straights. London, Macmillan.
73. Goffman, E. (1959) Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Harmondsworth, Penguin.
74. Goffman, E. (1963) Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs NJ, Prentice- Hall.
75. Goffman, E. (1967) Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-face Behaviour. Garden City NY, Doubleday.
76. Goldberg, D.T. (1993) Racist Culture: Philosophy and the Politics of Meaning. Oxford, Blackwell.
77. Gottfredson, M. and Hirschi, T. (1990) A General Theory of Crime. Stanford CA, Stanford University Press.
78. Graef, R. (1993) Living Dangerously: Young Offenders in their Own Words. London, Harper Collins.
79. Graham, J. and Bowling, B. (1995) Young People and Crime. Home Office Research Study 145, London, Home Office.
80. Groves, B.W. and Lynch, M.J. (1990) 'Reconciling structural and subjective approaches to the study of crime', Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 27: 348-75.
81. Hagan, J. (1994) Crime and Disrepute. Thousand Oaks CA, Pine Forge Press.
82. Hagan, J., and McCarthy, B. (1992) 'Mean streets: the theoretical significance of situational delinquency among homeless youths', American Journal of Sociology 98: 597-627.
83. Hagedorn, J. (1988) People and Folks: Gangs, Crime and the Underclass in a Rust-belt City. Chicago, Lake View Press.
84. Hagell, A. and Newburn, T. (1994) Persistent Young Offenders. London, Policy Studies Institute.
85. Hakim, C. (1987) Research Design: Strategies and Choices in the Design of Social Research. London, Allen and Unwin.
86. Hall, S. and Jefferson, T. (eds) (1976) Resistance Through Rituals: Subcultures in Post-war Britain. London, Hutchinson.
87. Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke, J. and Roberts, B. (1978) Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order. London, Macmillan.
88. Hannertz, U. (1969) Soulside: Inquiries into Ghetto Culture and Community. New York NY, Columbia University Press.
89. Harris, C. and James, W. (1993) 'Introduction', in W. James and C. Harris (eds), Inside Babylon: Caribbean Diaspora in Britain, London, Verso.
90. Hebdige, D. (1979) Subculture: The Meaning of Style. London, Methuen.
91. Henry, S. and Milovanovic, D. (1994) 'The constitution of Constitutive Criminology: a postmodern approach to criminological theory', in D. Nelken (ed.), The Futures of Criminology, London, Sage, p. 110.
92. Herrnstein, R.J. and Murray, C. (1994) The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. New York NY: Free Press.
93. Hirschi, T. (1969) Causes of Delinquency. London, University of California Press.
94. Hobbs, D. (1988) Doing the Business: Entrepreneurship, the Working-class and Detectives in the East End of London. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
95. Hobbs, D. (1993) 'Peers, careers, and academic fears: writing as field work', in D. Hobbs and T. May (eds), Interpreting the Field: Accounts of Ethnography, Oxford, Clarendon Press, p. 45.
96. Huff, C.R. (1989) 'Youth gangs and public policy', Crime and Delinquency 35: 524-39.
97. Jacobs, B.A. (1999) 'Crack to heroin?: drug markets and transition', British Journal of Criminology 39: 555-74.
98. Jacobs, B.A., and Wright, R. (1999) 'Stick-up, street culture, and offender motivation', Criminology 37(1) February: 149-73.
99. Jefferson, T. (1993) 'The racism of criminalisation: police and the reproduction of the criminal other', in L. Gelsthorpe (ed.), Minority Ethnic Groups in the Criminal Justice System, Cropwood conference series, No. 21, Cambridge, University of Cambridge Institute of Criminology, p. 26.
100. Jones, C. (1993) A London Atlas. London, London Research Centre.
101. Jones, S. (1998) Criminology. London, Butterworths.
102. Katz, J. (1988) Seductions of Crime: Moral and Sensual Attractions in Doing Evil. New York NY, Basic Books.
103. Keiser, L. (1969) The Vice Lords: Warriors of the Street. New York NY, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
104. Keith, M. (1993) Race, Riots and Policing: Lore and Disorder in a Multi-racist Society. London, University College London Press.
105. Kennedy, L.W. and Forde, D.R. (1999) When Push Comes to Shove: A Routine Conflict Approach to Violence. New York NY, State University of New York Press.
