Definitions and potential health benefits of the Mediterranean diet: Views from experts around the world

BMC Medicine

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Trichopoulou, Antonia ^a   Martínez González, Miguel A ^b,c   Tong, Tammy Y N ^d   Forouhi, Nita G ^d   Khandelwal, Shweta ^e   Prabhakaran, Dorairaj ^e   Mozaffarian, Dariush ^f   de Lorgeril, Michel ^g  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NAVARRA   (Spain)

^c INSTITUTO DE SALUD CARLOS III   (Spain)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^e PUBLIC HEALTH FOUNDATION OF INDIA   (India)

^f TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g LABORATOIRE TIMC IMAG   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; OLIVE OIL; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; OMEGA 6 FATTY ACID; TRANS FATTY ACID; VEGETABLE OIL; ALCOHOL; ALLYL ISOTHIOCYANATE; CARBOHYDRATE; LINOLENIC ACID; LIPID; OLEIC ACID; PALM OIL; PROTEIN; SATURATED FATTY ACID; UNSATURATED FATTY ACID;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTICLE; BREAST CANCER; CALORIC INTAKE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREAL; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHICKEN; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COLORECTAL CANCER; DAIRY PRODUCT; DIET; DIETARY COMPLIANCE; FAT INTAKE; FISH; FRUIT; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; GLYCEMIC LOAD; HEART INFARCTION; HIP FRACTURE; HUMAN; HYPOLIPEMIA; INDIA; INDIAN DIET; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LEGUME; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MEDITERRANEAN DIET; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NUT; OBESITY; RED MEAT; RED WINE; RISK REDUCTION; SEA FOOD; SOUTHERN EUROPE; VEGETABLE; WEIGHT REDUCTION; ART; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; INCIDENCE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; COHORT ANALYSIS; DASH DIET; DIET THERAPY; DIETARY INTAKE; EMPIRICAL RESEARCH; FOOD INTAKE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HEALTH; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HIGH LIPID DIET; INDIAN; LIPID DIET; MEDICAL EXPERT; PHYSICIAN; PLANT; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SCIENCE; SCIENTIST; THERAPY EFFECT;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIET, MEDITERRANEAN; EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES; FOOD HABITS; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR;

EID: 84904739386     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17417015     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-12-112     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P. Healthy traditional Mediterranean diet: an expression of culture, history, and lifestyle. Nutr Rev 1997, 55:383-389.
2. Trichopoulou A, Costacou T, Bamia C, Trichopoulos D. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and survival in a Greek population. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:2599-2608. 10.1056/NEJMoa025039, 12826634.
3. Keys A, Arvanis C, Blackburn H. Seven Countries: A Multivariate Analysis of Death and Coronary Heart Disease 1980, 381. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
4. Sacks FM, Willett WW. More on chewing the fat. The good fat and the good cholesterol. N Engl J Med 1991, 325:1740-1742. 10.1056/NEJM199112123252411, 1944476.
5. Trichopoulou A, Kouris-Blazos A, Wahlqvist ML, Gnardellis C, Lagiou P, Polychronopoulos E, Vassilakou T, Lipworth L, Trichopoulos D. Diet and overall survival in elderly people. BMJ 1995, 311:1457-1460. 10.1136/bmj.311.7018.1457, 2543726, 8520331.
6. Trichopoulou A, Orfanos P, Norat T, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Ocke MC, Peeters PH, van der Schouw YT, Boeing H, Hoffmann K, Boffetta P, Nagel G, Masala G, Krogh V, Panico S, Tumino R, Vineis P, Bamia C, Naska A, Benetou V, Ferrari P, Slimani N, Pera G, Martinez-Garcia C, Navarro C, Rodriguez-Barranco M, Dorronsoro M, Spencer EA, Key TJ, Bingham S, Khaw KT, et al. Modified Mediterranean diet and survival: EPIC-elderly prospective cohort study. BMJ 2005, 330:991. 10.1136/bmj.38415.644155.8F, 557144, 15820966.
7. Mente A, de Koning L, Shannon HS, Anand SS. A systematic review of the evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 2009, 169:659-669. 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.38, 19364995.
8. Misirli G, Benetou V, Lagiou P, Bamia C, Trichopoulos D, Trichopoulou A. Relation of the traditional Mediterranean diet to cerebrovascular disease in a Mediterranean population. Am J Epidemiol 2012, 176:1185-1192. 10.1093/aje/kws205, 23186748.
9. Benetou V, Trichopoulou A, Orfanos P, Naska A, Lagiou P, Boffetta P, Trichopoulos D, Greek E. Conformity to traditional Mediterranean diet and cancer incidence: the Greek EPIC cohort. Br J Cancer 2008, 99:191-195. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604418, 2453039, 18594542.
