The large-scale current system during auroral substorms

Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics

Volumn 119, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 4591-4606

  Gjerloev, J W ^a,b   Hoffman, R A ^c  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^c NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

currents; magnetosphere; substorm

Indexed keywords

EID: 84904643571     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699402     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2013JA019176     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Aruliah, A. L., I. C. F. Müller-Wodarg, and, J. Schoendorf, (1999), Consequences of geomagnetic history on the high-latitude thermosphere and ionosphere: Averages, J. Geophys. Res., 104 (A12), 28,073-28,088, doi: 10.1029/1999JA900334.
2. Ahn, B. H., Y. Kamide, H. W. Kroehl, M. Candidi, and, J. S. Murphree, (1995), Substorm changes of the electrodynamic quantities in the polar ionosphere: CDAW 9, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 23,845-23,856, doi: 10.1029/95JA02001.
3. Akasofu, S.-I., (1964), The development of the auroral substorm, Planet. Space Sci., 12, 273-282.
4. Allen, J. H., and, H. W. Kroehl, (1975), Spatial and temporal distributions of magnetic effects of auroral electrojets as derived from AE indices, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 3667-3677, doi: 10.1029/JA080i025p03667.
5. Clauer, C. R., and, Y. Kamide, (1985), DP1 and DP2 current systems for the March 22, 1979 substorms, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 1343-1354, doi: 10.1029/JA090iA02p01343.
6. Clauer, C. R., and, R. L. McPherron, (1974), Mapping the local time-universal time development of magnetospheric substorms using mid-latitude magnetic observations, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 2811-2820, doi: 10.1029/JA079i019p02811.
7. Donovan, E., (1993), Modelling the magnetic effects of field-aligned currents, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 13,529-13,543, doi: 10.1029/93JA00603.
8. Foster, J. C., J. P. St.-Maurice, and, V. J. Abeu, (1983), Joule heating at high latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 4885-4897, doi: 10.1029/ JA088iA06p04885.
9. Frank, L. A., J. D. Craven, K. L. Ackerson, M. R. English, R. H. Eather, and, R. L. Carovillano, (1981), Global auroral imaging instrumentation for the Dynamics Explorer mission, Space Sci. Instrument, 5, 369-393. (Pubitemid 12472006)
10. Frank, L. A., J. B. Sigwarth, J. D. Craven, J. P. Cravens, J. S. Dolan, M. R. Dvorsky, P. K. Hardebeck, J. D. Harvey, and, D. Q. Muller, (1995), The visible imaging system (VIS) for the Polar spacecraft, Space Sci. Rev., 71, 297-328.
11. Fujii, R., R. A. Hoffman, P. C. Anderson, J. D. Craven, M. Sugiura, L. A. Frank, and, N. C. Maynard, (1994), Electrodynamic parameters in the nighttime sector during auroral substorms, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 6093-6112, doi: 10.1029/93JA02210.
12. Gjerloev, J. W., (2009), A global ground-based magnetometer initiative, Eos Trans. AGU, 90 (27), 230-231, doi: 10.1029/2009EO270002.
13. Gjerloev, J. W., (2012), The SuperMAG data processing technique, J. Geophys. Res., 117, A09213, doi: 10.1029/2012JA017683.
14. Gjerloev, J. W., and, R. A. Hoffman, (2000), Height-integrated conductivity in auroral substorms: 1. Data, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 215-226, doi: 10.1029/1999JA900354.
15. Gjerloev, J. W., and, R. A. Hoffman, (2001), The convection electric field in auroral substorms, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 12919.
16. Gjerloev, J. W., and, R. A. Hoffman, (2002), Currents in auroral substorms, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (A8), doi: 10.1029/2001JA000194.
17. Gjerloev, J. W., R. A. Hoffman, S. Ohtani, J. Weygand, and, R. Barnes, (2002), Response of the auroral electrojet indices to abrupt southward IMF turnings, Ann. Geophys., 28, 1167-1182.
18. Gjerloev, J. W., R. A. Hoffman, J. Sigwarth, and, L. A. Frank, (2007), Statistical description of the bulge-type auroral substorm in the far ultraviolet, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A07213, doi: 10.1029/2006JA012189.
19. Gjerloev, J. W., R. A. Hoffman, J. B. Sigwarth, L. A. Frank, and, J. B. H. Baker, (2008), Typical auroral substorm: A bifurcated oval, J. Geophys. Res., 113, AO3211, doi: 10.1029/207JA012431.
20. Grocott, A., S. W. H. Cowley, J. B. Sigwarth, J. F. Watermann, and, T. K. Yeoman, (2002), Excitation of twin-vortex flow in the nightside high-latitude ionosphere during an isolated substorm, Ann. Geophys., 20, 1577-1601, doi: 10.5194/angeo-20-1577-2002. (Pubitemid 36230032)
21. Hoffman, R. A., J. W. Gjerloev, L. A. Frank, and, J. W. Sigwarth, (2010), Are there optical differences between storm-time substorms and isolated substorms?, Ann. Geophys., 28, 1183-1198.
22. Kamide, Y., and, W. Baumjohann, (1985), Magnetospheric-Ionospheric Coupling, Springer-Verlag, New York.
