Demonstration of an ethane spectrometer for methane source identification

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 48, Issue 14, 2014, Pages 8028-8034

  Yacovitch, Tara I ^a   Herndon, Scott C ^a   Roscioli, Joseph R ^a   Floerchinger, Cody ^a   McGovern, Ryan M ^a   Agnese, Michael ^a   Pétron, Gabrielle ^b,c   Kofler, Jonathan ^b,c   Sweeney, Colm ^b,c   Karion, Anna ^b,c   Conley, Stephen A ^d   Kort, Eric A ^e   Nähle, Lars ^f   Fischer, Marc ^f   Hildebrandt, Lars ^f   Koeth, Johannes ^f   McManus, J Barry ^a   Nelson, David D ^a   Zahniser, Mark S ^a   Kolb, Charles E ^a  

^a AERODYNE RESEARCH INC   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^c NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^f NANOPLUS NANOSYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES GMBH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ETHANE; GAS INDUSTRY; GREENHOUSE GASES; NATURAL GAS; SPECTROMETERS;

DISTRIBUTED FEEDBACK; ENHANCEMENT RATIOS; NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS; OIL AND NATURAL GAS; SIMULTANEOUS OBSERVATION; SOURCE IDENTIFICATION; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; TUNABLE DIODE LASERS;

METHANE;

ETHANE; METHANE;

BIOGENIC EMISSION; EMISSION INVENTORY; ETHANE; LASER METHOD; METHANE; NATURAL GAS; OIL INDUSTRY; POLLUTANT SOURCE; SPECTROMETER;

ARTICLE; SPECTROMETER;

DALLAS; FORT WORTH; TEXAS; UNITED STATES;

AIR POLLUTANTS; AIRCRAFT; COMPUTER SIMULATION; ETHANE; GEOLOGIC SEDIMENTS; METHANE; SPECTRUM ANALYSIS; TEXAS;