10. Couto E, Boffetta P, Lagiou P, Ferrari P, Buckland G, Overvad K, Dahm CC, Tjonneland A, Olsen A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Cottet V, Trichopoulos D, Naska A, Benetou V, Kaaks R, Rohrmann S, Boeing H, von Ruesten A, Panico S, Pala V, Vineis P, Palli D, Tumino R, May A, Peeters PH, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Büchner FL, Lund E, Skeie G, et al. Mediterranean dietary pattern and cancer risk in the EPIC cohort. Br J Cancer 2011, 104:1493-1499. 10.1038/bjc.2011.106, 3101925, 21468044.
11. Trichopoulou A, Bamia C, Lagiou P, Trichopoulos D. Conformity to traditional Mediterranean diet and breast cancer risk in the Greek EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2010, 92:620-625. 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29619, 20631204.
12. Bamia C, Lagiou P, Buckland G, Grioni S, Agnoli C, Taylor AJ, Dahm CC, Overvad K, Olsen A, Tjonneland A, Cottet V, Boutron-Ruault MC, Morois S, Grote V, Teucher B, Boeing H, Buijsse B, Trichopoulos D, Adarakis G, Tumino R, Naccarati A, Panico S, Palli D, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, van Duijnhoven FJ, Peeters PH, Engeset D, Skeie G, Lund E, Sánchez MJ, et al. Mediterranean diet and colorectal cancer risk: results from a European cohort. Eur J Epidemiol 2013, 28:317-328. 10.1007/s10654-013-9795-x, 23579425.
13. Rossi M, Turati F, Lagiou P, Trichopoulos D, Augustin LS, La Vecchia C, Trichopoulou A. Mediterranean diet and glycaemic load in relation to incidence of type 2 diabetes: results from the Greek cohort of the population-based European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Diabetologia 2013, 56:2405-2413.
14. Benetou V, Orfanos P, Pettersson-Kymmer U, Bergstrom U, Svensson O, Johansson I, Berrino F, Tumino R, Borch KB, Lund E, Peeters PH, Grote V, Li K, Altzibar JM, Key T, Boeing H, von Ruesten A, Norat T, Wark PA, Riboli E, Trichopoulou A. Mediterranean diet and incidence of hip fractures in a European cohort. Osteoporos Int 2013, 24:1587-1598. 10.1007/s00198-012-2187-3, 23085859.
15. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvado J, Covas MI, Corella D, Aros F, Gomez-Gracia E, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Fiol M, Lapetra J, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Serra-Majem L, Pintó X, Basora J, Muñoz MA, Sorlí JV, Martínez JA, Martínez-González MA, . PREDIMED Study Investigators Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med 2013, 368:1279-1290. 10.1056/NEJMoa1200303, 23432189, PREDIMED Study Investigators.
16. de Lorgeril M, Renaud S, Mamelle N, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaud I, Guidollet J, Touboul P, Delaye J. Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet 1994, 343:1454-1459. 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92580-1, 7911176.
17. Trichopoulou A, Bamia C, Trichopoulos D. Anatomy of health effects of Mediterranean diet: Greek EPIC prospective cohort study. BMJ 2009, 338:b2337. 10.1136/bmj.b2337, 3272659, 19549997.
18. Willett WC, Sacks F, Trichopoulou A, Drescher G, Ferro-Luzzi A, Helsing E, Trichopoulos D. Mediterranean diet pyramid: a cultural model for healthy eating. Am J Clin Nutr 1995, 61:1402S-1406S.
19. Bach-Faig A, Berry EM, Lairon D, Reguant J, Trichopoulou A, Dernini S, Medina FX, Battino M, Belahsen R, Miranda G, Serra-Majem L, . Mediterranean Diet Foundation Expert Group Mediterranean diet pyramid today. Public Health Nutr 2011, 14:2274-2284. 10.1017/S1368980011002515, 22166184, Mediterranean Diet Foundation Expert Group.
20. Bach A, Serra-Majem L, Carrasco JL, Roman B, Ngo J, Bertomeu I, Obrador B. The use of indexes evaluating the adherence to the Mediterranean diet in epidemiological studies: a review. Public Health Nutr 2006, 9:132-146.
21. Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Fernandez-Jarne E, Serrano-Martinez M, Marti A, Martinez JA, Martin-Moreno JM. Mediterranean diet and reduction in the risk of a first acute myocardial infarction: an operational healthy dietary score. Eur J Nutr 2002, 41:153-160. 10.1007/s00394-002-0370-6, 12242583.
22. Dominguez LJ, Bes-Rastrollo M, de la Fuente-Arrillaga C, Toledo E, Beunza JJ, Barbagallo M, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. Similar prediction of total mortality, diabetes incidence and cardiovascular events using relative- and absolute-component Mediterranean diet score: the SUN cohort. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013, 23:451-458. 10.1016/j.numecd.2011.10.009, 22402062.
23. Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Fernandez-Jarne E, Serrano-Martinez M, Wright M, Gomez-Gracia E. Development of a short dietary intake questionnaire for the quantitative estimation of adherence to a cardioprotective Mediterranean diet. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004, 58:1550-1552. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602004, 15162136.
