Cross-sex hormone therapy in trans persons is safe and effective at short-time follow-up: Results from the European network for the investigation of gender incongruence

Journal of Sexual Medicine

Volumn 11, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 1999-2011

  Wierckx, Katrien ^a   Van Caenegem, Eva ^a   Schreiner, Thomas ^b   Haraldsen, Ira ^b   Fisher, Alessandra ^c   Toye, Kaatje ^a   Kaufman, Jean Marc ^a   T'Sjoen, Guy ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

^b OSLO UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

^c UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

Author keywords

ENIGI; Gender dysphoria; Hormone treatment; Safety; Transsexualism

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; CYPROTERONE ACETATE; ESTRADIOL; ESTRADIOL VALERATE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; INSULIN; LIPID; LIVER ENZYME; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; PROLACTIN; SEX HORMONE; SUSTANON 250; TESTOSTERONE ESTER; TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ABNORMALLY HIGH SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION IN BLOOD; ABNORMALLY LOW SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION IN BLOOD; ACNE; ADULT; ANDROGEN THERAPY; ANXIETY; ARTHRALGIA; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BODY FAT; BODY WEIGHT; BREAST TENDERNESS; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CONCENTRATION LOSS; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS SEX HORMONE THERAPY; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG SAFETY; DRY SKIN; DUAL ENERGY X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; EMOTIONAL DISORDER; EMOTIONALITY; FAT MASS; FATIGUE; FEMALE; FEMALE TO MALE TRANSSEXUAL; FERRIMAN AND GALLWEY SCORE; FOLLOW UP; GEL; GLOBAL ACNE GRADING SCALE; HAIR DISEASE; HEART PALPITATION; HEMATOCRIT; HIP CIRCUMFERENCE; HORMONAL THERAPY; HOT FLUSH; HUMAN; HYPERTRANSAMINASEMIA; INSULIN BLOOD LEVEL; IRRITABILITY; LEAN BODY WEIGHT; LIBIDO; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MALE TO FEMALE TRANSSEXUAL; MALE TYPE ALOPECIA; MEMORY DISORDER; MOOD DISORDER; MULTICENTER STUDY; MUSCLE DISEASE; MUSCLE MASS; NIGHT SWEAT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RATING SCALE; SCORING SYSTEM; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP DISORDER; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TRANSDERMAL PATCH; TRANSGENDERISM; TRANSSEXUALISM; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; WAIST HIP RATIO; X RAY BONE DENSITOMETER; YOUNG ADULT;

ENIGI; GENDER DYSPHORIA; HORMONE TREATMENT; SAFETY; TRANSSEXUALISM;

