The impact of raindrop collisional processes on the polarimetric radar variables

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 71, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 3052-3067

  Kumjian, Matthew R ^a,c   Prat, Olivier P ^b  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^b NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DROP BREAKUP; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE SCATTERING; POLARIMETERS; REFLECTION;

COLLISIONAL; COLLISIONAL PROCESS; DROP SIZE DISTRIBUTION; ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING; MICROPHYSICAL PROCESS; MICROPHYSICS; POLARIMETRIC RADARS; RAINFALL RATES; SCATTERING MODEL; VERTICAL PROFILE;

RAIN;

AERODYNAMICS; IMPACT; OBSERVATIONAL METHOD; ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING; PARAMETERIZATION; PRECIPITATION ASSESSMENT; PRECIPITATION INTENSITY; RADAR; RAINDROP; RAINFALL; SIZE DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 84904880471     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: 15200469     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/jas-d-13-0357.1     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Barros, A. P., O. P. Prat, P. Shrestha, F. Y. Testik, and L. F. Bliven, 2008: Revisiting Low and List (1982): Evaluation of raindrop collision parameterizations using laboratory observations and modeling. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 2983-2993
2. Beard, K. V., and H. T. Ochs, 1995: Collisions between small precipitation drops. Part II: Formulas for coalescence, temporary coalescence, and satellites. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3977-3996
3. Best, A. C., 1950: Empirical formulae for the terminal velocity of water drops falling through the atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 76, 302-311.
4. Bleck, R., 1970: A fast, approximate method for integrating the stochastic coalescence equation. J. Geophys. Res., 75, 5165-5171.
5. Bott, A., 1998: A flux method for the numerical solution of the stochastic collection equation. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2284-2293.
6. Bott, A., 2000: A flux method for the numerical solution of the stochastic collection equation: Extension to two-dimensional particle distributions. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 284-294
7. Bott, A., 2001: A new method for the solution of the stochastic collection equation in cloud models with spectral aerosol and cloud drop microphysics. Atmos. Res., 59-60, 361-372
8. Brandes, E. A., G. Zhang, and J. Vivekanandan, 2004: Drop size distribution retrieval with polarimetric radar: Model and application. J. Appl. Meteor., 43, 461-475, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043,0461:DSDRWP.2.0.CO;2; Corrigendum, 44, 186
9. Bringi, V. N., and V. Chandrasekar, 2001: Polarimetric Doppler Weather Radar. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press, 636 pp.
10. Brown, P. S., 1987: Parameterization of drop-spectrum evolution due to coalescence and breakup. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 242-249
11. Bringi, V. N., 1988: The effects of filament, sheet, and disk breakup upon the drop spectrum. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 712-718
12. Bringi, V. N., 1993: Analysis and parameterization of the combined coalescence, breakup, and evaporation processes. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2940-2951
13. Bringi, V. N., 1997: Mass conservation considerations in analytic representation of raindrop fragment distributions. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1675-1687
14. Bryan, G. H., and H. Morrison, 2012: Sensitivity of a simulated squall line to horizontal resolution and parameterization of microphysics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 202-225
15. Cao, Q., G. Zhang, E. A. Brandes, T. J. Schuur, A. V. Ryzhkov, and K. Ikeda, 2008: Analysis of video disdrometer and polarimetric radar data to characterize rain microphysics in Oklahoma. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 47, 2238-2255
16. Cao, Q., Y. Hong, J. Gourley, Y. Qi, J. Zhang, Y. Wen, and P.-E. Kirstetter, 2013: Statistical and physical analysis of the vertical structure of precipitation in themountainous west region of the United States using 111years of spaceborne observations from TRMMprecipitation radar. J. Appl.Meteor. Climatol., 52, 408-424
17. Dawson, D. T., M. Xue, J. A. Milbrandt, and M. K. Yau, 2010: Comparison of evaporation and cold pool development between single-moment and multimoment bulk microphysics schemes in idealized simulations of tornadic thunderstorms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 1152-1171
18. Doviak, R. J., and D. S. Zrnić, 1993: Doppler Radar and Weather Observations. 2nd ed. Academic Press, 562 pp.
19. Feingold, G., S. Tzivion, and Z. Leviv, 1988: Evolution of raindrop spectra. Part I: Solution to the stochastic collection/breakup equation using the method of moments. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3387-3399