106. Kershaw, C., Budd, T., Kinshott, G., Mattinson, J., Mayhew, P. and Myhill, A. (2000) The 2000 British Crime Survey. Home Office Statistical Bulletin 18/00, London, Home Office.
107. Kirk, B. (1996) Negative Images: A Simple Matter of Black and White? Aldershot, Avebury.
108. Klein, M. (1971) Street Gangs and Street Workers. Englewood Cliffs NJ, Prentice-Hall.
109. Klein, M. (1995) The American Street Gang: Its Nature, Prevalence and Control. New York NY, Oxford University Press.
110. Kray, R. (n.d.) Slang. Birmingham, Wheel and Deal Publications.
111. Lee, R. (1993) Doing Research on Sensitive Topics. London, Sage.
112. Liebow, E. (1967) Tally's Corner. Boston MA, Little, Brown.
113. Linder, R. (1996) The Reportage of Urban Culture, translated by Adrian Morris. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
114. Lofland, J. and Lofland, L.H. (1984) Analyzing Social Settings. Belmont CA, Wadsworth.
115. MacDonald, N. (2001) The Graffiti Subculture: Youth, Masculinity and Identity in London and New York. New York NY, Palgrave.
116. Macpherson, W. (1999) The Lawrence Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry by Sir William Macpherson of Clung. London, The Stationery Office.
117. Maguire, M. (2000) 'Researching "street criminals": a neglected art', in R. King and E. Wincap (eds), Doing Research on Crime and Justice, Oxford, Oxford University Press, p. 121.
118. Marlow, A. (1999) 'Youth, minorities, drugs and policing: a study of stop and search', in A. Marlow and G. Pearson (eds), Young People, Drugs and Community Safety, Dorset, Russell House Publishing, p. 81.
119. Matheson, J. and Edwards, G. (eds) (2000) Focus on London 2000. London, London Research Centre.
120. Matheson, J. and Holding, A. (eds) (1999) Focus on London 99. London, London Research Centre.
121. Matthews, R. (2002) Armed Robbery. York, Willan Publishing.
122. Matthews, R. and Pitts, J. (2001) Crime, Disorder and Community Safety. London, Routledge.
123. Matza, D. (1964) Delinquency and Drift. London, John Wiley & Sons.
124. Matza, D. and Sykes, G. (1961) 'Juvenile delinquency and subterranean values', American Sociological Review 26: 712-19.
125. Maxwell, J.A. (1996) Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach. Thousands Oaks CA, Sage.
126. Mays, J.B. (1954) Growing Up in the City: A Study of Juvenile Delinquency in an Urban Neighbourhood. Liverpool, Liverpool University Press.
127. McGahey, R. (1986) 'Economic conditions, neighborhood organization, and urban crime', in A.J. Reiss Jr and M. Tonry (eds), Communities and Crime, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, p. 231.
128. Melly, G. (1970) Revolt into Style: The Pop Arts in Britain. London, Allen Lane.
129. Merton, R.K. (1938) 'Social structure and anomie', American Sociological Review 3: 672-82.
130. Merton, R.K. (1957) Social Theory and Social Structure. London, Glencoe Free Press.
131. Merton, R.K. (1972) 'Insiders and outsiders: a chapter in the sociology of knowledge', American Journal of Sociology 78: 9-47.
132. Messerschmidt, J.W. (1993) Masculinities and Crime: Critique and Reconceptualization of Theory, Lanham MD, Rowman and Littlefield.
133. Messerschmidt, J.W. (2000) Nine Lives: Adolescent Masculinities, the Body, and Violence. Oxford, Westview.
134. Miller, W.B. (1958) 'Lower class culture as generating a milieu of gang delinquency', Journal of Social Issues 14: 5-19.
135. Miller, W.B. (1969) 'White gangs', Trans-action 6: 11-26.
136. Mirrlees-Black, C., Mayhew, P. and Percy, A. (1996) The 1996 British Crime Survey. Home Office Statistical Bulletin 19/96, London, Home Office.
137. Mirrlees-Black, C., Budd, T., Partridge, S. and Mayhew, P. (1998) The 1998 British Crime Survey. Home Office Statistical Bulletin 21/98, London, Home Office.
138. Moore, J. (1991) Going Down to the Barrio: Homeboys and Homegirls in Change. Philadelphia PA, Temple University Press.