ADULT; ANDROGEN ANTAGONISTS; ANDROGENS; CYPROTERONE ACETATE; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGENS; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; GONADAL STEROID HORMONES; HUMANS; INSULIN; LIPID METABOLISM; MALE; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; TESTOSTERONE; TRANSSEXUALISM; WAIST-HIP RATIO; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84905022543     PISSN: 17436095     EISSN: 17436109     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12571     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Hembree WC, Cohen-Kettenis P, Delemarre-van de Waal HA, Gooren LJ, Meyer WJ III, Spack NP, Tangpricha V, Montori VM. Endocrine treatment of trans persons: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:3132-3154.
2. Gooren L. Care of transsexual persons. N Engl J Med 2011;364:1251-1257.
3. Moore E, Wisniewski A, Dobs A. Endocrine treatment of trans people. A review of treatment regimes, outcomes and adverse effects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:3467-3473.
4. Gooren LJ, Giltay EJ, Bunck MC. Long-term treatment of transsexuals with cross-sex hormones: Extensive personal experience. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:19-25.
5. Wierckx K, Mueller S, Weyers S, Van Caenegem E, Roef G, Heylens G, T'Sjoen G. A long-term evaluation of cross-sex hormone treatment in transsexual persons. J Sex Med 2012;9:2641-2651.
6. Schlatterer K, Yassouridis A, von Werder K, Poland D, Kemper J, Stalla G. A follow-up study for estimating the effectiveness of a cross-gender hormone substitution therapy on transsexual patients. Arch Sex Behav 1998;27:475-492.
7. Prior J, Vigna Y, Watson D. Spironolactone with physiological female steroids for presurgical therapy of male-to-female transsexualism. Arch Sex Behav 1989;18:49-57.
8. Tangpricha V, Ducharme SH, Barber TW, Chipkin SR. Endocrinologic treatment of gender identity disorders. Endocr Pract 2003;9:12-21.
9. Seal LJ, Franklin S, Richards C, Shishkareva A, Sinclaire S, Barret J. Predictive markers for mammoplasty and a comparison of side effect profiles in trans women taking various hormonal regimens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:4422-4428.
10. Dittrich R, Binder H, Cupisti S, Hoffmann I, Beckmann MW, Mueller A. Endocrine treatment of male-to-female transsexuals using gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2005;113:586-592.
11. Asscheman H, Giltay EJ, Megens JA, de Ronde WP, van Trotsenburg MA, Gooren LJ. A long-term follow-up study of mortality in transsexuals receiving treatment with cross-sex hormones. Eur J Endocrinol 2011;164:635-642.
12. Kreukels BP, Haraldsen IR, Richter-Appelt H, Gijs L, Cohen-Kettenis P. A European network for the investigation of gender incongruence: The ENIGI initiative. Eur Psychiatry 2012;27:445-450.
13. Dreno B, Khammari A, Orain N, Noray C, Mérial-Kieny C, Méry S, Nocera T. ECCA grading scale: An original validated acne scar grading scale for clinical practice in dermatology. Dermatology 2007;214:46-51.
14. Ferriman D, Gallwey J. Clinical assessment of body hair growth in women. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1966;21:1440-1447.
15. Norwood OT. Male pattern baldness: Classification and incidence. South Med J 1975;68:1359-1365.
16. Fiers T, Casetta B, Bernaert B, Vandersypt E, Debock M, Kaufman JM. Development of highly sensitive method for the quantification of estrone and estradiol in serum by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry without derivatization. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012;893:57-62.
17. Van Kesteren PJ, Asscheman H, Megens JA, Gooren LJ. Mortality and morbidity in trans subjects treated with cross-sex hormones. Clin Endocrinol 1997;47:337-342.
18. Mueller A, Kiesewetter F, Binder H, Beckmann MW, Dittrich R. Long-term administration of testosterone undecanoate every 3 months for testosterone supplementation in female-to-male transsexuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:3470-3475.
19. Asscheman H, Gooren LJG, Eklund PL. Mortality and morbidity in trans patients with cross-gender treatment. Metabolism 1989;38:869-873.
20. Toorians AW, Thomassen MC, Zweegman S, Magdeleyns EJ, Tans G, Gooren LJ, Rosing J. Venous thrombosis and changes of hemostatic variables during cross-sex treatment in transsexual people. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:5723-5729.
21. Elbers JM, Giltay EJ, Teerlink T, Scheffer PG, Asscheman H, Seidell JC, Gooren LJ. Effects of sex steroids on components of the insulin resistance syndrome in transsexual subjects. Clin Endocrinol 2003;58:562-571.
22. Giltay EJ, Lambert J, Gooren LJ, Elbers JM, Steyn M, Stehouwer CD. Sex steroids, insulin, and arterial stiffness in women and men. Hypertension 1999;34:590-597.