20. Ferrier, B. S., W.-K. Tao, and J. Simpson, 1995: A double-moment multiple-phase four-class bulk ice scheme. Part II: Simulations of convective storms in different large-scale environments and comparisons with other bulk parameterizations. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1001-1033
21. Gilmore, M. S., J. M. Straka, and E. N. Rasmussen, 2004: Precipitation and evolution sensitivity in simulated deep convective storms: Comparisons between liquid-only and simple ice and liquid phase microphysics.Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 1897-1916
22. Herzegh, P. H., and A. R. Jameson, 1992: Observing precipitation through dual-polarization radar measurements. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 1365-1374.
23. Hu, Z., and R. C. Srivastava, 1995: Evolution of raindrop size distribution by coalescence, breakup, and evaporation: Theory and observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1761-1783
24. Jacobson, M. Z., 2011: Numerical solution to drop coalescence/breakup with a volume-conserving, positive-definite, and unconditionally stable scheme. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 334-346, s
25. Kumjian, M. R., 2013a: Principles and applications of dualpolarization weather radar. Part I: Description of the polarimetric radar variables. J. Oper. Meteor., 1, 226-242
26. Kumjian, M. R., 2013b: Principles and applications of dual-polarization weather radar. Part II: Warm-and cold-season applications. J. Oper. Meteor., 1, 243-264
27. Kumjian, M. R., 2013c: Principles and applications of dual-polarization weather radar. Part III: Artifacts. J. Oper. Meteor., 1, 265-274
28. Kumjian, M. R., and A. V. Ryzhkov, 2010: The impact of evaporation on polarimetric characteristics of rain: Theoretical model and practical implications. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 49, 1247-1267
29. Kumjian, M. R., and A. V. Ryzhkov, 2012: The impact of size sorting on the polarimetric radar variables. J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 2042-2060
30. List, R., and J. R. Gillespie, 1976: Evolution of raindrop spectra with collision-induced breakup. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2007-2013
31. List, R., and G. M. McFarquhar, 1990: The evolution of three-peak raindrop size distributions in one-dimensional shaft models. Part I: Single-pulse rain. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2996-3006, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047,2996:TEOTPR.2.0.CO;2.
32. List, R., N. R. Donaldson, and R. E. Stewart, 1987: Temporal evolution of drop spectra to collisional equilibrium in steady and pulsating rain. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 362-372, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044,0362:TEODST.2.0.CO;2.
33. Low, T. B., and R. List, 1982a: Collision, coalescence, and breakup of raindrops. Part I: Experimentally established coalescence efficiencies and fragment size distributions in breakup. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1591-1606,.
34. Low, T. B., and R. List, 1982b: Collision, coalescence, and breakup of raindrops. Part II: Parameterization of fragment size distributions. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1607-1619
35. Markowski, P. M., J. M. Straka, and E. N. Rasmussen, 2002: Direct surface thermodynamic observations within the rear-flank downdrafts of nontornadic and tornadic supercells. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1692-1721
36. McFarquhar, G. M., 2004: A new representation of collisioninduced breakup of raindrops and its implications for the shapes of raindrop size distributions. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 777-794
37. McTaggart-Cowan, J.D., and R. List, 1975: Collision and breakup of water drops at terminal velocity. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 1401-1411
38. Mishchenko, M. I., 2000: Calculation of the amplitude matrix for a nonspherical particle in a fixed orientation. Appl. Opt., 39, 1026-1031
39. Morrison, H., G. Thompson, and V. Tatarskii, 2009: Impact of cloud microphysics on the development of trailing stratiform precipitation in a simulated squall line: Comparison of oneand two-moment schemes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 991-1007
40. Morrison, H., S. A. Tessendorf, K. Ikeda, and G. Thompson, 2012: Sensitivity of a simulated midlatitude squall line to parameterization of raindrop breakup. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 2437-2460
41. Ochs,H.T.,K.V.Beard,R.R.Czys,N. F. Laird,D. E.Schaufelberger, and D. J. Holdridge, 1995: Collisions between small precipitation drops. Part I: Laboratory measurements of bounce, coalescence, and temporary coalescence. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2258-2275
42. Prat, O. P., and A. P. Barros, 2007a: Exploring the use of a column model for the characterization of microphysical processes in warm rain: Results from a homogeneous rainshaft model. Adv. Geosci., 10, 145-152
