How to live a low-carbon life: The individual's guide to tackling climate change: Second edition

How to Live a Low-Carbon Life: The Individual's Guide to Tackling Climate Change: Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-300

  Goodall, Chris ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84904847341     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781849774994     Document Type: Book

References (147)

1. EIA (US Energy Information Agency) (2006) International Energy Output, Energy Information Agency, Washington, DC, June. The EIA sees a 75 per cent rise by 2030.
2. This information can be found at http://corporate.easyjet.com/investors in the presentation entitled '2009 full year results'.
3. IEA (2006) Oil Market Report, International Energy Agency, Paris, France, 12 April, p4, available for download at http://omrpublic.iea.org/.
4. Office for National Statistics (2006), Family Spending 2004/5, Office for National Statistics, London.
5. UK Department for Transport (2005) National Travel Survey 2004, Department for Transport, London, July.
6. Estimate provided by Freescale Semiconductor, a maker of components for electric, rather than hydraulic, power steering: see www.freescale.com.
7. Commission of the European Communities (2000) Taxation of Aviation Fuel, Commission of the European Communities, London, 2 March.
8. A short summary of this case can be found in Can Makers (2005) UK Market Report, www.canmakers.co.uk.
9. First Group (2005) Corporate Responsibility Report 2004, First Group, Aberdeen, Scotland/London.
10. Estimate from British Airways in a newsletter entitled 'Environment matters' sent to its staff (no date, but available at www.ba.com).
11. UK Department for Transport (2003) The Future of Air Transport, Department for Transport, London, December, Chapter 2, p6.
12. Government White Paper (2003) The Future of Air Transport, December.
13. This figure is based on CO2 emissions of about 1.5 tonnes from a single flight from London to New York (source www.jpmorganclimatecare.com).
14. Press release from the European Commission (2005) Climate Change: Commission Proposes Strategy to Curb Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Air Travel, 27 September 2005.
15. UK Department for Transport (2004) The Future of Transport, Department for Transport, London, 20 July.
16. www.climatedenial.org.
17. To be found on the Friends of the Earth website at www.foe.co.uk/living/poundsavers/deborah_moggach_pride_prejudice.html.
18. Wiener, M. J. (2004) English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit: 1850-1980, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
19. Health Statistics Quarterly (2005) 'Live births, stillbirths and infant deaths, 1976-2004', Health Statistics Quarterly, vol 27, autumn.
20. www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=881.
21. Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein research, quoted by the analyst James Montier on the Investors Insight Publishing website (www.investorsinsight.com), indicates the average holding period for New York Stock Exchange shares is now about 11 months.
22. John Kay, 'Thinking outside the blue box on recycling', The Financial Times, 25 February 2004.
23. Wrap (2006) 'Environmental benefits of recycling', Wrap, May.
24. New Economics Foundation (2005) The Ethical Consumerism Report, NEF, London.
25. London Renewables (2003) Attitudes to Renewable Energy in London, London Renewables, December (available on the Greater London Authority website, www.london.gov.uk).
26. New Economics Foundation (2005) The Ethical Consumerism Report, NEF, London.
27. Some of this research is analysed in 'Shaping pro-environment behaviors', published at www.pyschologymatters.org.
28. www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/projections/projections.aspx (the numbers can be found at Table B: Greenhouse gas emissions tables).
29. AECB (2006) AECB Consultation response on 2nd Draft E.S.T. Best Practice Standards, Association for Environment Conscious Building, Llandysul, Wales, January.
30. This information is from www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/step_by_step_towards_ passive_houses.html.
31. Shorrock, L. D. and Utley, J. I. (2003) Domestic Energy Fact File 2003, Building Research Establishment, available free on the internet at www.bre.co.uk.
32. The latest Digest of UK Energy Statistics is available at www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/ statistics/publications/dukes/dukes.aspx.
33. www.theyellowhouse.org.uk/themes/heatwat.html.
34. WarmWorld Ltd. www.warmworld.co.uk
35. Information from the National Energy Foundation website, www.nef.org.uk.
36. Such products are available from companies such as the Green Building Store - www.thegreen buildingsite.co.uk.
37. Office of Fair Trading (2004) Doorstep Selling, Office of Fair Trading, London, Annexe H, May.
38. Barnet Borough Council's energy advice pages at www.barnet.gov.uk.
39. www.oxford.gov.uk/environment/insulation.cfm.
