Assessing functional impairment in a working military population: The Walter Reed functional impairment scale

Psychological Services

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 254-264

  Herrell, Richard K ^a   Edens, Edward N ^b   Riviere, Lyndon A ^a   Thomas, Jeffrey L ^a   Bliese, Paul D ^a   Hoge, Charles W ^a  

^a WALTER REED ARMY INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH   (United States)

^b US Army Training and Doctrine Command   (United States)

Author keywords

Functional impairment; Land combat study; Military; Scale; Stressful traumatic events; Validation; Walter Reed functional impairment scale

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; EMPLOYMENT; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOMETRY; QUESTIONNAIRE; REPRODUCIBILITY; SATISFACTION; SOLDIER; VALIDATION STUDY; YOUNG ADULT;

ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; EMPLOYMENT; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; MIDDLE AGED; MILITARY PERSONNEL; PERSONAL SATISFACTION; PSYCHOMETRICS; QUESTIONNAIRES; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84905092985     PISSN: 15411559     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0037347     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Adler, A. B., Thomas, J. L., & Castro, C. A. (2005). Measuring up: Comparing self-reports with unit records for assessing soldier performance. Military Psychology, 17, 3-24. doi:10.1207/s15327876mp1701_2.
2. Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Bernert, S., Bruffaerts, R., Brugha, T. S., Bryson, H.,. Vollebergh, W. A. (2004). Disability and quality of life impact of mental disorders in Europe: Results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 420, 38-46.
3. Alonso, J., Petukhova, M., Vilagut, G., Chatterji, S., Heeringa, S., Ustun, T. B.,. Kessler, R. C. (2011). Days out of role due to common physical and mental conditions: Results from the WHO World Mental Health surveys. Molecular Psychiatry, 16, 1234-1246. doi:10.1038/mp.2010.101.
4. Amaya-Jackson, L., Davidson, J. R., Hughes, D. C., Swartz, M., Reynolds, V., George, L. K., & Blazer, D. G. (1999). Functional impairment and utilization of services associated with posttraumatic stress in the community. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 709-724. doi:10.1023/A: 1024781504756.
5. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
6. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
7. Andersen, J., Wade, M., Possemato, K., & Ouimette, P. (2010). Association between posttraumatic stress disorder and primary care providerdiagnosed disease among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72, 498-504. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181d969a1.
8. Drake, A. I., Gray, N., Yoder, S., Pramuka, M., & Llewellyn, M. (2000). Factors predicting return to work following mild traumatic brain injury: A discriminant analysis. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 15, 1103-1112. doi:10.1097/00001199-200010000-00004.
9. Epping-Jordan, J. E., & Ustun, T. B. (2000). The WHODAS II: Leveling the playing field for all disorders. WHO Mental Health Bulletin, 6, 5-6.
10. Felker, B., Hawkins, E., Dobie, D., Gutierrez, J., & McFall, M. (2008). Characteristics of deployed Operation Iraqi Freedom military personnel who seek mental health care. Military Medicine, 173, 155-158.
11. Garin, O., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., Almansa, J., Nieto, M., Chatterji, S., Vilagut, G.,. Ferrer, M. (2010). Research validation of the "World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule, WHODAS-2" in patients with chronic diseases. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 8, 51. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-8-51.
12. Grubaugh, A. L., Magruder, K. M., Waldrop, A. E., Elhai, J. D., Knapp, R. G., & Frueh, B. C. (2005). Subthreshold PTSD in primary care: Prevalence, psychiatric disorders, healthcare use, and functional status. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193, 658-664. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000180740.02644.ab.
13. Hoge, C. W. (2011). Interventions for war-related posttraumatic stress disorder: Meeting veterans where they are. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 306, 549-551. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1096.
14. Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I., & Koffman, R. L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. The New England Journal of Medicine, 351, 13-22. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040603.
15. Hoge, C. W., Terhakopian, A., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., & Engel, C. C. (2007). Association of posttraumatic stress disorder with somatic symptoms, health care visits, and absenteeism among Iraq war veterans. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 150-153. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.164.1.150.
16. Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Chatterji, S., Lee, S., Ormel, J.,. Wang, P. S. (2009). The global burden of mental disorders: An update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale, 18, 23-33. doi:10.1017/S1121189X00001421.
17. Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 606-613. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.
18. Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2002). The PHQ-15: Validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 258-266. doi:10.1097/00006842-200203000-00008.
