The NAACP in California, 1914-1950

Long is The Way and Hard: One Hundred Years of the NAACP

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 185-199

  Watson, Jonathan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84904457475     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (107)

1. Manfred Berg, The Ticket to Freedom: The NAACP and the Struggle for Black Political Integration (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005).
2. Kenneth W. Goings, The NAACP Comes of Age: The Defeat of Judge John J. Parker (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990).
3. Langston Hughes, Fight for Freedom: The Story of the NAACP (New York: Berkeley Publishing Corporation, 1962).
4. Gilbert Jonas, Freedom's Sword: The NAACP and the Struggle against Racism in America, 1909-1969 (New York: Routledge, 2005).
5. Mark Robert Schneider, We Return Fighting: The Civil Rights Movement in the Jazz Age (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2002).
6. Walter Nugent, Into the West: The Story of Its People (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999), 211.
7. Douglas Flamming, "African Americans in the Twentieth-Century West, " in A Companion to the American West, ed. William Deverell (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), 221.
8. Albert S. Broussard, Black San Francisco: The Struggle for Racial Equality in the West, 1900-1954 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993).
9. Douglas Flamming, Bound for Freedom: Black Los Angeles in Jim Crow America (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2005).
10. Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo, Abiding Courage. African American Migrant Women and the East Bay Community (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996).
11. Shirley Ann Wilson Moore, To Place Our Deeds: The African American Community in Richmond, California, 1910-1963 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000).
12. Josh Sides, L. A. City Limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2003).
13. Lonnie G. Bunch, "A Past Not Necessarily Prologue: The Afro-American in Los Angeles, " in 20th Century Los Angeles: Power, Promotion and Social Conflict, ed. Norman M. Klein and Martin J. Schiesl (Claremont, Calif.: Regina Books, 1990), 101-30.
14. Lawrence B. De Graaf, "Significant Steps on an Arduous Path: The Impact of World War II on Discrimination against African Americans in the West, " Journal of the West 35, no. 1 (1996): 24-33.
15. Kevin Allen Leonard, "'In the Interest of All Races': African Americans and Interracial Cooperation in Los Angeles during and after the World War Two, " in Seeking El Dorado: African Americans in California, ed. Laurence B. De Graaf, Kevin Mulroy, and Quintard Taylor (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001), 309-40.
16. Kevin Allen Leonard, "'Brothers under the Skin?': African Americans, Mexican Americans and World War II in California, " in The Way We Really Were: The Golden States in the Second Great War, ed. Roger Lotchin (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000), 187-214.
17. Kevin Allen Leonard, "Federal Power and Racial Politics in Los Angeles during World War Two, " in Power and Place in the North American West, ed. Richard White and John M. Findlay (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999), 87-116.
18. Rick Moss, "Not Quite Paradise: The Development of the African American Community in Los Angeles through 1950, " California History (Fall 1996): 222-35.
19. Josh Sides, "Battle on the Home Front: African American Shipyard Workers in World War II Los Angeles, " California History no. 75 (1996): 250-63.
20. Alonzo Smith, "Blacks and the Los Angeles Municipal Transit System, 1941-1945, " Urbanism Past and Present 11 (Winter-Spring 1980-81): 25-31.
21. Paul R. Spickard, "Fire in the Night: A 1945 Southern California Hate Crime and Historical Memory, " Southern California Quarterly 82, no. 3 (2000): 291-304.
22. Paul R. Spickard, "Work and Hope: African American Women in Southern California dur-ing World War II, " Journal of the West 32, no. 3 (1993): 70-79.
23. Charles Wollenberg, "James vs. Marinship: Trouble on the New Black Frontier, " California History 60, no. 3 (1981): 262-79.
24. Taylor, In Search of the Racial Frontier: African-Americans in the American West 1528-1990 (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1998).
25. Taylor, In Search of the Racial Frontier, 193.
26. Emma Lou Thornbrough, "American Negro Newspapers, 1880-1914, " Business History Review 40, no. 4 (1966): 470.
27. Kevin Starr, California: A History (New York: Modern Library, 2005), 166.
28. Broussard, Black San Francisco, 20-23.
29. Flamming, Bound for Freedom, 35-55.
30. Rudolph M. Lapp, Afro-Americans in California, 2nd ed. (San Francisco: Boyd and Fraser Co., 1987), 35-36.
31. W. E. B. Du Bois, "Colored California, " Crisis, September 1913, 192-96.
32. Bunch, "A Past Not Necessarily Prologue, " 103-4.
33. Gayle K. Berardi and Thomas W. Segady, "The Development of African- American Newspapers in the American West: A Socio historical Perspective, " Journal of Negro History 75, no. 3/4 (1990): 105.
34. Bunch, "A Past Not Necessarily Prologue, " 106.
35. Delilah L. Beasley, The Negro Trail Blazers of California (Fairfield, Calif.: James Stevenson Publisher, 2004), 189-90.
36. James A. Fisher, "The Political Development of the Black Community in California, 1850-1950, " California Historical Quarterly 50, no. 3 (1971): 261.
37. Flamming, Bound for Freedom, 146.
38. Flamming, Bound for Freedom, 88.
39. David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868-1919 (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1993), 506.
40. Flamming, Bound for Freedom, 87-90.
41. Flamming, Bound for Freedom, 146-47.