EID: 84904430254     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es501475q     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Annual energy outlook 2013 with projections to 2040; DOE/EIA-0383(2013); U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy: Washington, DC, 2013. www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo (accessed April 28, 2014).
2. Allen, D. T.; Torres, V. M.; Thomas, J.; Sullivan, D. W.; Harrison, M.; Hendler, A.; Herndon, S. C.; Kolb, C. E.; Fraser, M. P.; Hill, A. D.; Lamb, B. K.; Miskimins, J.; Sawyer, R. F.; Seinfeld, J. H. Measurements of methane emissions at natural gas production sites in the United States Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2013, 110, 17768 10.1073/pnas.1304880110
3. Karion, A.; Sweeney, C.; Pétron, G.; Frost, G.; Michael Hardesty, R.; Kofler, J.; Miller, B. R.; Newberger, T.; Wolter, S.; Banta, R.; Brewer, A.; Dlugokencky, E.; Lang, P.; Montzka, S. A.; Schnell, R.; Tans, P.; Trainer, M.; Zamora, R.; Conley, S. Methane emissions estimate from airborne measurements over a western United States natural gas field Geophys. Res. Lett. 2013, 40, 4393 10.1002/grl.50811
4. Gathering facts to find climate solutions, 2014. Environmental Defense Fund Website. http://www.edf.org/climate/methane-studies (accessed 01/31/ 2014).
5. Katzenstein, A. S.; Doezema, L. A.; Simpson, I. J.; Blake, D. R.; Rowland, F. S. Extensive regional atmospheric hydrocarbon pollution in the southwestern United States Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2003, 100, 11975 10.1073/pnas.1635258100
6. 2O over the United States and Canada based on a receptor-oriented modeling framework and COBRA-NA atmospheric observations Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35, L18808 10.1029/2008GL034031
7. Brandt, A. R.; Heath, G. A.; Kort, E. A.; O'Sullivan, F.; Pétron, G.; Jordaan, S. M.; Tans, P.; Wilcox, J.; Gopstein, A. M.; Arent, D.; Wofsy, S.; Brown, N. J.; Bradley, R.; Stucky, G. D.; Eardley, D.; Harriss, R. Methane leaks from North American natural gas systems Science 2014, 343, 733 10.1126/science.1247045
8. Miller, S. M.; Wofsy, S. C.; Michalak, A. M.; Kort, E. A.; Andrews, A. E.; Biraud, S. C.; Dlugokencky, E. J.; Eluszkiewicz, J.; Fischer, M. L.; Janssens-Maenhout, G.; Miller, B. R.; Miller, J. B.; Montzka, S. A.; Nehrkorn, T.; Sweeney, C. Anthropogenic emissions of methane in the United States Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2013, 110, 20018 10.1073/pnas.1314392110
9. EIA's proposed definitions for natural gas liquids; U.S. Energy Information Administration: Washington, DC, 2013. http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/ workshop/ngl/ (accessed April 30, 2014).
10. Whiticar, M. Correlation of natural gases with their sources. In The petroleum system-from source to trap; Magoon, L. B.; Dow, W. G., Eds.; AAPG: 1994; pp 261-283.
11. Simpson, I. J.; Sulbaek Andersen, M. P.; Meinardi, S.; Bruhwiler, L.; Blake, N. J.; Helmig, D.; Rowland, F. S.; Blake, D. R. Long-term decline of global atmospheric ethane concentrations and implications for methane Nature 2012, 488, 490 10.1038/nature11342
12. Etiope, G.; Ciccioli, P. Earth's degassing: A missing ethane and propane source Science 2009, 323, 478 10.1126/science.1165904
13. Peischl, J.; Ryerson, T. B.; Brioude, J.; Aikin, K. C.; Andrews, A. E.; Atlas, E.; Blake, D.; Daube, B. C.; de Gouw, J. A.; Dlugokencky, E.; Frost, G. J.; Gentner, D. R.; Gilman, J. B.; Goldstein, A. H.; Harley, R. A.; Holloway, J. S.; Kofler, J.; Kuster, W. C.; Lang, P. M.; Novelli, P. C.; Santoni, G. W.; Trainer, M.; Wofsy, S. C.; Parrish, D. D. Quantifying sources of methane using light alkanes in the Los Angeles basin, California J. Geophys. Res., [Atmos.] 2013, 118, 4974 10.1002/jgrd.50413
14. Pétron, G.; Frost, G. J.; Trainer, M. K.; Miller, B. R.; Dlugokencky, E. J.; Tans, P. Reply to comment on "hydrocarbon emissions characterization in the Colorado Front Range: A pilot study" by Michael A. Levi J. Geophys. Res., [Atmos.] 2013, 118, 236 10.1029/2012JD018487
15. Pétron, G.; Frost, G.; Miller, B. R.; Hirsch, A. I.; Montzka, S. A.; Karion, A.; Trainer, M.; Sweeney, C.; Andrews, A. E.; Miller, L.; Kofler, J.; Bar-Ilan, A.; Dlugokencky, E. J.; Patrick, L.; Moore, C. T.; Ryerson, T. B.; Siso, C.; Kolodzey, W.; Lang, P. M.; Conway, T.; Novelli, P.; Masarie, K.; Hall, B.; Guenther, D.; Kitzis, D.; Miller, J.; Welsh, D.; Wolfe, D.; Neff, W.; Tans, P. Hydrocarbon emissions characterization in the Colorado Front Range: A pilot study J. Geophys. Res., [Atmos.] 2012, 117, D04304 10.1029/2011JD016360
16. Zahniser, M. S.; Nelson, D. D.; McManus, J. B.; Kebabian, P. L. Measurement of trace gas fluxes using tunable diode laser spectroscopy Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 1995, 351, 357
17. 3 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1997, 68, 230
18. Fried, A.; Henry, B.; Wert, B.; Sewell, S.; Drummond, J. R. Laboratory, ground-based, and airborne tunable diode laser systems: Performance characteristics and applications in atmospheric studies Appl. Phys. B: Laser Opt. 1998, 67, 317
19. Kolb, C. E.; Herndon, S. C.; McManus, B.; Shorter, J. H.; Zahniser, M. S.; Nelson, D. D.; Jayne, J. T.; Canagaratna, M. R.; Worsnop, D. R. Mobile laboratory with rapid response instruments for real-time measurements of urban and regional trace gas and particulate distributions and emission source characteristics Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 5694
20. Herndon, S. C.; Jayne, J. T.; Zahniser, M. S.; Worsnop, D. R.; Knighton, B.; Alwine, E.; Lamb, B. K.; Zavala, M.; Nelson, D. D.; McManus, J. B.; Shorter, J. H.; Canagaratna, M. R.; Onasch, T. B.; Kolb, C. E. Characterization of urban pollutant emission fluxes and ambient concentration distributions using a mobile laboratory with rapid response instrumentation Faraday Discuss. 2005, 130, 327 10.1039/b500411j
