The nature of thinking, shallow and deep

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 5, Issue MAY, 2014, Pages

  Brase, Gary L ^a  

^a KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cognitive modularity; Deep rationality; Evolutionary psychology; Human reasoning; Normative models; Time scales in rational decision making

Indexed keywords

EID: 84904571879     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00435     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Achbar, M., Simpson, B., Achbar, M., and Abbott, J. (2003). The Corporation [Motion Picture]. Canada: Zeitgeist Films.
2. Axelrod, R., and Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. Science 211, 1390-1396. doi: 10.1126/science.7466396
3. Barrett, H. C. (2005). Enzymatic computation and cognitive modularity. Mind Lang. 20, 259-287. doi: 10.1111/j.0268-1064.2005.00285.x
4. Barrett, H. C., and Kurzban, R. (2006). Modularity in cognition: framing the debate. Psychol. Rev. 113, 628-647. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.113.3.628
5. Borgia, G. (1994). The scandals of San Marco. Q. Rev. Biol. 69, 373-375. doi: 10.1086/418652
6. Brase, G. L., and Brase, S. L. (2012). Emotional regulation of fertility decision making: what is the nature and structure of "baby fever?" Emotion 12, 1141-1154. doi: 10.1037/a0024954
7. Bullinaria, J. A. (2006). "Understanding the emergence of modularity in neural systems," in Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Vol. 31 (Vancouver, BC: Canada), 673-695.
8. Buss, D. M. (1995). The future of evolutionary psychology. Psychol. Inq. 6, 81-87. doi: 10.1207/s15327965pli0601_16
9. Buss, D. M., Haselton, M. G., Shackelford, T. K., Bleske, A. L., and Wakefield, J. C. (1998). Adaptations, exaptations, and spandrels. Am. Psychol. 53, 533-548. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.53.5.533
10. Callebaut, W. E., and Rasskin-Gutman, D. E. (2005). Modularity: Understanding the Development and Evolution of Natural Complex Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
11. Carruthers, P. (2006). "The case for massively modular models of mind," in Contemporary Debates in Cognitive Science, ed. R. J. Stainton (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing), 3-21.
12. Cheng, P. W., and Holyoak, K. J. (1985). Pragmatic reasoning schemas. Cogn. Psychol. 17, 391-416. doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(85)90014-3
13. Cheverud, J. M., Pavlicev, M., and Wagner, G. P. (2007). The road to modularity. Nat. Rev. Genet. 8, 921-931. doi: 10.1038/nrg2267
14. Clune, J., Mouret, J.-P., and Lipson, H. (2013). The evolutionary origins of modularity. Proc. Biol. Sci. 280:20122863. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2863
15. Cosby, B. (1987). Fatherhood. New York: Berkley Books.
16. Cosmides, L. (1989). The logic of social exchange: has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task. Cognition 31, 187-276. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(89)90023-1
17. Cosmides, L., and Tooby, J. (1992). "Cognitive adaptations for social exchange," in The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, eds J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby (New York: Oxford University Press), 163-228.
18. Cosmides, L., and Tooby, J. (1994). "Origins of domain specificity: the evolution of functional organization," in Mapping the Mind: Domain Specificity in Cognition and Culture: Mapping the Mind: Domain Specificity in Cognition and Culture, eds L. Hirschfeld and S. Gelman (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press), 85-116.
19. Dennett, D. (1978). Brainstorms: Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology. Montgomery, VT: Bradford Books.
20. Dennett, D. (1984). "Cognitive wheels: the frame problem in Artificial Intelligence," in Minds, Machines and Evolution, ed. C. Hookway (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 129-151.
21. Elqayam, S., and Evans, J. St. B. T. (2011). Subtracting 'ought' from 'is': descriptivism versus normativism in the study of human thinking. Behav. Brain Sci. 34, 233-248. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X1100001X
22. Ermer, E., Cosmides, L., and Tooby, J. (2007). "Functional specialization and the adaptationist program," in The Evolution of Mind: Fundamental Questions and Controversies, eds S. W. Gangestad and J. A. Simpson (New York: Guildford Press), 153-160.
23. Fodor, J. A. (1983). The Modularity of Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
24. Fodor, J. (1987). "Modules, frames, fridgeons, sleeping dogs, and the music of the spheres," in Modularity in Knowledge Representation and Natural-Language Understanding, ed. J. Garfield (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 26-36.
25. Geary, D. C., and Huffman, K. J. (2002). Brain and cognitive evolution: forms of modularity and functions of mind. Psychol. Bull. 128, 667-698. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.667
26. Girotto, V., Kemmelmeier, M., Sperber, D., and van der Henst, J.-B. B. (2001). Inept reasoners or pragmatic virtuosos? Relevance and the deontic selection task. Cognition 81, B69-B76. doi: 10.1016/S0010-0277(01)00124-X
27. Griggs, R. A., and Cox, J. R. (1982). The elusive thematic-materials effect in Wason's selection task. Br. J. Psychol. 73, 407-420. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1982.tb01823.x
28. Griskevicius, V., and Kenrick, D. T. (2013). Fundamental motives: how evolutionary needs influence consumer behavior. J. Consum. Psychol. 23, 372-386. doi: 10.1016/j.j.2013.03.003
29. Hamilton, W. D. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behavior 1 and 2. J. Theor. Biol. 73, 1-16, 17-57. doi: 10.1016/0022-5193(64)90039-6
30. Häyry, M. (2005). A rational cure for prereproductive stress syndrome. J. Med. Ethics 30, 377-378. doi: 10.1136/jme.2003.004424
31. Hirschfeld, L. A., and Gelman, S. A. (1994). Mapping the Mind: Domain Specificity in Cognition and Culture. New York: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511752902