24. Schroder H, Fito M, Estruch R, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Corella D, Salas-Salvado J, Lamuela-Raventos R, Ros E, Salaverria I, Fiol M, Lapetra J, Vinyoles E, Gómez-Gracia E, Lahoz C, Serra-Majem L, Pintó X, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Covas MI. A short screener is valid for assessing Mediterranean diet adherence among older Spanish men and women. J Nutr 2011, 141:1140-1145. 10.3945/jn.110.135566, 21508208.
25. Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Corella D, Salas-Salvado J, Ros E, Covas MI, Fiol M, Warnberg J, Aros F, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Lapetra J, Muñoz M, Martínez JA, Sáez G, Serra-Majem L, Pintó X, Mitjavila MT, Tur JA, Portillo MP, Estruch R, . PREDIMED Study Investigators Cohort profile: design and methods of the PREDIMED study. Int J Epidemiol 2012, 41:377-385. 10.1093/ije/dyq250, 21172932, PREDIMED Study Investigators.
26. Gea A, Bes-Rastrollo M, Toledo E, Garcia-Lopez M, Beunza JJ, Estruch R, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. Mediterranean alcohol-drinking pattern and mortality in the SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) Project: a prospective cohort study. Br J Nutr 2014, 111:1871-1880. 10.1017/S0007114513004376, 24480368.
27. de Lorgeril M. Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular disease: historical perspective and latest evidence. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2013, 15:370.
28. Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Bes-Rastrollo M. Dietary patterns, Mediterranean diet, and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 2014, 25:20-26. 10.1097/MOL.0000000000000044, 24370845.
29. Ruiz-Canela M, Estruch R, Corella D, Salas-Salvado J, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. Association of Mediterranean diet with peripheral artery disease: the PREDIMED randomized trial. JAMA 2014, 311:415-417. 10.1001/jama.2013.280618, 24449321.
30. Martinez-Gonzalez MA, de la Fuente-Arrillaga C, Nunez-Cordoba JM, Basterra-Gortari FJ, Beunza JJ, Vazquez Z, Benito S, Tortosa A, Bes-Rastrollo M. Adherence to Mediterranean diet and risk of developing diabetes: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2008, 336:1348-1351. 10.1136/bmj.39561.501007.BE, 2427084, 18511765.
31. Salas-Salvado J, Bullo M, Estruch R, Ros E, Covas MI, Ibarrola-Jurado N, Corella D, Aros F, Gomez-Gracia E, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Romaguera D, Lapetra J, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Serra-Majem L, Pintó X, Basora J, Muñoz MA, Sorlí JV, Martínez-González MA. Prevention of diabetes with Mediterranean diets: a subgroup analysis of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2014, 160:1-10. 10.7326/G14-3001, 24592479.
32. Kastorini CM, Milionis HJ, Esposito K, Giugliano D, Goudevenos JA, Panagiotakos DB. The effect of Mediterranean diet on metabolic syndrome and its components: a meta-analysis of 50 studies and 534,906 individuals. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011, 57:1299-1313. 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.073, 21392646.
33. Lourida I, Soni M, Thompson-Coon J, Purandare N, Lang IA, Ukoumunne OC, Llewellyn DJ. Mediterranean diet, cognitive function, and dementia: a systematic review. Epidemiology 2013, 24:479-489. 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3182944410, 23680940.
34. Psaltopoulou T, Sergentanis TN, Panagiotakos DB, Sergentanis IN, Kosti R, Scarmeas N. Mediterranean diet, stroke, cognitive impairment, and depression: A meta-analysis. Ann Neurol 2013, 74:580-591. 10.1002/ana.23944, 23720230.
35. Singh B, Parsaik AK, Mielke MM, Erwin PJ, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Roberts RO. Association of mediterranean diet with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2014, 39:271-282. 3946820, 24164735.
36. Lai JS, Hiles S, Bisquera A, Hure AJ, Mcevoy M, Attia J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary patterns and depression in community-dwelling adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2014, 99:181-197. 10.3945/ajcn.113.069880, 24196402.
37. Sanchez-Villegas A, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Estruch R, Salas-Salvado J, Corella D, Covas MI, Aros F, Romaguera D, Gomez-Gracia E, Lapetra J, Pintó X, Martínez JA, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Ros E, Gea A, Wärnberg J, Serra-Majem L. Mediterranean dietary pattern and depression: the PREDIMED randomized trial. BMC Med 2013, 11:208. 10.1186/1741-7015-11-208, 3848350, 24229349.
38. Buckland G, Travier N, Cottet V, Gonzalez CA, Lujan-Barroso L, Agudo A, Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P, Trichopoulos D, Peeters PH, May A, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Bvan Duijnhoven FJ, Key TJ, Allen N, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Romieu I, McCormack V, Boutron-Ruault M, Clavel-Chapelon F, Panico S, Agnoli C, Palli D, Tumino R, Vineis P, Amiano P, Barricarte A, Rodríguez L, Sanchez MJ, et al. Adherence to the mediterranean diet and risk of breast cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition cohort study. Int J Cancer 2013, 132:2918-2927. 10.1002/ijc.27958, 23180513.