40. www.theyellowhouse.org.uk/themes/ventil.html.
41. Boyle, G. (ed.) (2004) Renewable Energy, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
42. Rudge, J. and Winder, R. (2002) Central Heating Installation for Older, Low Income Households: What Difference Does It Make? Network for Comfort and Energy Use in Buildings, Proceedings of Indoor Air 2002, Monterey, CA.
43. AECB (2006) AECB Consultation Response on 2nd Draft E.S.T. Best Practice Standards, Association for Environmental Conscious Building, Llandysul, Wales, January.
44. Enderdata, www.odyssee-indicators.org/publications/chapters.php, p17.
45. The numbers in this box are taken from a very interesting presentation by Enerdata, available at www.odyssee-indicators.org/publications/chapters.php, p13.
46. The website www.dti.gov.uk/energy/consumers/fuel_poverty/hot_water_consumption.pdf gives estimates for 1998. I have increased these figures slightly to reflect the rise in general water consumption since then.
47. One Australian supplier of this type of shower can be found at www.ecoshower.com.au. The cost in the text does not allow for shipping.
48. This information can be found on the government's Market Transformation Programme website, www.mtprog.com.
49. Matilde Soregaroli of the market research firm GfK, presentation at Sabaf, May 2006, available at www.sabaf.it.
50. Dr Tudor Constantinescu, presentation at Sabaf, March 2006, available at www.sabaf.it.
51. Nicola King, Market Transformation Programme, presentation to Sabaf, March 2006, available at www.sabaf.it.
52. Paul Waide, presentation at Sabaf, March 2006, available at www.sabaf.it.
53. Paul Waide, presentation at Sabaf, March 2006, available at www.sabaf.it.
54. IEA (2006) Light's Labours Lost, International Energy Agency, Paris, France, July, p273, reporting a study by ECODROME in 1998.
55. IEA (2006) Light's Labours Lost, International Energy Agency, Paris, France, July, p273, reporting a EURECO 2002 study.
56. These figures are from Table 4.1 in IEA (2006) Light's Labours Lost, International Energy Agency, Paris, France, July, p189.
57. Odysee (2004) Energy Efficiency Indicators in Europe, Enerdata, Paris.
58. Ecofys (2004) Electricity Conservation as Alternative for Building Power Plants, Ecofys, Utrecht, the Netherlands, July.
59. DTI (2006) Digest of UK Energy Statistics, annual tables, UK Department of Trade and Industry, London, updated 27 July.
60. A number of the headline figures in this chapter are derived from work carried out by the Market Transformation Programme (MTP), an agency of the UK government. MTP is usually extremely optimistic about future possible energy efficiency gains, an optimism not entirely shared by this chapter http://efficient-products.defra.gov.uk/cms/market-transformationprogramme/.
61. International Energy Agency's Demand Side Management Programme (www.iea.org).
62. Stamminger, R., Barth, A. and Dörr, S. (2005) Old Washing Machines Wash Less Efficiently and Consume More Resources, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany, www.landtechnik.uni-bonn.de.
63. www.johnlewis.com
64. Stamminger, R., Badura, R., Broil, G., Dörr, S. and Elschenbroich, A. (2004) A European Comparison of Cleaning Dishes by Hand, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
65. www.comet.co.uk
66. The data in this box are garnered from Enerdata, www.odyssee-indicators.org/Publication/ PDF/households_eu04.pdf, p42.
67. From the Market Transformation Programme, http://efficient-products.defra.gov.uk/cms/markettransformation-programme/.
68. www.smecc.org/litton_-_for_heat,_tune_to_915_or_2450_megacycles.htm.
69. www.efficientpowersupplies.org/pages/SeptNRDCLaptopSummary_digital.pdf.
70. Data from a paper by the International Energy Agency to be found at www.iea.org/textbase/ papers/2002/globe02.pdf.
71. Energy Saving Trust (2006) The Rise of the Machines, Energy Saving Trust, London, July.
72. www.theowl.com.
73. 'Transport at a crossroads', EEA Report No 3/2009, European Environment Agency, May 2009, www.eea.europa.eu/publications/transport-at-a-crossroads.
74. www.behrgroup.com/produkte/fahrzeug/klimatipps/text5.php#.
75. Data from F. Unander (2004) Thirty years of Energy Prices and Taxes, International Energy Agency, Paris, France.
76. www.direct.gov.uk/en/Motoring/OwningAVehicle/HowToTaxYourVehicle/DG_10012524, accessed 4 January 2010.