42. Flamming, Bound for Freedom, 199-200.
43. Lewis, Biography of a Race, 507.
44. Broussard, Black San Francisco, 77-78.
45. Lewis, Biography of a Race, 507-8.
46. Flamming, Bound for Freedom, 152.
47. Broussard, Black San Francisco, 76.
48. Broussard, The Crisis, August 1920, 181.
49. Emory J. Tolbert, The UNIA and Black Los Angeles: Ideology and Community in the American Garvey Movement (Los Angeles: Center for Afro- American Studies, 1980), 7-14.
50. Taylor, In Search of the Racial Frontier, 240.
51. Shirley Ann Wilson Moore, "'Your Life Is Really Not Your Own': African American Women in Twentieth-Century California, " in De Graaf, Mulroy, and Taylor, Seeking El Dorado, 219.
52. Broussard, Black San Francisco, 83.
53. Nugent, Into the West, 218-26.
54. Taylor, In Search of the Racial Frontier, 223.
55. Nugent, Into the West, 213.
56. Broussard, Black San Francisco, 128.
57. Broussard, California Eagle, January 12, 1934, 1a.
58. Broussard, California Eagle, August 9, 1935.
59. Broussard, California Eagle, July 17, 1936, 1.
60. Broussard, California Eagle, November 3, 1938, 6B.
61. Broussard, California Eagle, September 30, 1-5. October 7, 1937.
62. Charles Chamberlain, Victory at Home: Manpower and Race in the American South during World War Two (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2003), 107.
63. E. Frederick Anderson, The Development of Leadership and Organization Building in the Black Community of Los Angeles from 1900 through World War II (Saratoga, Calif.: Century Twenty One Publishing, 1980).
64. Keith E. Collins, Black Los Angeles: The Maturing of the Ghetto, 1940-1950 (Saratoga, Calif.: Century Twenty One Publishing, 1980).
65. Alonzo Smith and Quintard Taylor, "Racial Discrimination in the Workplace: A Study of Two West Coast Cities during the 1940s, " Journal of Ethnic Studies 8, no. 1 (1980): 35-54.
66. Roger Lotchin, Fortress California 1910-1961: From Warfare to Welfare (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002).
67. Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo, Abiding Courage: African American Migrant Women and the East Bay Community (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 50.
68. John H. M. Laslett, "Historical Perspectives: Immigration and the Rise of a Distinctive Urban Region, 1900-1970, " in Ethnic Los Angeles, ed. Roger Waldinger and Mehdi Bozorgmehr (New York: Russell Sage Foundation Press, 1996), 54.
69. Broussard, Black San Francisco, 145.
70. Leonard, "'In the Interest of All Races, '" 311.
71. Leonard, California Eagle, October 9, 1941, 3A.
72. Leonard, California Eagle, May 29, 1941, 1.
73. Merl E. Reed, Seedtime for the Modern Civil Rights Movement: The President's Committee on Fair Employment Practice, 1941-1946 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991), 38-39.
74. Chamberlain, Victory at Home, 114.
75. Reed, Seedtime, 268.
76. Sides, "Battle on the Home Front, " 260.
77. Wollenberg, "James vs. Marinship, " 274.
78. Moore, To Place Our Deeds, 62.
79. Reed, Seedtime, 315.
80. Taylor, In Search of the Racial Frontier, 251.
81. Broussard, Black San Francisco, 34-35.
82. Flamming, Bound for Freedom, 261-62.
83. Johnson, The Second Gold Rush, 93.
84. Broussard, Black San Francisco, 174.
85. Lawrence B. De Graaf, Negro Migration to Los Angeles, 1930 to 1950 (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1962), 199.
86. Lawrence B. De Graaf, Negro Migration to Los Angeles, 1930 to 1950 (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1962) 201.
87. Andrew Wiese, Places of Their Own: African American Suburbanization in the Twentieth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 126.
88. Andrew Wiese, Places of Their Own: African American Suburbanization in the Twentieth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005) 127.
89. Andrew Wiese, California Eagle, May 23, 1946, 1.
90. Carey McWilliams, "The House on 92nd Street, " Nation, 162 (1946): 691-92.
91. Spickard, "Fire in the Night, " 291-304.
92. Kenneth W. Mack, "Law and Mass Politics in the Making of the Civil Rights Lawyer, 1931-1941, " Journal of American History 93, no. 1 (2006): 37-63.
93. Clement Vose, Caucasians Only: The Supreme Court, the NAACP and the Restrictive Covenant Cases (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1959), 62.
94. Mark Tushnet, Making Civil Rights Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1936-1961 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 88.
95. Vose, Caucasians Only, 58.
96. Mauricio Mazon, The Zoot-Suit Riots: The Psychology of Symbolic Annihilation (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1984).
97. Eduardo Obregon Pagan, Murder at the Sleepy Lagoon: Zoot Suits, Race, and Riot in Wartime L.A. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006).
98. Edward Escobar, Race, Police and the Making of a Political Identity: Mexican Americans and the Los Angeles Police Department, 1900-1945 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999).
99. George Sanchez, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity Culture and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
100. Leonard, California Eagle, June 3, 1943, 1.
101. Leonard, "'In the Interest of All Races, '" 320-24.
102. Thomas L. Griffith Jr. "Zoot-Suit Riots 1943-44, " A676.
103. Leonard, "'In the Interest of All Races, '" 326-27.
104. Leonard, California Eagle, June 17, 1943, 4.
105. De Graaf, "Significant Steps on an Arduous Path, " 31.
106. Charles Wollenberg, All Deliberate Speed: Segregation and Exclusion in California Schools, 1855-1975 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976), 125-32.
107. Greg Robinson and Toni Robinson, "Korematsu and Beyond: Japanese Americans and the Origins of Strict Scrutiny, " Law & Contemporary Problems 68 (Spring 2005): 29-55.