39. de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaud I, Delaye J, Mamelle N. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation 1999, 99:779-785. 10.1161/01.CIR.99.6.779, 9989963.
40. Romaguera D, Guevara M, Norat T, Langenberg C, Forouhi NG, Sharp S, Slimani N, Schulze MB, Buijsse B, Buckland G, Molina-Montes E, Sánchez MJ, Moreno-Iribas MC, Bendinelli B, Grioni S, van der Schouw YT, Arriola L, Beulens JW, Boeing H, Clavel-Chapelon F, Cottet V, Crowe FL, de Lauzon-Guillan B, Franks PW, Gonzalez C, Hallmans G, Kaaks R, Key TJ, Khaw K, , et al. The InterAct Consortium Mediterranean diet and type 2 diabetes risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study: the InterAct project. Diabetes Care 2011, 34:1913-1918. 3161259, 21788627, The InterAct Consortium.
41. Sofi F, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A. Accruing evidence on benefits of adherence to the Mediterranean diet on health: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2010, 92:1189-1196. 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29673, 20810976.
42. Sofi F, Cesari F, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A. Adherence to Mediterranean diet and health status: meta-analysis. BMJ 2008, 337:a1344. 10.1136/bmj.a1344, 2533524, 18786971.
43. Trichopoulou A, Bamia C, Trichopoulos D. Mediterranean diet and survival among patients with coronary heart disease in Greece. Arch Intern Med 2005, 165:929-935. 10.1001/archinte.165.8.929, 15851646.
44. US News Best Overall Diets. [http://health.usnews.com/best-diet/best-overall-diets].
45. What is a Mediterranean diet? - NHS Choices. [http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Goodfood/Pages/what-is-a-Mediterranean-diet.aspx].
46. UNESCO Culture Sector - Intangible Heritage - 2003 Convention. [http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/RL/00884].
47. Visioli F, Galli C. Olive oil phenols and their potential effects on human health. J Agric Food Chem 1998, 46:4292-4296.
48. Owen RW, Giacosa A, Hull WE, Haubner R, Wurtele G, Spiegelhalder B, Bartsch H. Olive-oil consumption and health: the possible role of antioxidants. Lancet Oncol 2000, 1:107-112. 10.1016/S1470-2045(00)00015-2, 11905662.
49. Beulens JW, van der Schouw YT, Bergmann MM, Rohrmann S, Schulze MB, Buijsse B, Grobbee DE, Arriola L, Cauchi S, Tormo MJ, Allen NE, van der A DL, Balkau B, Boeing H, Clavel-Chapelon F, de Lauzon-Guillan B, Franks P, Froguel P, Gonzales C, Halkjaer J, Huerta JM, Kaaks R, Key TJ, Khaw KT, Krogh V, Molina-Montes E, Nilsson P, Overvad K, Palli D, Panico S, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in European men and women: influence of beverage type and body size. The EPIC-InterAct study. J Intern Med 2012, 272:358-370. 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02532.x, 22353562.
50. Keys A, Menotti A, Karvonen MJ, Aravanis C, Blackburn H, Buzina R, Djordjevic BS, Dontas AS, Fidanza F, Keys MH, et al. The diet and 15-year death rate in the seven countries study. Am J Epidemiol 1986, 124:903-915.
51. Gronbaek M, Becker U, Johansen D, Gottschau A, Schnohr P, Hein HO, Jensen G, Sorensen TI. Type of alcohol consumed and mortality from all causes, coronary heart disease, and cancer. Ann Intern Med 2000, 133:411-419. 10.7326/0003-4819-133-6-200009190-00008, 10975958.
52. Renaud SC, Gueguen R, Siest G, Salamon R. Wine, beer, and mortality in middle-aged men from eastern France. Arch Intern Med 1999, 159:1865-1870. 10.1001/archinte.159.16.1865, 10493316.
53. Alberti A, Fruttini D, Fidanza F. The Mediterranean Adequacy Index: further confirming results of validity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2009, 19:61-66. 10.1016/j.numecd.2007.11.008, 18337072.
54. Rumawas ME, Meigs JB, Dwyer JT, McKeown NM, Jacques PF. Mediterranean-style dietary pattern, reduced risk of metabolic syndrome traits, and incidence in the Framingham Offspring Cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2009, 90:1608-1614. 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27908, 3152203, 19828705.
55. Aune D, Norat T, Romundstad P, Vatten LJ. Dairy products and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2013, 98:1066-1083. 10.3945/ajcn.113.059030, 23945722.
56. Bel-Serrat S, Mouratidou T, Jimenez-Pavon D, Huybrechts I, Cuenca-Garcia M, Mistura L, Gottrand F, Gonzalez-Gross M, Dallongeville J, Kafatos A, Manios Y, Stehle P, Kersting M, De Henauw S, Castillo M, Hallstrom L, Molnár D, Widhalm K, Marcos A, Moreno L, . HELENA study group Is dairy consumption associated with low cardiovascular disease risk in European adolescents? Results from the HELENA Study. Pediatr Obes 2013, doi:10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00187.x, HELENA study group.