23. Gómez-Gil E, Zubiaurre-Elorza L, Esteva I, Guillamon A, Godás T, Cruz Almaraz M, Halperin I, Salamero M. Hormone-treated transsexuals report less social distress, anxiety and depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012;37:662-670.
24. Mueller A, Binder H, Cupisti S, Hoffmabb I, Beckmann MW, Dittirch R. Effects on the male endocrine system of long-term treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and estrogens in male-to-female transsexuals. Horm Metab Res 2006;38:183-187.
25. Gooren LJ, Harmsen-louman W, Van Kessel H. Follow-up of prolactin levels in long-term oestrogen-treated male-to-female transsexuals with regard to prolactinoma induction. Clin Endocrinol 1985;22:201-207.
26. Asscheman H, Gooren LJ, Assies J, Smits JPH, De Slegte R. Prolactin levels and pituitary enlargement in hormone-treated male-to-female transsexuals. Clin Endocrinol 1988;25:583-588.
27. Gooren L, Van Der Veen EA, Kessel H. Modulation of prolactin secretion by gonadal steroids in men. In: McLeod RM, Scampagmani U, eds. Central and peripheral regulation of prolactin function. New York: Raven Press; 1980:365-369.
28. Schlatterer K, Yassouridis A, von Werder K, Poland D, Kemper J, Stalla GK. A follow-up study for estimating the effectiveness of a cross-gender hormone substitution therapy on transsexual patients. Arch Sex Behav 1988;27:475-492.
29. De Cuypere G, T'Sjoen G, Beerten R, Selvaggi G, De Sutter P, Hoebeke P, Monstrey S, Vansteenwegen A, Rubens R. Sexual and physical health after sex reassignment surgery. Arch Sex Behav 2005;34:679-690.
30. Wierckx K, Elaut E, Declerq E, Heylens G, Decuypere G, Taes Y, Kaufman JM, T'sjoen GR. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease and cancer during CHT in a large cohort of trans persons: A case control study. Eur J Endocrinol 2013;169:471-478.
31. Dhejne C, Lichtenstein P, Boman M, Johansson A, Langström N, Landén M. Long-term follow-up of transsexuals' persons undegoing sex reassignment surgery: Cohort study in Sweden. PLoS ONE 2011;6:e16885. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016885.
32. Polderman KH, Gooren LJ, Asscheman H, Bakker A, Heine RJ. Induction of insulin resistance by androgens and estrogens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:265-271.
33. Wang X, Magkos F, Mittendorfer B. Sex differences in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism: It's not just about sex hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:885-893.
34. Yialamas MA, Dwyer AA, Hanley E, Lee H, Pitteloud N, Hayes FJ. Acute sex steroid withdrawal reduces insulin sensitivity in healthy men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:4254-4259.
35. Mauvais-Jarvis F, Clegg DJ, Hevener AL. The role of estrogens in control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Endocr Rev 2013;34:309-338.
36. Ågren UM, Anttila M, Mäenpää-Liukko K, Rantala ML, Rautiainen H, Sommer WF, Mommers E. Effects of a monophasic combined oral contraceptive containing nomegestrol acetate and 17β-oestradiol compared with one containing levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol on haemostasis, lipids and carbohydrate metabolism. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2011;16:444-457.
37. Mashchak CA, Lobo RA, Dozono-Takano R, Eggena P, Nakamura RM, Brenner PF, Mishell DR Jr. Comparison of pharmacodynamic properties of various estrogen formulations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;144:511-518.
38. Giltay EJ, Gooren LJ, Emeis JJ, Kooistra T, Stehouwer CD. Oral ethinyl estradiol, but not transdermal 17beta-estradiol, increases plasma C-reactive protein levels in men. Thromb Haemost 2000;84:359-360.
39. Giltay EJ, Gooren LJ, Emeis JJ, Kooistra T, Stehouwer CD. Oral, but not transdermal, administration of estrogens lowers tissue-type plasminogen activator levels in humans without affecting endothelial synthesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:1396-1403.
40. Scott RT Jr, Ross B, Anderson C, Archer DF. Pharmacokinetics of percutaneous estradiol: A crossover study using a gel and a transdermal system in comparison with oral micronized estradiol. Obstet Gynecol 1991;77:758-764.
41. Giltay EJ, Elbers JM, Gooren LJ, Emeis JJ, Kooistra T, Stehouwer CD. Visceral fat accumulation is an important determinant of PAI-levels in young, non-obese men and women: Modulation by cross-sex hormone administration. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998;18:1719-1722.
42. Van Caenegem E, Wierckx K, Taes Y, Dedecker D, Van de peer F, Toye K, Kaufman JM, T'sjoen G. Bone mass, bone geometry, and body composition in female-to-male transsexual persons after long-term cross-sex hormonal therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:2503-2511.
43. Wierckx K, Elaut E, Declercq E, Heylens G, De Cuypere G, Taes Y, Kaufman JM, T'Sjoen G. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease and cancer during cross-sex hormone therapy in a large cohort of trans persons: A case-control study. Eur J Endocrinol 2013;169:471-478.