139. Muncie, J. (1984) The Trouble with Kids Today: Youth and Crime in Post-war Britain. London, Hutchinson.
140. NACRO (1989) Vandalism. London, National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders briefing.
141. Nelken, D. (1994) 'Reflexive criminology?', in D. Nelken (ed.), The Futures of Criminology, London, Sage, p. 7.
142. Newburn, T. (1998) 'Young offenders, drugs and prevention', Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 5: 233-43.
143. Newburn, T. and Stanko, E. (1994) 'Introduction', in T. Newburn and E. Stanko (eds), Just Boys Doing Business? New York NY, Routledge.
144. Newitz, A. (1997) 'White savagery and humiliation, or a new racial consciousness in the media', in M. Wray and A. Newitz (eds), White Trash: Race and Class in America, New York NY, Routledge, p. 131.
145. O'Malley, P. and Mugford, S. (1994) 'Crime, excitement, and modernity', in G. Barak (ed.), Varieties of Criminology: Readings from a Dynamic Discipline. London, Praeger, p. 189.
146. Padilla, F. (1992) The Gang as an American Enterprise. New Brunswick NJ, Rutgers University Press.
147. Park, R. (1950) The Collected Papers of Robert Ezra Park: Race and Culture, Volume One, edited by E. Hughes, C. Johnson, J. Masuoka, R. Redfield and L. Wirth. Glencoe IL, Free Press.
148. Parker, H. (1974) A View from the Boys. London, David and Charles.
149. Parker, H., Bakx, K. and Newcombe, R. (1988) Living with Heroin: The Impact of a Drugs Epidemic on an English Community. Milton Keynes, Open University Press.
150. Parker, H., Measham, F. and Aldridge, J. (1995) Drugs Futures: Changing Patterns of Drug Use amongst English Youth. London, Institute for the Study of Drug Dependence.
151. Parker, H., Aldridge, J. and Measham, F. (1998) Illegal Leisure: The Normalisation of Adolescent Recreational Drug Use. London, Routledge.
152. Patrick, J. (1973) A Glasgow Gang Observed. London, Eyre Methuen.
153. Patterson, S. (1965) Dark Strangers: A Sociological Study of the Absorption of a Recent West Indian Immigrant Group in Brixton, South London. Harmondsworth, Penguin.
154. Pearson, G. (1983) Hooligan: A History of Respectable Fears. London, Macmillan.
155. Phillips, S.A. (1999) Wallbangin': Graffiti and Gangs in LA. Chicago IL, University of Chicago Press.
156. Pitts, J. (1999) Working with Young Offenders. London, Macmillan.
157. Polsky, N. (1969) Hustlers, Beats and Others. New York, Doubleday.
158. Presdee, M. (1994) 'Young people, culture and the construction of crime', in G. Barak (ed.), Varieties of Criminology: Readings from a Dynamic Discipline, London, Praeger, p. 179.
159. Presdee, M. (2000) Cultural Criminology and the Carnival of Crime. London, Routledge.
160. Pryce, K. (1979) Endless Pressure: A Study of West Indian Lifestyles in Bristol. Harmondsworth, Penguin.
161. Ray, O. and Ksir, C. (1999) Drugs, Society and Human Behavior. Boston MA, McGraw-Hill.
162. Redhead, S. (ed.) (1993) Rave Off: Politics and Deviance in Contemporary Youth Culture. Aldershot, Avebury.
163. Reiss, A.J. (1986) 'Why are communities important in understanding crime?', in A.J. Reiss and M. Tonry (eds), Communities and Crime, Chicago, Chicago University Press, p. 1.
164. Reynolds, S. (1997) Wargasm: Military Images in Pop. Available online at http:// members.aol.com/blissart/militpop.htm (downloaded November 1997).
165. Robins, D. (1992) Tarnished Vision: Crime and Conflict in the Inner City. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
166. Rojek, C. (2000) Leisure and Culture. London, Macmillan.
167. Rubin, H.J. and Rubin, I.S. (1995) Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data. London, Sage.
168. Ruggiero, V. and South, N. (1995) Eurodrugs: Drug Use, Markets, and Trafficking in Europe. London, University College London Press.