19. Mahoney, F. I., Wood, O. H., & Barthel, D. W. (1958). Rehabilitation of chronically ill patients: The influence of complications on the final goal. Southern Medical Journal, 51, 605-609. doi:10.1097/00007611-195805000-00011.
20. Merikangas, K. R., Ames, M., Cui, L., Stang, P. E., Ustun, T. B., Von Korff, M., & Kessler, R. C. (2007). The impact of comorbidity of mental and physical conditions on role disability in the US adult household population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 1180-1188. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.64.10.1180.
21. Moskowitz, E., & McCann, C. B. (1957). Classification of disability in the chronically ill and aging. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 5, 342-346. doi:10.1016/0021-9681(57)90092-9.
22. Patrick, D. L., Darby, S. C., Green, S., Horton, G., Locker, D., & Wiggins, R. D. (1981). Screening for disability in the inner city. Journal of Epidemiology Community Health, 35, 65-70. doi:10.1136/jech.35.1.65.
23. Pfeffer, R. I., Kurosaki, T. T., Harrah, C. H., Jr., Chance, J. M., & Filos, S. (1982). Measurement of functional activities in older adults in the community. Journal of Gerontology, 37, 323-329. doi:10.1093/geronj/37.3.323.
24. Rapaport, M. H., Clary, C., Fayyad, R., & Endicott, J. (2005). Quality-oflife impairment in depressive and anxiety disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1171-1178. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1171.
25. R Development Core Team. (2009). R: A language and environment for statistical computing (Version 2.10.1). Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
26. Reise, S., & Waller, N. (2002). Item response theory for dichotomous assessment data. In F. Drasgow & N. Schmitt (Eds.), Measuring and analyzing behavior in organizations (pp. 88-122). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
27. Richardson, R. D., Engel, C. C., Jr., Hunt, S. C., McKnight, K., & McFall, M. (2002). Are veterans seeking Veterans Affairs' primary care as healthy as those seeking Department of Defense primary care? A look at Gulf War veterans' symptoms and functional status. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 676-683.
28. Rona, R. J., Jones, M., Iversen, A., Hull, L., Greenberg, N., Fear, N. T.,. Wessely, S. (2009). The impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on impairment in the UK military at the time of the Iraq war. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43, 649-655. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.09.006.
29. Ryan, M. A., Smith, T. C., Smith, B., Amoroso, P., Boyko, E. J., Gray, G. C.,. Hooper, T. I. (2007). Millennium Cohort: Enrollment begins a 21-year contribution to understanding the impact of military service. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 60, 181-191. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.05.009.
30. Samejima, F. (1969). Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores (Psychometric Monograph No. 17). Richmond, VA: Psychometric Society.
31. SAS Institute, Inc. (2008). SAS (Version 9.2). Cary, NC: Author.
32. Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., & Williams, J. B. (1999). Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 1737-1744. doi:10.1001/jama.282.18.1737.
33. StataCorp. (2007). Stata Statistical Software: Release 10. College Station, TX: Author.
34. Stein, M. B., Walker, J. R., Hazen, A. L., & Forde, D. R. (1997). Full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder: Findings from a community survey. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1114-1119.
35. Stewart, A. L., Hays, R. D., & Ware, J. E., Jr. (1988). The MOS short-form general health survey. Reliability and validity in a patient population. Medical Care, 26, 724-735. doi:10.1097/00005650-198807000-00007.
36. Taft, C. T., Stern, A. S., King, L. A., & King, D. W. (1999). Modeling physical health and functional health status: The role of combat exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder, and personal resource attributes. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 3-23. doi:10.1023/A:1024786030358.
37. Thomas, J. L., Wilk, J. E., Riviere, L. A., McGurk, D., Castro, C. A., & Hoge, C. W. (2010). Prevalence of mental health problems and functional impairment among active component and National Guard soldiers 3 and 12 months following combat in Iraq. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 614-623. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.54.
38. Toblin, R. L., Riviere, L. A., Thomas, J. L., Adler, A. B., Kok, B. C., & Hoge, C. W. (2012). Grief and physical health outcomes in U.S. soldiers returning from combat. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136, 469-475. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.10.048.
39. United States Department of the Army. (1998). Physical fitness training. Washington, DC: Headquarters, Department of the Army.
40. Ware, J. E., Jr. (2000). SF-36 health survey update. Spine, 25, 3130-3139.
41. Ware, J. E., Jr., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30, 473-483. doi:10.1097/00005650-199206000-00002.
42. Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. (1993). The PTSD checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.
43. Wilk, J. E., Herrell, R. K., Wynn, G. H., Riviere, L. A., & Hoge, C. W. (2012). Mild traumatic brain injury (concussion), posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression in U.S. soldiers involved in combat deployments: Association with postdeployment symptoms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 74, 249-257. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e318244c604.