57. O'Connor LM, Lentjes MA, Luben RN, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, Forouhi NG. Dietary dairy product intake and incident type 2 diabetes: a prospective study using dietary data from a 7-day food diary. Diabetologia 2014, 57:909-917. 3980034, 24510203.
58. Sluijs I, Forouhi NG, Beulens JW, van der Schouw YT, Agnoli C, Arriola L, Balkau B, Barricarte A, Boeing H, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Clavel-Chapelon F, Crowe FL, de Lauzon-Guillain B, Drogan D, Franks PW, Gavrila D, Gonzalez C, Halkjaer J, Kaaks R, Moskal A, Nilsson P, Overvad K, Palli D, Panico S, Quirós JR, Ricceri F, Rinaldi S, Rolandsson O, Sacerdote C, Sánchez MJ, et al. The amount and type of dairy product intake and incident type 2 diabetes: results from the EPIC-InterAct Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2012, 96:382-390. 10.3945/ajcn.111.021907, 22760573.
59. Rees K, Hartley L, Flowers N, Clarke A, Hooper L, Thorogood M, Stranges S. 'Mediterranean' dietary pattern for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013, 8:CD009825.
60. Fito M, Estruch R, Salas-Salvado J, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Aros F, Vila J, Corella D, Diaz O, Saez G, de la Torre R, Mitjavila MT, Muñoz MA, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Fiol M, Gómez-Gracia E, Lapetra J, Ros E, Serra-Majem L, Covas MI, . PREDIMED Study Investigators Effect of the Mediterranean diet on heart failure biomarkers: a randomized sample from the PREDIMED trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2014, 16:543-550. 10.1002/ejhf.61, 24574190, PREDIMED Study Investigators.
61. Hardin-Fanning F. The effects of a Mediterranean-style dietary pattern on cardiovascular disease risk. Nurs Clin North Am 2008, 43:105-115. vii, 10.1016/j.cnur.2007.10.004, 18249227.
62. Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Polychronopoulos E, Chrysohoou C, Zampelas A, Trichopoulou A. Can a Mediterranean diet moderate the development and clinical progression of coronary heart disease? A systematic review. Med Sci Moni 2004, 10:RA193-RA198.
63. Toledo E, Hu FB, Estruch R, Buil-Cosiales P, Corella D, Salas-Salvado J, Covas MI, Aros F, Gomez-Gracia E, Fiol M, Lapetra J, Serra-Majem L, Pinto X, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Saez G, Bulló M, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V, Ros E, Sorli JV, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. Effect of the Mediterranean diet on blood pressure in the PREDIMED trial: results from a randomized controlled trial. BMC Med 2013, 11:207. 10.1186/1741-7015-11-207, 3849640, 24050803.
64. Shetty PS. Nutrition transition in India. Public Health Nutr 2002, 5:175-182.
65. Srinath Reddy K, Katan MB. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Public Health Nutr 2004, 7:167-186.
66. Nag T, Ghosh A. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in Asian Indian population: A systematic review. J Cardiovasc Dis Res 2013, 4:222-228.
67. Yajnik CS, Yudkin JS. The Y-Y paradox. Lancet 2004, 363:163. 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15269-5, 14726172.
68. Bowen L, Ebrahim S, De Stavola B, Ness A, Kinra S, Bharathi AV, Prabhakaran D, Reddy KS. Dietary intake and rural-urban migration in India: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2011, 6:e14822. 10.1371/journal.pone.0014822, 3120774, 21731604.
69. Daniel CR, Prabhakaran D, Kapur K, Graubard BI, Devasenapathy N, Ramakrishnan L, George PS, Shetty H, Ferrucci LM, Yurgalevitch S, Chatterjee N, Reddy KS, Rastogi T, Gupta PC, Mathew A, Sinha R. A cross-sectional investigation of regional patterns of diet and cardio-metabolic risk in India. Nutr J 2011, 10:12. 10.1186/1475-2891-10-12, 3042918, 21276235.
70. Rastogi T, Reddy KS, Vaz M, Spiegelman D, Prabhakaran D, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A. Diet and risk of ischemic heart disease in India. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 79:582-592.
71. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, McQueen M, Budaj A, Pais P, Varigos J, Lisheng L, . INTERHEART Study Investigators Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 2004, 364:937-952. 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9, 15364185, INTERHEART Study Investigators.
72. Roy A, Prabhakaran D, Jeemon P, Thankappan KR, Mohan V, Ramakrishnan L, Joshi P, Ahmed F, Mohan BV, Saran RK, Sinha N, Reddy KS, . Sentinel Surveillance in Industrial Populations Study Group Impact of alcohol on coronary heart disease in Indian men. Atherosclerosis 2010, 210:531-535. 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.02.033, 20226461, Sentinel Surveillance in Industrial Populations Study Group.
73. Bulliyya G. Influence of fish consumption on the distribution of serum cholesterol in lipoprotein fractions: comparative study among fish-consuming and non-fish-consuming populations. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2002, 11:104-111. 10.1046/j.1440-6047.2002.00256.x, 12074175.