23. Kamide, Y., and, S. Kokubun, (1996), Two-component auroral electrojet: importance for substorm studies, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 13,027-13,046, doi: 10.1029/96JA00142.
24. Kamide, Y., A. D. Richmond, and, S. Matsushita, (1981), Estimation of ionospheric electric field, ionospheric currents, and field-aligned currents from ground based magnetic records, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 801-813, doi: 10.1029/JA086iA02p00801.
25. Kamide, Y., et al. (1982), Global distribution of ionospheric and field-aligned currents during substorms as determined from six IMS meridian chains of magnetometers: Initial results, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 8228-8240, doi: 10.1029/JA087iA10p08228.
26. Kamide, Y., W. Sun, and, S. I. Akasofu, (1996), The average ionospheric electrodynamics for the different substorm phases, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 99-109, doi: 10.1029/95JA02990.
27. Kisabeth, J. L., and, G. Rostoker, (1974), The expansive phase of magnetospheric substorms: 1. Development of the auroral electrojets and auroral arc configuration during a substorm, J. Geophys. Res., 79 (7), 972-984, doi: 10.1029/JA079i007p00972.
28. Kisabeth, J. L., and, G. Rostoker, (1977), Modelling of three-dimensional current systems associated with magnetospheric substorms, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 49, 655-683.
29. Lu, G., (2000), A synthetic view of the magnetospheric-ionospheric current system associated with substorms, in Magnetospheric Current Systems, edited by, S.-I. Ohtani, et al., AGU, Washington, D. C., doi: 10.1029/GM118p0199.
30. Lu, G., A. D. Richmond, Y. Kamide, D. Lummerzheim, M. Brittnacher, and, G. Parks, (1998), Global ionospheric convection during substorm expansion, in Substorms-4, edited by, S. Kokubun, and, Y. Kamide, pp. 617-622, Kluwer Acad.
31. Lyons, L. R., T. L. Killeen, and, R. L. Walterscheid, (1985), The neutral wind "flywheel" as a source of quiet-time, polar cap currents, Geophys. Res. Lett., 12, 101-104, doi: 10.1029/GL012i002p00101. (Pubitemid 15460019)
32. McPherron, R. L., C. T. Russell, and, M. P. Aubry, (1973), Satellite studies of magnetospheric substorms on August 15, 1968: 9. Phenomenological model of substorms, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 3131-3149, doi: 10.1029/ JA078i016p03131.
33. Miyashita, Y., S. Machida, K. Liou, T. Mukai, Y. Saito, H. Hayakawa, C.-I. Meng, and, G. K. Parks, (2003), Evolution of the magnetotail associated with substorm auroral breakups, J. Geophys. Res., 108 (A9), 1353, doi: 10.1029/2003JA009939.
34. Pellinen, R., T. Pulkkinen, and, K. Kauristie, (1994), Have we learned enough about auroral substorm morphology during the past 30-years?, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Substorms, Fairbanks.
35. Provan, G., M. Lester, S. B. Mende, and, S. E. Milan, (2004), Statistical study of high-latitude plasma flow during magnetospheric substorms, Ann. Geophys., 22, 3607-3624, doi: 10.5194/angeo-22-3607-2004. (Pubitemid 39660949)
36. Rees, M. H., (1963), Auroral ionization and excitation by incident energetic electrons, Planet. Space Sci., 11, 1209-1218.
37. Richmond, A. D., et al. (1990), Global measures of ionospheric electrodynamic activity inferred from combined incoherent scatter radar and ground magnetometer observations, J. Geophys. Res., 95 (A2), 1061-1071, doi: 10.1029/JA095iA02p01061.
38. Rostoker, G., (1996), Phenomenology and physics of magnetospheric substorms, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12,955-12,973, doi: 10.1029/96JA00127.
39. Sigsbee, K., J. A. Slavin, R. P. Lepping, A. Szabo, M. Øieroset, M. L. Kaiser, M. J. Reiner, and, H. J. Singer, (2005), Statistical and superposed epoch study of dipolarization events using data from wind perigee passes, Ann. Geophys., 23 (3), 831-851, doi: 10.5194/angeo-23-831-2005. (Pubitemid 40678427)
40. Spiro, R. W., P. H. Reiff, and, L. J. Maher, Jr., (1982), Precipitating electron energy flux and auroral conductivities: An empirical model, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 8215-8227, doi: 10.1029/JA087iA10p08215.
41. Torr, M. R., et al. (1995), A far ultraviolet imager for the international solar-terrestrial physics mission, Space Sci. Rev., 71, 329-383.
42. Wallis, D. D., and, E. E. Budzinski, (1981), Empirical models of height integrated conductivities, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 125-137, doi: 10.1029/JA086iA01p00125.
43. Wiens, R. G., and, G. Rostoker, (1975), Characteristics of the development of the westward electrojet during the expansive phase of magnetospheric substorms, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 2109-2128, doi: 10.1029/JA080i016p02109.
44. Wing, S., J. W. Gjerloev, J. Johnson, and, R. A. Hoffman, (2007), Substorm plasma sheet ion pressure profiles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L16110, doi: 10.1029/2007GL030453.
45. Winningham, J. D., and, W. J. Heikkila, (1974), Polar cap auroral electron fluxes observed with Isis 1, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 949-957, doi: 10.1029/JA079i007p00949.