77. www.newscientist.com/article/mg19526134.500-meat-is-murder-on-theenvironment. html
78. L. Hivert (1996) 'Dieselisation et nouveaux dieselistes: Les évolutions récentes', Actes INRETS, no 59.
79. www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/02-03/biofuels/quant_waste_fuel.htm#summary for details of how this estimate is generated.
80. www.news.cornell.edu/stories/july05/ethanol.toocostly.ssl.html.
81. www.eccm.uk.com/httpdocs/publications.html Technical document number 7.
82. www.monbiot.com/archives/2005/12/06/worse-than-fossil-fuel.
83. Defra (2005, updated 2009) Guidelines for Company Reporting on Greenhouse Gas Emissions, UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London, Annexes, updated in September 2009 and available at www.defra.gov.uk/environment/business/reporting/conversion-factors.htm
84. National Express Group (2005) Corporate Responsibility Report, National Express Group, London.
85. First Group (2005) Corporate Responsibility Report, First Group, Aberdeen, Scotland/ London, data from AEAT Environment.
86. Association of Train Operating Companies (2005) Ten Year European Growth Trends, Association of Train Operating Companies, London, July 2005.
87. R. Kemp (2004) 'Environmental impact of high speed rail', Presentation to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London, 21 April 2004.
88. www.defra.gov.uk/environment/business/reporting/conversion-factors.htm, updated in September 2009.
89. From AEA Technology's report to the Rail Regulator on the Environmental Costs of Rail Transport, August 2005 available at www.defra.gov.uk/environment/business/reporting/conversionfactors. htm, updated in September 2009.
90. Data from National Express Group (2005) Corporate Responsibility Report, National Express Group, London.
91. National Express Group, Corporate Responsibility Report.
92. www.defra.gov.uk/environment/business/reporting/conversion-factors.htm, updated in September 2009. , updated in September 2009.
93. www.defra.gov.uk/environment/business/reporting/conversion-factors.htm, updated in September 2009.
94. www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch5-ens5-5-2-1.html for IPCC figures. The lower figures comes from the EU's continuing TRADEOFF project.
95. RCEP (Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution) (2002) Environmental Effects of Civil Aircraft in Flight, RCEP, London, November 2002.
96. The three sites, www.climatecare.org, www.co2balance.com and www.carbonneutral.com, were accessed on 5 June 2006. On the British Airways offset site, run by www.climatecare.org, the calculator produced a figure of 1.16 tonnes.
97. British Airways (2005) Corporate Responsibility Report, British Airways, London, indicates that the airline's fuel efficiency had improved by 25 per cent over the previous 14 years.
98. www.caa.co.uk/docs/589/erg_recent_trends_final_v2.pdf.
99. http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090510222507/dft.gov.uk/about/strategy/ whitepapers/air/.
100. Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (2003) 'Royal Commission disappointed by government White Paper', press release, 16 December 2003.
101. www.paulflynnmp.co.uk/newsdetail.jsp?id=444.
102. Sustainable Development Commission (2004) Missed Opportunity: Summary Critique of the Air Transport White Paper, Sustainable Development Commission, London, June.
103. IPPR (2003) The Sky's the Limit, Institute for Public Policy Research, London, May.
104. Oxford University Transport Studies Unit (2006) Counting Your Carbon, March 2006.
105. Financial Times (2006) 'Letter to the Financial Times', Financial Times, 7 June 2006.
106. The Soil Association (one of the organic certifying bodies in the UK) estimates that 4 per cent of UK farmland is in organic use: Soil Association (2005) Stern Review of the Economics of Climate Change: Soil Association Evidence to HM Treasury, December, available from www.hmtreasury. gov.uk/d/climate_change_azeez.pdf. The Soil Association seems to suggest in this document that sales of organic food are growing by about 10 per cent per year.
107. Soil Association (2005) Stern Review of the Economics of Climate Change, p3.
108. http://ftp.eia.doe.gov/pub/oiaf/1605/cdrom/pdf/ggrpt/057308.pdf, best accessed from the Environmental area of the EIA website, www.eia.doe.gov.
109. Defra (2006) UK Climate Change Programme 2006, UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London, March.
110. Defra, The UK Climate Change Programme 2006.
111. Available from www.statistics.gov.uk under Environmental Accounts, Greenhouse Gases.
112. British Association for the Advancement of Science (2005) 'Soil cancels out UK's efforts to reduce CO2', press release, www.the-ba.net/the-ba/Events/FestivalofScience/FestivalNews/_Soils.htm.