74. Ganguli D, Das N, Saha I, Biswas P, Datta S, Mukhopadhyay B, Chaudhuri D, Ghosh S, Dey S. Major dietary patterns and their associations with cardiovascular risk factors among women in West Bengal, India. Br J Nutr 2011, 105:1520-1529. 10.1017/S0007114510005131, 21272403.
75. Gopalan C. Current food and nutrition situation in south Asian and south-east Asian countries. Biomed Environ Sci 1996, 9:102-116.
76. Radhika G, Sathya RM, Ganesan A, Saroja R, Vijayalakshmi P, Sudha V, Mohan V. Dietary profile of urban adult population in South India in the context of chronic disease epidemiology (CURES-68). Public Health Nutr 2011, 14:591-598. 10.1017/S136898001000203X, 20701818.
77. Rao BN. Bioactive phytochemicals in Indian foods and their potential in health promotion and disease prevention. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2003, 12:9-22.
78. Sengupta A, Ghosh M. Hypolipidemic effect of mustard oil enriched with medium chain fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid. Nutrition 2011, 27:1183-1193. 10.1016/j.nut.2011.01.010, 21621386.
79. Sircar S, Kansra U. Choice of cooking oils-myths and realities. J Indian Med Assoc 1998, 96:304-307.
80. Mohan V, Radhika G, Sathya RM, Tamil SR, Ganesan A, Sudha V. Dietary carbohydrates, glycaemic load, food groups and newly detected type 2 diabetes among urban Asian Indian population in Chennai, India (Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study 59). Br J Nutr 2009, 102:1498-1506. 10.1017/S0007114509990468, 19586573.
81. Mohan V, Radhika G, Vijayalakshmi P, Sudha V. Can the diabetes/cardiovascular disease epidemic in India be explained, at least in part, by excess refined grain (rice) intake?. Indian J Med Res 2010, 131:369-372.
82. Radhika G, Van Dam RM, Sudha V, Ganesan A, Mohan V. Refined grain consumption and the metabolic syndrome in urban Asian Indians (Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study 57). Metabolism 2009, 58:675-681. 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.01.008, 19375591.
83. Satija A, Agrawal S, Bowen L, Khandpur N, Kinra S, Prabhakaran D, Reddy KS, Smith GD, Ebrahim S. Association between milk and milk product consumption and anthropometric measures in adult men and women in India: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2013, 8:e60739. 10.1371/journal.pone.0060739, 3620205, 23593300.
84. Finzer LE, Ajay VS, Ali MK, Shivashankar R, Goenka S, Sharma P, Pillai DS, Khandelwal S, Tandon N, Reddy KS, Narayan KM, Prabhakaran D. Fruit and vegetable purchasing patterns and preferences in South Delhi. Ecol Food Nutr 2013, 52:1-20. 10.1080/03670244.2012.705757, 23282188.
85. Joshipura KJ, Ascherio A, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH, Spiegelman D, Willett WC. Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to risk of ischemic stroke. JAMA 1999, 282:1233-1239. 10.1001/jama.282.13.1233, 10517425.
86. Joshipura KJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Speizer FE, Colditz G, Ascherio A, Rosner B, Spiegelman D, Willett WC. The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med 2001, 134:1106-1114. 10.7326/0003-4819-134-12-200106190-00010, 11412050.
87. Kanungsukkasem U, Ng N, Van Minh H, Razzaque A, Ashraf A, Juvekar S, Masud Ahmed S, Huu Bich T. Fruit and vegetable consumption in rural adults population in INDEPTH HDSS sites in Asia. Glob Health Acti 2009, 28:2.
88. Radhika G, Sudha V, Mohan Sathya R, Ganesan A, Mohan V. Association of fruit and vegetable intake with cardiovascular risk factors in urban south Indians. Br J Nutr 2008, 99:398-405.
89. Kuriyan R, Gopinath N, Vaz M, Kurpad AV. Use of rice bran oil in patients with hyperlipidaemia. Natl Med J India 2005, 18:292-296.
90. Where's the ghee? India's olive-oil plan may not win over local consumers. Available at: http://world.time.com/2013/08/16/wheres-the-ghee-indias-olive-oil-plan-may-not-win-over-local-consumers/.
91. India's plan to become a leading olive oil producer. Available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-23123801.
92. Hall JN, Moore S, Harper SB, Lynch JW. Global variability in fruit and vegetable consumption. Am J Prev Med 2009, 36:402-409. e405, 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.029, 19362694.
93. Sachdeva S, Sachdev TR, Sachdeva R. Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption: challenges and opportunities. Indian J Community Med 2013, 38:192-197. 10.4103/0970-0218.120146, 3831687, 24302818.
94. Ashfield-Watt PA. Fruits and vegetables, 5+ a day: are we getting the message across?. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006, 15:245-252.
95. Ganann R, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Ciliska D, Peirson L. Community-based interventions for enhancing access to or consumption of fruit and vegetables among five to 18-year olds: a scoping review. BMC Public Health 2012, 12:711. 10.1186/1471-2458-12-711, 3505745, 22931474.