43. Prat, O. P., and A. P. Barros, 2007b: A robust numerical solution of the stochastic collection-breakup equation for warm rain. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 46, 1480-1497
44. Prat, O. P., and A. P. Barros, 2009: Exploring the transient behavior of Z-R relationships: Implications for radar rainfall estimation. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 48, 2127-2143
45. Prat, O. P., and A. P. Barros, and C. R. Williams, 2008: An intercomparison of model simulations and VPR estimates of the vertical structure of warm stratiform rainfall during TWP-ICE. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 47, 2797-2815
46. Prat, O. P., and A. P. Barros, and F. Y. Testik, 2012: On the influence of raindrop collision outcomes on equilibrium drop size distributions. J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 1534-1546
47. Pruppacher, H. R., and J. D. Klett, 1997: Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation. 2nd ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 954 pp.
48. Ryzhkov, A. V., 2001: Interpretation of polarimetric radar covariance matrix for meteorological scatterers: Theoretical analysis. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 18, 315-328
49. Ryzhkov, A. V., D. S. Zrnić, J. C. Hubbert, V. N. Bringi, J. Vivekanandan, and E. A. Brandes, 2002: Polarimetric radar observations and interpretation of co-cross-polar correlation coefficients. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 19, 340-354
50. Ryzhkov, A. V., T. J. Schuur, D. W. Burgess, P. L. Heinselman, S. E. Giangrande, and D. S. Zrnić, 2005: The Joint Polarization Experiment: Polarimetric rainfall measurements and hydrometeor classification. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86, 809-824
51. Ryzhkov, A. V., M. Pinsky, A. Pokrovsky, and A. Khain, 2011: Polarimetric radar observation operator for a cloud model with spectral microphysics. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 50, 873-894
52. Schlottke, J.,W. Straub, K.D. Beheng, H.Gomaa, and B.Weigand, 2010: Numerical investigation of collision-induced breakup of raindrops. Part I: Methodology and dependencies on collision energy and eccentricity. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 557-575
53. Seifert,A.,A. P.Khain,U. Blahak, andK.D.Beheng, 2005: Possible effects of collisional breakup on mixed-phase deep convection simulated by a spectral (bin) cloud model. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 1917-1931
54. Srivastava, R. C., 1971: Size distribution of raindrops generated by their breakup and coalescence. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 410-415, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028,0410:SDORGB.2.0.CO;2.
55. Srivastava, R. C., 1985: A simple model of evaporatively driven downdraft: Application to microburst downdraft. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1004-1023
56. Srivastava, R. C., 1987: A model of intense downdrafts driven by the melting and evaporation of precipitation. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1752-1774
57. Straub, W., K.D. Beheng, A. Seifert, J. Schlottke, and B. Weigand, 2010: Numerical investigation of collision-induced breakup of raindrops. Part II: Parameterizations of coalescence efficiencies and fragment size distributions. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 576-588
58. Testud, J., S. Oury, R. A. Black, P. Almayenc, and X. Dou, 2001: The concept of ''normalized'' distribution to describe raindrop spectra: A tool for cloud physics and cloud remote sensing. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1118-1140
59. Tzivion, S., G. Feingold, and Z. Levin, 1989: The evolution of raindrop spectra. Part II: Collisional collection/breakup and evaporation in a rainshaft. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3312-3328
60. Valdez,M. P., and K. C. Young, 1985: Number fluxes in equilibrium raindrop populations: A Markov chain analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1024-1036
61. VanWeverberg, K., N. P. M. van Lipzig, and L.Delobbe, 2011: The impact of size distribution assumptions in a bulk one-moment microphysics scheme on simulated surface precipitation and storm dynamics during a low-topped supercell case in Belgium. Mon. Wea. Rev., 139, 1131-1147
62. Waterman, P. C., 1969: Scattering by dielectric obstacles. Alta Freq., 38, 348-352.
63. Yoneyama, K., C. Zhang, and C. N. Long, 2013: Tracking pulses of the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94, 1871-1891
64. Zhang, G., J. Sun, and E. A. Brandes, 2006: Improving parameterization of rain microphysics with disdrometer and radar observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 1273-1290
65. Zrnić, D. S., and A. V. Ryzhkov, 1999: Polarimetry for weather surveillance radars. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 389-406.