21. Nelson, D. D.; McManus, B.; Urbanski, S.; Herndon, S.; Zahniser, M. S. High precision measurements of atmospheric nitrous oxide and methane using thermoelectrically cooled mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers and detectors Spectrochim. Acta, Part A 2004, 60, 3325
22. Hirst, B.; Gibson, G.; Gillespie, S.; Archibald, I.; Podlaha, O.; Skeldon, K. D.; Courtial, J.; Monk, S.; Padgett, M. Oil and gas prospecting by ultra-sensitive optical gas detection with inverse gas dispersion modelling Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31, L12115 10.1029/2004GL019678
23. Krzempek, K.; Jahjah, M.; Lewicki, R.; Stefański, P.; So, S.; Thomazy, D.; Tittel, F. K. CW DFB RT diode laser-based sensor for trace-gas detection of ethane using a novel compact multipass gas absorption cell Appl. Phys. B: Laser Opt. 2013, 112, 461 10.1007/s00340-013-5544-9
24. Nähle, L.; Belahsene, S.; von Edlinger, M.; Fischer, M.; Boissier, G.; Grech, P.; Narcy, G.; Vicet, A.; Rouillard, Y.; Koeth, J.; Worschech, L. Continuous-wave operation of type-I quantum well DFB laser diodes emitting in 3.4 μm wavelength range around room temperature Electron. Lett. 2011, 47, 46 10.1049/el.2010.2733
25. McManus, J. B.; Kebabian, P. L.; Zahniser, M. S. Astigmatic mirror multiple pass absorption cells for long pathlength spectroscopy Appl. Opt. 1995, 34, 3336
26. Humlicek, J. Optimized computation of the Voigt and complex probability function J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 1982, 27, 437
27. 6) in the 3 μm region J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 2010, 111, 357 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2009.09.010
28. Rothman, L. S.; Gordon, I. E.; Babikov, Y.; Barbe, A.; Chris Benner, D.; Bernath, P. F.; Birk, M.; Bizzocchi, L.; Boudon, V.; Brown, L. R.; Campargue, A.; Chance, K.; Cohen, E. A.; Coudert, L. H.; Devi, V. M.; Drouin, B. J.; Fayt, A.; Flaud, J. M.; Gamache, R. R.; Harrison, J. J.; Hartmann, J. M.; Hill, C.; Hodges, J. T.; Jacquemart, D.; Jolly, A.; Lamouroux, J.; Le Roy, R. J.; Li, G.; Long, D. A.; Lyulin, O. M.; Mackie, C. J.; Massie, S. T.; Mikhailenko, S.; Müller, H. S. P.; Naumenko, O. V.; Nikitin, A. V.; Orphal, J.; Perevalov, V.; Perrin, A.; Polovtseva, E. R.; Richard, C.; Smith, M. A. H.; Starikova, E.; Sung, K.; Tashkun, S.; Tennyson, J.; Toon, G. C.; Tyuterev, V. G.; Wagner, G. The HITRAN2012 molecular spectroscopic database J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 2013, 130, 4 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2013.07.002
29. Jiménez, R.; Herndon, S.; Shorter, J. H.; Nelson, D. D.; McManus, J. B.; Zahniser, M. S. Atmospheric trace gas measurements using a dual quantum-cascade laser mid-infrared absorption spectrometer Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 2005, 5738, 318 10.1117/12.597130
30. 4) at a New Hampshire fen measured by a continuous wave quantum cascade laser spectrometer J. Geophys. Res. 2012, 117, D10301 10.1029/2011jd016960
31. Crosson, E. R. A cavity ring-down analyzer for measuring atmospheric levels of methane, carbon dioxide, and water vapor Appl. Phys. B: Laser Opt. 2008, 92, 403 10.1007/s00340-008-3135-y
32. Werle, P.; Mücke, R.; Slemr, F. The limits of signal averaging in atmospheric trace-gas monitoring by tunable diode-laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) Appl. Phys. B: Laser Opt. 1993, 131
33. 4 alkyl nitrates at the summit research station in Greenland J. Geophys. Res., [Atmos.] 2003, 108, 4065 10.1029/2001JD001445
34. Marrero, J. University of California, Irvine, CA. Personal communication, 2014.
35. Keeling, C. D. The concentration and isotopic abundances of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere Tellus 1960, 12, 200 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1960.tb01300. x
36. Coyle, D.; de la Vega, F. F.; Durr, C. Natural gas specification challenges in the LNG industry; Paper PS4-7; KBR: Houston, TX, 2007. http://www.kbr.com/Newsroom/Publications/technical-papers/Natural-Gas- Specification-Challenges-in-the-LNG-Industry.pdf (accessed 02/14/2014).
37. AES ocean express LLC v. Florida gas transmission company and Southern Natural Gas Company. 121 FERC 61.267, Docket No. RP04-249-006, 2007; Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Opinion No. 495-A Order on Rehearing.
38. FERC NGA gas tariff, sixth revised volume no. 1 in; Tennessee Gas Pipeline Company L.L.C.: Houston, TX, 2011; pp 155-156. http://tebb.elpaso.com/ ebbmasterpage/Tariff/OrgChart.aspx?code=TGP&status=GQ&pdftag=gtcq (accessed 2/20/2014).
39. Heat content of natural gas consumed; U.S. Energy Information Administration: Washington, DC, 2012. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng-cons-heat-a- EPG0-VGTH-btucf-a.htm (accessed April 30, 2014).
40. Tullo, A. H. Petrochemicals: The U.S. Will see a boom as Europe and Asia struggle. Chem. Eng. News, 01/14/ 2013. https://cen.acs.org/articles/91/i2/ Petrochemicals-US-see-boom-Europe.html (accessed April 30, 2014).
41. Hendler, A.; Nunn, J.; Lundeen, J. VOC emissions from oil and condensate storage tanks; Houston Advanced Research Center: Houston, TX, 2009. http://files.harc.edu/Projects/AirQuality/Projects/H051C/H051CFinalReport.pdf (accessed April 30, 2014).
42. Oremland, R. S. Microbial formation of ethane in anoxic estuarine sediments Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1981, 42, 122
43. DI desktop; Drillinginfo-an International Oil & Gas Intelligence Company: Austin, TX, 2013.