96. Glasson C, Chapman K, Wilson T, Gander K, Hughes C, Hudson N, James E. Increased exposure to community-based education and 'below the line' social marketing results in increased fruit and vegetable consumption. Public Health Nutr 2013, 16:1961-1970. 10.1017/S1368980013001614, 23806675.
97. Herman DR, Harrison GG, Afifi AA, Jenks E. Effect of a targeted subsidy on intake of fruits and vegetables among low-income women in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children. Am J Public Health 2008, 98:98-105. 10.2105/AJPH.2005.079418, 2156076, 18048803.
98. Bouchenak M, Lamri-Senhadji M. Nutritional quality of legumes, and their role in cardiometabolic risk prevention: a review. J Med Food 2013, 16:185-198. 10.1089/jmf.2011.0238, 23398387.
99. Rao BN. Pulses and legumes as functional foods. Available at: http://nutritionfoundationofindia.res.in/pdfs/BulletinArticle/Pages_from_nfi_01_02_1.pdf.
100. Gupta S. Food expenditure and intake in the NSS 66th round - Economic and Political Weekly. Available at: http://www.epw.in/commentary/food-expenditure-and-intake-nss-66th-round.html.
101. Reddy A. Pulses production technology: status and way forward. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1537540.
102. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocardico. Lancet 1999, 354:447-455. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial.
103. Ghafoorunissa Fats in Indian diets and their nutritional and health implications. Lipids 1996, 31:S287-S291. 10.1007/BF02637093, 8729136, Ghafoorunissa.
104. Ghafoorunissa Requirements of dietary fats to meet nutritional needs & prevent the risk of atherosclerosis--an Indian perspective. Indian J Med Res 1998, 108:191-202. Ghafoorunissa.
105. Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ, . American Heart Association Nutrition Committee Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2002, 106:2747-2757. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000038493.65177.94, 12438303, American Heart Association Nutrition Committee.
106. Rodriguez-Leyva D, Dupasquier CM, McCullough R, Pierce GN. The cardiovascular effects of flaxseed and its omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid. Can J Cardiol 2010, 26:489-496. 10.1016/S0828-282X(10)70455-4, 2989356, 21076723.
107. Shankar SR, Yadav RK, Ray RB, Bijlani RL, Baveja T, Jauhar N, Agarwal N, Vashisht S, Mahapatra SC, Mehta N, Manchanda SC. Serum lipid response to introducing ghee as a partial replacement for mustard oil in the diet of healthy young Indians. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2005, 49:49-56.
108. Patterson E, Wall R, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP, Stanton C. Health implications of high dietary omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Nutr Metab 2012, 2012:539426. 3335257, 22570770.
109. Mani UV, Mani I, Biswas M, Kumar SN. An open-label study on the effect of flax seed powder (Linum usitatissimum) supplementation in the management of diabetes mellitus. J Diet Suppl 2011, 8:257-265. 10.3109/19390211.2011.593615, 22432725.
110. Thakur G, Mitra A, Pal K, Rousseau D. Effect of flaxseed gum on reduction of blood glucose and cholesterol in type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2009, 60:126-136.
111. Li D, Siriamornpun S, Wahlqvist ML, Mann NJ, Sinclair AJ. Lean meat and heart health. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2005, 14:113-119.
112. Nicklas TA, Farris RP, Myers L, Berenson GS. Impact of meat consumption on nutritional quality and cardiovascular risk factors in young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. J Am Diet Assoc 1995, 95:887-892. 10.1016/S0002-8223(95)00246-4, 7636079.
113. Delgado CL. Rising consumption of meat and milk in developing countries has created a new food revolution. J Nutr 2003, 133:3907S-3910S.
114. Khandelwal S, Kurpad A. Nurturing public health nutrition education in India. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014, 68:539-540. 10.1038/ejcn.2014.42, 24642778.
115. Khandelwal S, Paul T, Haddad L, Bhalla S, Gillespie S, Laxminarayan R. Postgraduate education in nutrition in south Asia: a huge mismatch between investments and needs. BMC Med Educ 2014, 14:3. 10.1186/1472-6920-14-3, 3893432, 24397258.
116. Fall CH, Sachdev HS, Osmond C, Lakshmy R, Biswas SD, Prabhakaran D, Tandon N, Ramji S, Reddy KS, Barker DJ, Bhargava SK, . New Delhi Birth Cohort Adult metabolic syndrome and impaired glucose tolerance are associated with different patterns of BMI gain during infancy: data from the New Delhi Birth Cohort. Diabetes Care 2008, 31:2349-2356. 10.2337/dc08-0911, 2584194,2584194, 18835958, New Delhi Birth Cohort.
117. Khalil A, Huffman MD, Prabhakaran D, Osmond C, Fall CH, Tandon N, Lakshmy R, Prabhakaran P, Biswas SK, Ramji S, Sachdev HS, Bhargava SK, . New Delhi Birth Cohort Predictors of carotid intima-media thickness and carotid plaque in young Indian adults: the New Delhi birth cohort. Int J Cardiol 2013, 167:1322-1328. 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.03.180, 3622714, 22537976, New Delhi Birth Cohort.