32. Holm, S. (2005). Why it is not strongly irrational to have children. J. Med. Ethics 30:381. doi: 10.1136/jme.2003.004762
33. Holyoak, K. J., and Cheng, P. W. (1995). "Pragmatic reasoning about human voluntary action: evidence from Wason's selection task," in Perspectives on Thinking and Reasoning: Essays in Honour of Peter Wason. eds S. E. Newstead and J. S. B. T. Evans (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.), 67-89.
34. Inhelder, B., and Piaget, J. (1958). The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence. New York: Basic Books. doi: 10.1037/10034-000
35. Johnson-Laird, P. N., and Byrne, R. M. J. (1991). Deduction. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
36. Kahneman, D., and Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica 47, 263-291. doi: 10.2307/1914185
37. Kenrick, D. T., and Griskevicius, V. (2013). The Rational Animal: How Evolution Made us Smarter than We Think. New York: Basic Books.
38. Kenrick, D. T., Griskevicius, V., Sundie, J. M., Li, N. P., Li, Y. J., and Neuberg, S. L. (2009). Deep rationality: the evolutionary economics of decision making. Soc. Cogn. 27, 764-785. doi: 10.1521/soco.2009.27.5.764
39. Kenrick, D. T., Li, Y. J., White, A. E., and Neuberg, S. L. (2012). "Economic subselves: fundamental motives and deep rationality," in Social Thinking and Interpersonal Behavior, eds J. P. Forgas, K. Fiedler, and C. Sedikides (New York: Psychology Press), 23-43.
40. Kenrick, D. T., Sundie, J. M., and Kurzban, R. (2008). "Cooperation and conflict between kith, kin, and strangers: game theory by domains," in Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology, eds C. Crawford and D. Krebs (New York: Taylor and Francis Group/Lawrence Erlbaum Associates), 353-369.
41. Kirby, K. N. (1994). Probabilities and utilities of fictional outcomes in Wason's four-card selection task. Cognition 51, 1-28. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90007-8
42. Marshall, A. (1920). Principles of Economics. An Introductory Volume, 8th Edn. London: Macmillan.
43. McCrink, K., and Wynn, K. (2004). Large-number addition and subtraction by 9-month-old infants. Psychol. Sci. 15, 776-781. doi: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00755.x
44. Newell, A., Shaw, J. C., and Simon, H. A. (1963). "Empirical explorations with the logic theory machine: a case study in heuristics," in Computers and Thought, eds E. A. Feigenbaum and J. Feldman (New York, NY: McGraw Hill), 109-133.
45. Newell, A., and Simon, H. A. (1972). Human Problem Solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
46. Oaksford, M., and Chater, N. (1994). A rational analysis of the selection task as optimal data selection. Psychol. Rev. 101, 608-631. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.101.4.608
47. Oaksford, M., and Chater, N. (1996). Rational explanation of the selection task. Psychol. Rev. 103, 381-391. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.381
48. Oaksford, M., and Chater, N. (2003). Optimal data selection: revision, review, and reevaluation. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 10, 289-318. doi: 10.3758/BF03196492
49. Oaksford, M., Chater, N., Grainger, B., and Larkin, J. (1997). Optimal data selection in the reduced array selection task (RAST). J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 23, 441-458. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.23.2.441
50. Paul, L. A. (2015, forthcoming). What you can't expect when you're expecting. Res. Philosophica 92, 1-23. doi: 10.11612/resphil.2015.92.2.1
51. Pressman, E. R., and Stone, O. (1987). Wall Street [Motion picture]. United States: 20th Century Fox.
52. Queller, D. C. (1995). The spandrels of St. Marx and the Panglossian paradox: a critique of a rhetorical programme. Q. Rev. Biol. 70, 485-490. doi: 10.1086/419174
53. Quine, W. V. (1960). Word and Object. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
54. Rucker, P. (2011). Mitt Romney Says 'Corporations are People' at Iowa State Fair. Available at: http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-08-11/politics/
55. Russell, B. (1950). Unpopular Essays. London: George Allen and Unwin.
56. Samuels, R. (1998). Evolutionary psychology and the massive modularity hypothesis. Br. J. Philos. Sci. 49, 575-602. doi: 10.1093/bjps/49.4.575
57. Smith, A. (1776). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. London: W. Strahan.
58. Smith, L. P. (1931). Afterthoughts. London: Constable & Company, Inc.
59. Sperber, D. (1994). "The modularity of thought and the epidemiology of representations," in Mapping the Mind: Domain Specificity in Cognition and Culture, eds L. A. Hirschfeld and S. A. Gelman (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press), 39-67.
60. Tooby, J., and Cosmides, L. (1992). "The Psychological Foundations of Culture," in The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, eds J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.), 19-136.
61. Tooby, J., and Cosmides, L. (2005). "Conceptual foundations of evolutionary psychology," in The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, ed. D. M. Buss (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.), 5-67.
62. Trivers, R. L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Q. Rev. Biol. 46, 35-57. doi: 10.1086/406755
63. Wagner, L., and Carey, S. (2003). Individuation of objects and events: a developmental study. Cognition 90, 163-191. doi: 10.1016/S0010-0277(03)00143-4
64. Wason, P. C. (1966). "Reasoning," in: New Horizons in Psychology, ed. B. M. Foss (Harmondsworth: Penguin), 135-151.
65. Wynn, K. (1992). Evidence against empiricist accounts of the origins of numerical knowledge. Mind Lang. 7, 315-332. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0017.1992.tb00306.x
66. Xu, F., Carey, S., and Quint, N. (2004). The emergence of kind-based object individuation in infancy. Cogn. Psychol. 49, 155-190. doi: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2004.01.001