169. Runnymede Trust (1996) This is Where I Live: Stories and Pressures in Brixton. London, The Runnymede Trust.
170. Russell, K.K. (2001) 'Racing crime: definitions and dilemmas', in S. Henry and M.M. Lanier (eds), What is Crime?: Controversies over the Nature of Crime and What to Do About It. Oxford, Rowman and Littlefield, p. 155.
171. Sampson, R. and Groves, W.B. (1989) 'Community structure and crime: testing social disorganization theory', American Journal of Sociology 94: 774-802.
172. Sampson, R. and Laub, J. (1992) 'Crime and deviance in the life course', Annual Review of Sociology 18: 63-84.
173. Sampson, R. and Wilson, W.J. (1995) 'Toward a theory of race, crime, and urban inequality', in J. Hagan and R. Peterson (eds), Crime and Inequality, Stanford CA, Stanford University Press, p. 37.
174. Sanders, W.B. (1981) Juvenile Delinquency: Causes, Patterns, and Reactions. New York NY, Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
175. Sanders, W.B. (1994) Gangbangs and Drive-bys: Grounded Culture and Juvenile Gang Violence. New York NY, Aldine De Gruyter.
176. Scarman, Lord (1981) The Scarman Report: The Brixton Disorders 10-12 April 1981: Report of an Inquiry by Lord Scarman. Harmondsworth, Penguin.
177. Schell, T.J. (1992) 'Rationality and emotion: homage to Norbert Elias', in J.S. Coleman and T.J. Fararo (eds), Rational Choice Theory: Advocacy and Critique, London, Sage, p. 101.
178. Schneider, E. (1999) Vampires, Dragons and Egyptian Kings. Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press.
179. Schrag, C. (1962) 'Delinquency and opportunity: analysis of a theory', Sociology and Social Research 46(2) January: 167-75.
180. Schuman, H. and Converse, J. (1971) 'The effects of Black and White interviewers on Black responses in 1968', Public Opinion Quarterly 35: 44-68.
181. Scott, P. (1956) 'Gangs and delinquent groups in London', The British Journal of Delinquency 7: 4-26.
182. Shaffir, W.B. (1991) 'Managing a convincing self-presentation: some personal reflections on entering the field', in W.B. Shaffir and R. Stebbing (eds), Experiencing Fieldwork, London, Sage, p. 72.
183. Shaw, C. and McKay, H. (1942) Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. Chicago IL, University of Chicago Press.
184. Shiner, M. and Newburn, T. (1997) 'Definitely, maybe not? The normalisation of recreational drug use amongst young people', Sociology 31(3): 511-29.
185. Shiner, M. and Newburn, T. (1999) 'Taking tea with Noel: the place and meaning of drug use in everyday life', in N. South (ed.), Drugs: Culture, Controls and Everyday Life, London, Sage.
186. Shover, N. (1996) Great Pretenders: Pursuits and Careers of Persistent Thieves. Boulder CO, Westview Press.
187. Silverman, D. (1985) Qualitative Methodology and Sociology: Describing the Social World. Aldershot, Gower.
188. Simmons, J. and colleagues (2002) Crime in England and Wales 2001/2002. Home Office Statistical Bulletin No. 07/02, London, Home Office.
189. Solomos, J. (1988) Black Youth, Racism and the State: The Politics of Ideology and Policy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
190. South, N. (1999) 'Debating drugs and everyday life: normalisation, prohibition and "otherness"', in N. South (ed.), Drugs: Cultures, Controls and Everyday Life, London, Sage, pp. 1-15.
191. South, N. and Teeman, D. (1999) 'Young people, drugs and community life', in A. Marlow and G. Pearson (eds), Young People, Drugs and Community Safety, Dorset, Russell House Publishing, p. 69.
192. Sparks, R. (1992) Television and the Drama of Crime: Moral Tales and the Place of Crime in Public Life. Birmingham, Open University Press.
193. Spencer, B.A. and Hough, M. (2000) Policing Diversity: Lessons From Lambeth. Police Research Series Paper 121, London, Policing and Reducing Crime Unit.
194. Spergel, I. (1964) Racketville, Slumtown, Haulberg. Chicago IL, University of Chicago Press.
195. Spergel, I. (1995) The Youth Gang Problem: A Community Approach. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
196. Stanko, E.A. (1994) 'Challenging the problem of men's individual violence', in T. Newburn and E. Stanko (eds), Just Boys Doing Business? New York NY, Routledge, p. 32.