118. Pallauf K, Giller K, Huebbe P, Rimbach G. Nutrition and healthy ageing: calorie restriction or polyphenol-rich MediterrAsian diet?. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2013, 2013:707421. 3771427, 24069505.
119. Mozaffarian D. Chapter 48. Nutrition and cardiovascular disease. Braunwald's Heart Disease; A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine 2012, Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, 9.
120. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, Amann M, Anderson HR, Andrews KG, Aryee M, Atkinson C, Bacchus LJ, Bahalim AN, Balakrishnan K, Balmes J, Barker-Collo S, Baxter A, Bell ML, Blore JD, Blyth F, Bonner C, Borges G, Bourne R, Boussinesq M, Brauer M, Brooks P, Bruce NG, Brunekreef B, Bryan-Hancock C, Bucello C, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012, 380:2224-2260. 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8, 23245609.
121. Mozaffarian D, Appel LJ, Van Horn L. Components of a cardioprotective diet: new insights. Circulation 2011, 123:2870-2891. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.968735, 21690503.
122. Mozaffarian D. Mediterranean diet for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2013, 369:673-674.
123. Sofi F, Macchi C, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A. Mediterranean diet and health status: an updated meta-analysis and a proposal for a literature-based adherence score. Public Health Nutr 2013, 1-14.
124. Karkoula E, Skantzari A, Melliou E, Magiatis P. Direct measurement of oleocanthal and oleacein levels in olive oil by quantitative (1)H NMR. Establishment of a new index for the characterization of extra virgin olive oils. J Agric Food Chem 2012, 60:11696-11703. 10.1021/jf3032765, 23116297.
125. Ajala O, English P, Pinkney J. Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2013, 97:505-516. 10.3945/ajcn.112.042457, 23364002.
126. Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, Shahar DR, Witkow S, Greenberg I, Golan R, Fraser D, Bolotin A, Vardi H, Tangi-Rozental O, Zuk-Ramot R, Sarusi B, Brickner D, Schwartz Z, Sheiner E, Marko R, Katorza E, Thiery J, Fiedler GM, Blüher M, Stumvoll M, Stampfer MJ, . Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT) Group Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N Engl J Med 2008, 359:229-241. 10.1056/NEJMoa0708681, 18635428, Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT) Group.
127. Mozaffarian D, Hao T, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB. Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N Engl J Med 2011, 364:2392-2404. 10.1056/NEJMoa1014296, 3151731, 21696306.
128. Appel LJ, Sacks FM, Carey VJ, Obarzanek E, Swain JF, Miller ER, Conlin PR, Erlinger TP, Rosner BA, Laranjo NM, Charleston J, McCarron P, Bishop LM, . OmniHeart Collaborative Research Group Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. JAMA 2005, 294:2455-2464. 10.1001/jama.294.19.2455, 16287956, OmniHeart Collaborative Research Group.
129. Gadgil MD, Appel LJ, Yeung E, Anderson CA, Sacks FM, Miller ER. The effects of carbohydrate, unsaturated fat, and protein intake on measures of insulin sensitivity: results from the OmniHeart trial. Diabetes Care 2013, 36:1132-1137. 10.2337/dc12-0869, 3631872, 23223345.
130. Jenkins DJ, Wong JM, Kendall CW, Esfahani A, Ng VW, Leong TC, Faulkner DA, Vidgen E, Greaves KA, Paul G, Singer W. The effect of a plant-based low-carbohydrate (Eco-Atkins) diet on body weight and blood lipid concentrations in hyperlipidemic subjects. Arch Intern Med 2009, 169:1046-1054. 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.115, 19506174.
131. Vardavas CI, Linardakis MK, Hatzis CM, Saris WH, Kafatos AG. Cardiovascular disease risk factors and dietary habits of farmers from Crete 45 years after the first description of the Mediterranean diet. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2010, 17:440-446. 10.1097/HJR.0b013e32833692ea, 20531009.
132. Sandker GW, Kromhout D, Aravanis C, Bloemberg BP, Mensink RP, Karalias N, Katan MB. Serum cholesteryl ester fatty acids and their relation with serum lipids in elderly men in Crete and The Netherlands. Eur J Clin Nutr 1993, 47:201-208.
133. Gil A, Ortega RM, Maldonado J. Wholegrain cereals and bread: a duet of the Mediterranean diet for the prevention of chronic diseases. Public Health Nutr 2011, 14:2316-2322. 10.1017/S1368980011002576, 22166190.
134. de Lorgeril M, Salen P. Gluten and wheat intolerance today: are modern wheat strains involved?. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2014, Feb 13.
135. Sofi F, Whittaker A, Gori AM, Cesari F, Surrenti E, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Benedettelli S, Casini A. Effect of Triticum turgidum subsp. turanicum wheat on irritable bowel syndrome: a double-blinded randomised dietary intervention trial. Br J Nutr 2014, 13:1-8.