113. Defra (2005) The Validity of Food Miles as an Indicator of Sustainable Development, UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London, July 2005. The average distance for each trip by heavy goods vehicles carrying food has risen by 50 per cent since 1978.
114. Defra (2005) Agriculture in the United Kingdom, UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London.
115. Food and Drink Federation (2005) Response to Defra's Public Consultation on Draft Food Industry Sustainability Strategy, Food and Drink Federation, London, August.
116. INCPEN (1996) Environmental Impact of Packaging in the UK Food Supply System, INCPEN, Reading, UK.
117. www.tescoplc.com/plc/corporate_responsibility_09/environment/climate_change/leading_ by_example/carbon_footprint/.
118. www.tescoplc.com/plc/corporate_responsibility_09/environment/climate_change/leading _by_example/carbon_footprint/.
119. Figure quoted by Transport 2000, www.transport2000.org.uk/factsandfigures/Facts.asp.
120. Figures from www.wasteonline.org.uk/resources/informationsheets/wastedisposal.htm.
121. These figures are based on calculations shown at www.climatechange.gov.au.
122. www.wasteonline.org.uk/
123. Trade data can be found at https://statistics.defra.gov.uk/esg/reports/afq/afqbriefsup_dec.pdf.
124. European Environment Agency article on household consumption at www.epaedia.eea.europa.eu/page.php?pid=526.
125. This is a small fraction of the total environmental impact of making the T-shirt. See The Carbon Footprint of a Cotton T-shirt. Available from www.continentalclothing.com.
126. 'Well dressed?' from the Cambridge University Institute for Manufacturing, available at www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/sustainability/projects/mass/UK_textiles.pdf, p12, acccessed 6 January 2010.
127. This information can be found in a very useful presentation by Oakdene Hollins entitled 'Recycling and re-use of clothing', published in June 2007, see www.oakdenehollins.co.uk/.
128. 'Sony Ericsson unveils "green" handsets that cut carbon footprint by 15%', Guardian, 4 June 2009 or Emmenegger et al, 'Life cycle assessment of the mobile communication system UMTS', International Journal of Life Cycle Analysis, 2004.
129. www.nokia.com/press/press-releases/showpressrelease?newsid=1234291, accessed 6 January 2010.
130. Apple Computer Environmental Reports. Available at www.apple.com/environment/reports/, accessed 3 April 2010.
131. The full statement can be found at www.apple.com/environment/
132. www.carbontrust.co.uk/technology/technologyaccelerator/lifecycle_energy_and_emissions.htm. Other estimates range from 1.2 tonnes and upward per tonne of steel.
133. J. Hacker et al, 'Embodied and operational carbon dioxide emissions from housing: A case study on the effects of thermal mass and climate change', Energy and Buildings, vol 40 (2008) pp375-384.
134. 'Britons lead the way in toilet paper use', Daily Telegraph, 5 February 2007, based on research by the European Tissue Symposium.
135. Data from Energy Saving Trust website, www.est.org.uk/myhome/generating/types/wind/, accessed November 2006.
136. See www.provenenergy.co.uk and www.evancewind.com.
137. You can find estimates of your local wind speed at www.bwea.com/noabl/index.html.
138. Figure is from The Ecologist (2005) 'Green Energy - are you being conned?', The Ecologist, June, and repeated to me on the phone by a company sales representative on 19 June 2005.
139. The EDF tariff is detailed at www2.savetodaysavetomorrow.com/DualFuel.html.
140. Westmill Wind Farm (2005) Prospectus, Westmill Wind Farm, Barrow in Furness, UK, November.
141. These data are from www.merseyforest.org.uk/pages/fun_carbon.asp. Figures from Australia (www.greenhouse.gov.au) are somewhat higher.
142. Information from the Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen, www.macaulay.ac.uk/agfor_toolbox/ try_it.html.
143. Forestry Commission (2001) Forestry Statistics, Forestry Commission, Edinburgh.
144. Business Day (2006) 'The market and energy security', Business Day, Johannesburg, 23 May.
145. www.ebico.co.uk.
146. www.sandbag.uk.com.
147. Adam Ma'anit from Carbon Trade Watch, 10 April 2006, available at www.carbontrade watch.org.