197. Stanley, C. (1997) 'Not drowning but waving: urban narratives of dissent in the wild zone', in S. Redhead, D. Wynne and J. O'Connor (eds), The Clubcultures Reader: Readings in Popular Cultural Studies. Oxford, Blackwell.
198. Sullivan, M. (1989) Getting Paid: Youth Crime and Work in the Inner City. Ithaca NY, Cornell University Press.
199. Surette, R. and Otto, C. (2001) 'The media's role in the definition of crime', in S. Henry and M.M. Lanier (eds), What is Crime?: Controversies over the Nature of Crime and What to Do About It. Oxford, Rowman and Littlefield, p. 139.
200. Sutherland, E. (1947) Principles of Criminology. Philadelphia PA, J.P. Lippincott.
201. Sutherland, E. and Cressey, D. (1978) Criminology. New York NY, Lippincott.
202. Sutherland, E., Cressey, D. and Luckenbill, D. (1992) Principles of Criminology. Dix Hills NY, General Hall.
203. Sykes, G. and Matza, D. (1961) 'Techniques of neutralization: a theory of delinquency', American Sociological Review 22: 664-70.
204. Taylor, C. (1989) Dangerous Society. East Lansing MI, Michigan State University Press.
205. Thompson, T. (1995) Gangland Britain. London, Hodder and Stoughton.
206. Thornton, S. (1995) Club Cultures: Music, Media and Subcultural Capital. Cambridge, Polity Press.
207. Thrasher, F. (1927) The Gang. Chicago IL, Phoenix Press.
208. Toby, H. and Farrington, D.P. (2001) 'Disentangling the link between disrupted families and delinquency', British Journal of Criminology 41: 22-40.
209. Tunnell, K.D. (1995) 'A cultural approach to crime and punishment, Bluegrass style', in J. Ferrell and C. Sanders (eds), Cultural Criminology, Boston MA, Northeastern University Press, p. 80.
210. Vaid, L. (1998) Alternative Measures of Unemployment. London, London Research Centre.
211. Vaid, L. (1999) London at Work. London, London Research Centre.
212. Vigil, D. (1988) Barrio Gangs: Street Life and Identity in Southern California. Austin TX, University of Texas Press.
213. Walsh, D. (1986) Heavy Business: Commercial Burglary and Robbery. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul.
214. Warren, C. (1988) Gender Issues in Field Research. London, Sage Publications.
215. Webb, E., Campbell, D., Schwartz, R. and Sechrest, L. (1966) Unobtrusive Measures: Nonreactive Research in the Social Sciences. Chicago IL, Rand McNally and Co.
216. Weber, M. (1947) The Theory of Social and Economic Organisation. New York NY, Free Press.
217. Wengraf, T. (2001) Qualitative Research Interviewing: Biographic Narrative and Semi-structured Methods. London, Sage.
218. Whyte, W.F. (1955) Street Corner Society. Chicago IL, University of Chicago Press.
219. Williams, T. (1989) The Cocaine Kids. Reading MA, Addison-Wesley.
220. Willis, P. (1977) Learning to Labour: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs. London, Saxon House.
221. Willis, P. (1978) Profane Culture. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul.
222. Willmott, P. (1966) Adolescent Boys of East London. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul.
223. Wilson, W.J. (1987) The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago IL, University of Chicago Press.
224. Wolfgang, M. and Ferracuti, F. (1967) The Subculture of Violence. London, Tavistock.
225. Wright, R.T. and Decker, S. (1994) Burglars on the Job. Boston MA, Northeastern University Press.
226. Wright, R.T. and Decker, S., Redfern, A. and Smith, D. (1992) 'A snowball's chance in Hell: doing fieldwork with active residential burglars', Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 29: 148-61.
227. Wright, B.R.E., Caspit, A., Moffitt, T.E., Miech, R.A. and Silva, P.A. (1999) 'Reconsidering the relationship between SES and delinquency: causation but not correlation', Criminology 37(1) February: 175-94.
228. Yablonsky, L. (1962) The Violent Gang. New York NY, Macmillan.
229. Zimring, F. and Hawkins, G. (1997) Crime is not the Problem: Lethal Violence in America. New York NY, Oxford University Press.